湛江师范学院教案
编 号：
课时安排： 2
学时
教学课型：理论课√ 实验课□ 习题课□ 实践课□ 其它□
题目：
Morphology(1)
教学目的要求：
掌握形态学中基本概念
教学重点、难点：
1. word, word structure, morpheme, root, base, affix
2. morpheme 和 allomorph 的区别
3. How to represent word structure
教学方式、手段、媒介：
课堂讲授，讨论，练习
教学过程：
Morphology: the analysis of word structure
1.“ word”
What is a word?—the smallest free form
Free form: an element that can occur in isolation
e.g. The birds left.
(“-s”is not a free form—never occurs in isolation)
“-s” must be attached to another category
Properties of “word”
1) smallest free form: the lexical item can stand by itself in isolation
e.g. fire, nothing, teacher
2) stability: the arrangement of linear order of the constituents may not be changed.
(a property unique to the word)
e.g. hunt er s
6
*hunt s er
*er hunt s
(the morphemes are fixied in order)
The dog bites the man.
In the domain of sentence, the constituents may be
The man bites the dog.
arranged.
3) Uninterruptability: No pause and no other element may be inserted into the word.
e.g.
greenish
However, we can insert some elements into a phrase.
e.g.
a big boy
a big [and fat] boy.
2. Word structure
2.1 Morpheme 语素
—the minimal distinct unit of grammar
（语法的最小区别单位）
—the smallest unit of language that carries
组合成词
information about meaning or function.
e.g.
的最小功能单位
build er
“construct”
house s
“dwelling” “more than one”
functions as a N with
the meaning “one who builds”
Basic property of morpheme: Arbitrariness
任意性
- there is no necessary intrinsic and logic connection between the sound and the meaning.
(音和义之间的联系是“任意性”的，或“约定俗成”的, 语言形式与其指称的外界实体
之间没有任何自然的对应关系)
e.g. table ['teibl]一词中没有任何东西反映桌子的形状等特性
English:[dg]
German:[xunt]
French:[]
Chinese:[ kou]
site
cite
the meanings of these morphemes are different, but they have the
sight
same pronunciation.
语言中有些词部分或完全具有相似性，它们确实反映语言外部世界的特征。
Onomatopoeia: imitating the sound of nature
e.g. splash, murmur , mumble
2.2 Allomorphs
How to identify morphemes?
e.g.
worker[ə]
indicates the agent of action
separate
warmer[ə]
indicates the comparative degree
morpheme
meaningless, only a part of the phonetic form ['m۸ðə]
mother[ə]
cats[s]
same morpheme
dogs[z]
allomorphs 语素变体
buses[iz]
（受词的单数形式结尾语音的影响“音系条件制约”）
worker's[z]
suffix of possession
workers[z]
different morphemes
pl.
3rd person singular
works[s]
Conclusion:
phonetic form1
morpheme1
same morpheme
same phonetic form
Phonetic form 2
morpheme2
It's possible to have one-many or many-one relations between morphemes and its phonetic
forms.
2.3 Types of morphemes:
1) free morpheme: can stand by itself to form a word
e.g. book,
child,
walk
2) bound morpheme: must be attached to another morpheme
e.g. books,
childish ,
walking
All affixes in English are bound morphemes, including prefixes and suffixes.
Prefix:
unhappy
Suffix:
books
收工—收了工
infix:
(Chinese) 坐牢—坐过牢
2.4 Types of words:
Mono-morphemic word: the word is composed of one morpheme.
(Simple words)
e.g.
man ,
water
Poly-morphemic word: a word which consists two or more morphemes
(morphologically complex words)
e.g.
inter na tion al iz ation
care less ness
1
1
2
3 4 5
6
2
3
govern ment
1
2
3. Representing word structure
In order to represent the internal structure of a word, we have to learn some basic concepts .
Root , Base , Affix
1)Root: is the base form of a word that expresses its essential meaning.
（词根是词的基础形式，不能再作进一步分析，即词根是将词内的词缀都拿掉后剩下的
部分）
e .g .
meaning ful ness
read ing s
root (意指)
root
English has thousands of words built up from Latin or Greek root
e .g .
inter nat ion al iza tion
root
“nasc- (nat-): to be born” (Latin root)
un inter rupt ed ly
root “rupt-: to break or to burst”(Latin root )
2) Base: any part of the word to which an affix can be added .
(指一个词内可以对其进行操作的任一单位，如可以添加词缀的词根或同干)
e.g ,
blackened
readings
V
Base for-ed
root&base A
for-en black
N
V
N
Affix
en
Affix
V
ed
read
Suffix
suffix
ing
3) Affix: a bound morpheme attached to a root or base
e.g.
Derivational affix 派生词缀
prefix
Inflectional affix 屈折词缀
suffix
dog
teacher
N
N
unhappy
Adj
Root
Root
suf
Pref Root
dog
teach er
un happy
Derivational affixes: 改变其粘附的语素的类或意义
（一般有独立的可陈述的词汇意义）
e.g. sell-er ( V→N)
mini-skirt “小”
suffix: change category
prefix: change the basic meaning
s
Inflectional affixes: 表示语法关系，如复数,过去时和领属关系，不改变所附词干的语法
类
e.g.
walk-s
walk-ed
English Inflectional affixes
Category
Inflectional affix
Examples
N
plural-s
books, chairs
possessive-’s
John’s, the man’s
past tense-ed
hunted, watched
progressive -ing
hunting, watching
3rd person sing.:-s
reads
past participle –en/-ed
finished, eaten
V
板书设计：
1.“ word”
2. Word structure
3. Representing word structure
讨论、思考题、作业：
Assignment: Page 62 Exercise III
参考书目：
1）William O’Grady, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller, Contemporary
Linguistics: an introduction, London: Longman, 1997
2）戴炜栋，何兆熊，
《新编简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，2002
3）胡壮麟，姜旺琪，
《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社，2001
后记：