PDF – Volume 2, Issue 2, 2004 - Institute for Critical Animal Studies

Animals Liberation
Philosophy and Policy Journal
Volume 2, Issue 2 - 2004
Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal
Volume 2, Issue 2 2004
Edited By: Steven Best, Chief Editor
____________________________________________________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Steven Best, Chief Editor
Pg. 2-5
A Tale of Two Holocausts
Karen Davis
Pg. 6-25
Hunting Tradition: Treaties, Law, and Subsistence Killing
Lisa Kemmerer
Pg. 26-44
The Failure Of the Kantian Theory of Indirect Duties to Animals
Heather Fieldhouse
Pg. 45-53
A Critique of the Kantian Theory of Indirect Moral Duties to Animals
Jeffrey Sebo
Pg. 54-72
Utilitarianism, Animals, and the Problem of Numbers
Stephen Hanson
Pg. 73-88
Trial By Fire: The SHAC7, Globalization, and the Future of Democracy
Steven Best and Richard Kahn
Pg. 89-125
Response to Nathan Snaza‟s “(Im)possible Witness: Viewing PETA‟s “Holocaust on Your
Plate,‟” (published in „Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal,‟ Volume II Issue
1)
Kathy Guillermo
Pg. 126
Volume II Issue 2
I am proud to introduce the third issue (Volume II, Issue 2) of the Animal Liberation
Philosophy and Policy Journal. This is a superb issue that takes on some very controversial
topics relating to the Jewish Holocaust, the “rights” of “subsistence traditions” to kill
animals, the meaning and possible consequences of the 2004 federal indictment of the
“SHAC7” activists, and the relation of Kantian ethics to animal rights.
The Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal promotes open, critical, and
interdisciplinary dialogue on a wide range of issues relating to animal rights and animal
liberation. Whereas the “animal welfare” view seeks to reduce the suffering of animals
without questioning the human right to use and kill them for various purposes, the
perspective of “animal rights” rejects the hierarchy of human over nonhuman, views animals
as subjects of a life rather than objects or property, and argues for the right of animals to be
free of every form of human exploitation. Apart from Peter Singer‟s utilitarian-welfare
version, the standpoint of “animal liberation” is rooted in the abolitionist logic of animal
rights, but analyzes the rationale of and/or defends various forms of direct action – legal and
illegal – to achieve that goal.
CALA‟s Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal seeks to explore the complex
interplay among these views – as well as many others – while creating a new forum to
discuss issues of animal liberation that exists nowhere else. As a professional, peer-reviewed
academic journal, the Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal invites submissions
on relevant topics (see our suggested topic list at: http://www.calaonline.org/Journal/topics.htm) from both scholars and activists. We also welcome reviews
of recent books related to animal rights/liberation issues as well as critical commentaries on
past issues.
We hope our readers enjoy the essays written specifically for our pages, and that you will
help us in the goal of increasing the size of our readership, contributors, and academic board
members. One of our future goals is to produce this journal in hard copy form purchased by
university libraries around the world. In the meantime, we explore the opportunities and
advantages of our online format which helps us to reach the largest possible audience.
Animal rights/liberation is one of the key issues of the day and merits serious scholarly
attention as well as radical social change.
____________________________________
In this issue, we are privileged to feature an essay by Karen Davis, noted author and founder
of the United Poultry Concerns. “A Tale of Two Holocausts“ is a provocative analysis of the
“dreaded comparison” (in Marjorie Spiegel‟s words) between human and animal oppression
and suffering. Specifically, Davis compares the Jewish Holocaust that transpired during the
1930s and 1940s and the ancient and ongoing Animal Holocaust that claims tens of billions
of animal lives every year. By no means diminishing the tragedy experienced by millions of
Jews (and others) at the hands of Hitler‟s forces, Davis rejects the claim that the Jewish
Holocaust was singular and incomparable with any other tragedy, such as befalls the animals.
As Davis argues, every group‟s experience with evil and suffering is unique, but that does not
1
preclude useful comparisons and analogies. When Jews and other oppressed people
complain that they were treated “just like animals,” Davis focuses on the problematic fact
that animal suffering is taken as a given and never questioned as a significant evil in itself.
She underscores the irony that it is “acceptable to appropriate the treatment of nonhuman
animals to characterize one‟s own mistreatment, but not the other way around.” Along with
“The Holocaust on Your Plate” exhibit developed by People for the Ethical Treatment of
Animals (PETA), I hope that essays like Davis‟ may help society to recognize the greater
holocaust that unfolds invisibly everyday in laboratories, factory farms, slaughterhouses, and
other macabre settings, and which is incorporated unthinkingly into most peoples‟ everyday
lives in acts such as wearing fur and leather and eating dismembered animal bodies.
Another controversial and important issue is explored in Lisa Kemmerer‟s essay, “Hunting
Tradition: Treaties, Law, and Subsistence Killing.” Kemmerer evaluates North American
“subsistence traditions” that hunt animals as an important part of their culture and identities.
Looking at rapid changes in these traditions due to modernization, Kemmerer analyzes the
discontinuity between the traditional ways and the “ancient ethic” and contemporary
lifestyles, worldviews, and practices. As she shows, many “subsistence tradition” cultures
such as the Makah Indians have lost their original identities and only simulate the lifeworld
of their distant ancestors. They hunt and fish with modern technologies as they kill animals
in unsustainable ways. Kemmerer undertakes an important analysis of the meaning of
“tradition,” drawing a distinction between “a continuance of old traditions” and the
emergence of a “new tradition,” such that the latter requires a new legitmation for killing
animals that is wanting. She concludes that in the contemporary, non-subsistence world
there is no longer a need to kill, and so “harvesting” whales, shooting wolves, trapping fish
and the like can no longer be justified. Kemmerer thus calls into question the validity of
existing legal treaties protecting the hunting and fishing rights of “subsistence traditions” and
calls for policy changes. She dispenses with romantic nostalgia for earlier cultures by
showing changes in their society, the level of their killing, and often a lack of respect for life
that would appall their ancestors. Kemmerer seeks to avoid ethnocentrism, but without
succumbing to a relativism that strips the animal rights advocate of any grounds to criticize
“traditional” hunting practices as wrong.
The moral theories of 18th century Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant have not
lost their attraction to philosophers over the last two centuries as they continue to be widely
debated and applied to all areas of ethics, including animal rights. Kant‟s “deontological” or
“non-consequentialist” theory provided a direct contrast to the utilitarianism school that
emerged in the 19th century. Kant emphasized reason over emotions and inclinations, and
adherence to duty and moral law over calculating consequences of actions and (as it would
later be put) promoting the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people.
Kant‟s emphasis on human beings as ends-in-themselves rather than mere means to
another‟s end, and on the equality among moral agents in the “kingdom of ends,” proved
highly influential in the development of human rights theory.
Kant‟s views on animals, however, accorded with standard Western prejudices that they are
inferior to humans in their “lack of rationality,” and so human beings have few if any
obligations to them. Unlike with fellow humans, Kant argues, we have no “direct duties” to
animals as they are not rational agents and ends-in-themselves. Rather, we have only
2
“indirect duties” to them insofar as they are someone‟s property or because in causing them
injury we could damage the moral sensibilities of human beings themselves. Kant‟s views
have influenced animal welfare theories that promote “responsible use” of animals, but are
rejected by those who believe we have direct obligations to animals, independent of any
possible human interest, and by those seeking a philosophical basis for animal rights.
Both Jeffery Sobo and Heather Fieldhouse theorize the value of Kantian theory for animal
rights and animal liberation. In her essay, “The Failure of the Kantian Theory of Indirect
Duties to Animals,” Fieldhouse observes that as Kant‟s theories remain highly influential,
they cannot be dismissed. The speciesist biases and logical errors in Kant‟s philosophy must
be confronted and overcome in favor of a stronger moral view that lies in the direction of
direct duty and animal rights. In her illuminating discussion, Fieldhouse exposes major
problems in the arguments of those who try to salvage Kant‟s notion of indirect duty to
animals as an adequate moral framework, and she concludes that “Kantianism cannot
provide a firm basis for even minimal duties to animals.” She is open to attempts to
reconstruct Kant‟s theory along more satisfactory lines, but since “the connection between
[human-defined] rationality and moral considerability is deeply rooted in Kant‟s ethical
theory, this is no small task.”
But this is precisely the task Jeffrey Sebo undertakes in his essay, “A Critique of the Kantian
Theory of Indirect Moral Duties to Animals.” While sharing Fieldhouse‟s reservations about
the gross inadequacies of Kant‟s indirect duty view, Sebo takes a very different and highly
controversial approach to reading Kant. Sebo finds the resources for an animal rights ethic
in Kant‟s own views, and he argues that “Kantian ethics not only permits but entails the
inclusion of animal rights.” According to Sebo, Kant is inconsistent with his own theory
when he excludes animals from the sphere of direct moral action, and, properly understood,
Kant‟s ethic can and must protect animals as well as humans as ends-in-themselves. Sebo
attempts to give Kant‟s notion of “inclination” as important a role as his privileged view of
reason and autonomy. Sebo offers an original, challenging, and thought-provoking
interpretation of well-worn Kantian concepts. “I suspect that when the theoretical dust
settles (and this may not happen for quite some time),” Sebo ventures, “Kantians will
emerge as dedicated proponents for the animal liberation movement.”
Utilitarian Stephen Hanson constructs a challenging critique of arguments in defense of
illegal direct action and the tactics of the Animal Liberation Front. Hanson begins with the
claim that fundamentally, everyone is seeking the best results or consequences for animals,
and thus to some extent are utilitarian in their reasoning. From utilitarian premises, then,
Hanson argues against illegal direct action tactics on the grounds that the bad consequences
(such as alienating public support of animal rights causes) outweigh the good, and in most
cases the goal of animal liberation is better attained through education, legislation, and legally
sanctioned approaches. Whereas direct activists insist substantive change for animals cannot
possibly be achieved through strictly legal means in a political system dominated by
corporate interests, Hanson usefully asks direct activists to carefully consider the potential
drawbacks of illegal actions and ask if their ultimate objectives cannot be achieved better
through creative use of education and legislation tactics.
3
In their timely essay, “Trial By Fire: The SHAC7, Globalization, and the Future of
Democracy,” Steven Best and Richard Kahn offer an entirely new view of the Stop
Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) movement. They analyze the complex issues
surrounding the 2004 arrest of seven activists associated with SHAC – the “SHAC7” -- and
reflect on the implications of this case for activism and dissent in the “post-constitutional”
climate of Bush and the USA PATRIOT Act. Best and Kahn take apart the demonizing
portrayals of SHAC constructed by corporations, the state, and mass media, and clarify
SHAC‟s real intentions and goals. They argue that SHAC is not anti-science, but rather a
progressive force struggling for a superior science and medicine unattainable through the
vivisection research model. Offering valuable new insights and interpretations, they
emphasize that the significance of SHAC and other direct action anti-vivisection groups is
not limited to a “single issue” animal rights cause; rather, in their ability to impede powerful
pharmaceutical and vivisection corporations, a major power in the global marketplace, they
are also a potent anti-capitalist force. Moreover, Best and Kahn argue, SHAC must be seen
as part of the anti-(corporate) globalization movement typically defined only in terms of
human rights. In a helpful legal analysis, Best and Kahn show that SHAC‟s actions, while
often provocative, are legal and constitutionally protected, and therefore the government has
no viable case against them. Rather, the federal indictment of SHAC on terrorist charges is a
blatant attempt at repression and intimidation and should warrant the attention and
solidarity of activists in every progressive movement. Similar to the “Chicago7” trial of the
1960s where issues of human freedom were on public display, the forthcoming SHAC7 trial
is critical for our own times and the current struggle to extend rights to nonhuman animals.
Finally, as the Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal invites reader feedback and
responses, it is with delight we present a response by Kathy Guillermo, senior writer for
PETA, to Nathan Snaza‟s essay, “Impossible Witness: Viewing PETA‟s „Holocaust on Your
Plate,” (Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal, Volume 1, Issue 2). Whereas
Snaza attributed to PETA the political aim of expanding the "liberal democratic notions of
'rights' to animals," Guillermo claims that PETA‟s has no specific political goal other than
elevating the societal view of animals from brute beasts to beings with whom we have strong
commonalities. Guillermo also emphasizes the fact that the “Holocaust on Your Plate”
campaign which proved so offensive to many in the Jewish community was initiated by
Jewish members of the PETA staff. With Karen Davis, she rejects the “exceptionalist”
argument that comparing the suffering of Jews and animals somehow demeans the Jewish
community, and she promotes any means or medium that will raise more public dialogue
about the true nature of animals and the horrible injustices the human species inflicts on
them.
Dr. Steven Best
Chief Editor, Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal
4
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____________________________
1
For critical exposes on HLS and video documentation of the
extreme cruelty they have inflicted on animals, see
http://www.insidehls.com/index.htm.
2
Throughout this article, we refer to the “vivisection industry” or
“vivisection complex.” By these terms, we mean the whole range
of operations involved in exploiting animals for drug/chemical
testing and for medical “research” (a word that quite deservedly is
put in quotation marks given its typically cruel, senseless, and
unscientific nature). These operations include the breeding farms
that supply and distribute animals for testing and research; the
pharmaceutical, chemical, and biotechnology companies that test
drugs and products such as household cleaners on animals; the
corporate and university laboratories that carry out their testing
mandate and do their own work on animals; and the government
2
*%
+
) ((3(
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7
officials that defend and legislate for all the companies and
institutions involved in thevisection process that brings lucrative
gains for national and transnational economies. Similarly, the term
“corporate-state complex” is meant to underscore the implosion
between government and corporations such that they share the
same ideology and interests -- in this case, “free”-market neoliberal
capitalism --and traffic back and forth through a revolving door of
plutocracy and nepotism.
3
On the alternative globalization of new media forces, see Richard
Kahn and Douglas Kellner (2004), “New Media and Internet
Activism: From the ‘Battle of Seattle’ to Blogging” in New Media
& Society, Vol. 6, No. 1, 87-95, available online at:
http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/6/1/87.
4
The RICO Act and subsequent charges of “animal enterprise
terrorism” will be covered in more detail later in this paper.
5
Robert Hanley, Janon Fisher and Stacy Albin, “Seven Animal
Rights Advocates Arrested,” New York Times (May 27, 2004),
available online at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/27/nyregion/27animal.html.
6
”LSR Announces Indictments of Animal Rights Extremists,”
Business Wire (May 26, 2004), available online at:
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_May_2
6/ai_n6044502. (LSR stands for Life Sciences Research, Inc., the
newly incorporated United States company that controls what was
previously Huntingdon Life Sciences.)
7
Hanley, Fisher and Albin, New York Times (May 27, 2004).
8
On the way the vivisection industry and its supporters co-opt and
manipulate language so that it will coalesce with their ideological
underpinnings, see the book by the former-vivisectionist-cumanimal-rightist Joan Dunayer (2001), Animal Equality: Language
and Liberation, 103-123. Supplementing Dunayer’s analysis is
another former vivisectionist, Michael Allen Fox, who points out
that the vivisection industry’s ideology relies on “rationalizations”
and not rationality. See Fox, “The Case Against Animal
Experimentation,” Organization & Environment, Vol. 13, No. 4
(December 2000): 463-467.
9
See Mark R. Bernstein (2004), Without a Tear: Our Tragic
Relationship with Animals, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press
and Mark Rowlands (2002), Animals Like Us, London: Verso
Press, 124-51.
10
Mark R. Bernstein (2004), p. 129-149.
2
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74
11
For a strong critique of the scientific flaws and failures of
vivisection, see Ray and Jean Swingle Greek (2002), Sacred Cows
and Golden Geese, London and New York: Continuum, and
Specious Science (2003), London and New York: Continuum.
12
On the economics of the pharmaceutical industry, see Marcia
Angell, M.D. (2004), The Truth About Drug Companies, New
York: Random House.
13
Gregory M. Lamb (2004), “A new corporate villain -drugmakers?” Christian Science Monitor, available online at:
http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0920/p11s02-ussc.html.
14
James S. Turner, “The Aspartame/NutraSweet Fiasco,” available
online at: http://www.stevia.net/aspartame.htm.
15
For Roses’ comment, see Steve Connor, “Glaxo chief: Our
Drugs do not Work on Most Patients,” The Independent (Dec 8,
2003), available online at:
http://www.drugintel.com/pharma/many_are_treated.htm. On
adverse drug reactions, adverse drug events, and medication errors
as a leading cause of preventable death in USA, see the statistics
available online at:
http://www.drugintel.com/pharma/cause_of_death.htm.
16
Terence Monmany, “Medications Kill 100,000 Annually, Study
Says,” Los Angeles Times (Apr 14, 1998), available online at:
http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v98/n273/a04.html.
17
See “Health Sciences Institute Alert” online at:
http://www.naturalsolutionsradio.com/articles/article.html?id=523
9.
18
See, for instance, Jeremy Brecher, Tim Costello, and Brendan
Smith (2000), Globalization from Below: The Power of Solidarity.
Boston, Mass.: South End Press.
19
Some recent sociological literature has begun to note that the
progressive forces grouped together under the banner of “antiglobalization” are not in fact committed on the whole to an antiglobal philosophy or politics, see Douglas Kellner (2002),
“Theorizing Globalization,” Sociological Theory 20(3): 285–305.
That is to say that even the anti-globalization motto, “Think global,
act local,” demonstrates that the project involves a global vision
that is largely about challenging a particular form of economic and
political globalization -- neoliberal capitalism – by replacing it
with alternative global visions based upon planetary ethics.
20
John P. Martin, “Crucial Animal Rights Showdown Impacts
Industry Worldwide,” Newhouse News Service (Dec 2, 2004),
2
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available online at:
http://www.newhousenews.com/archive/martin120204.html.
21
Mary Hennock, “Pharma firms take on the extremists,” BBC
News (July 30, 2004), available online at:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3933939.stm. For purposes of
conversion, the US dollar is worth approximately .52 of the British
pound.
22
Michael Evans, “Extremist animal rights activists pose main
threat to economy,” The Times UK (Dec 10, 2004), available
online at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,21396891,00.html.
23
Mary Hennock, “Pharma firms take on the extremists,” (July 30,
2004).
24
Hennock (July 30, 2004).
25
Jonathan Watts, “Animal rights activists force drug firm to
rethink UK role,” Guardian UK (Nov 15, 2004), available online
at:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/animalrights/story/0,11917,1351445,00
.html.
26
Michael Evans, “Extremist animal rights activists pose main
threat to economy.”
27
Helena Silverstein (1996), Unleashing Rights: Law, Meaning,
and the Animal Rights Movement, Ann Arbor, MI: University of
Michigan Press.
28
Gary Francione (2000), Introduction to Animal Rights: Your
Child or the Dog?, Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press: 98.
29
Francione (2000): 58.
30
D. Smith (2002), “Rats, mice and birds excluded from Animal
Welfare Act”, Monitor on Psychology, Volume 33, No. 7,
American Psychological Association: 14.
31
Juliet Eilperin, “Endangered Species Act’s Protections are
Trimmed”, Washington Post (July 4, 2004), available online at:
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A262422004Jul3.html.
32
For the text of the law, see 18 USC § 43, available online at:
http://www4.law.cornell.edu/cgibin/htm_hl?DB=uscode18&STEMMER=en&URL=/uscode/18/43.
html; also see the analysis of Title 18 by Jason and Jennifer Black
and Best in Steven Best and Anthony J. Nocella, II (editors)
(2004), Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the
Liberation of Animals, New York: Lantern Books.
2
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33
See Executive Order 13224, available online at:
http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/16181.htm.
34
For info about the AETA see online at:
http://environment.about.com/library/pressrelease/blALECa.htm.
The text of the bill is available online at:
http://www.alec.org/meSWFiles/pdf/AnimalandEcologicalTerroris
minAmerica.pdf.
35
See note 33.
36
See online at:
http://www.senate.mo.gov/04info/summs/intro/SB882.htm.
37
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP) suits
are still viable corporate weapons of intimidation created to sue
citizens for exercising their free speech rights of criticizing a
corporation or business. The most famous incident of such
repression was the lawsuit leveled against Oprah Winfrey and
Howard Lyman in 1996 by the Texas Cattlemen’s Association for
remarks made during one of Winfrey’s shows. When Lyman
warned the American public of possible mad cow disease in the
US, and Winfrey exclaimed she would never again eat another
hamburger, the cattlemen sued them under the Texas False
Disparagement of Perishable Food Products Act, a “food
disparagement law” that exists in thirteen states including Texas.
The cattlemen lost the suit, but won the propaganda war by
sending out an effective message of intimidation to others
considering public criticism of the meat industry. See “Oprah
Winfrey and mad cows,” online at:
http://www.disinfopedia.org/wiki.phtml?title=Oprah_Winfrey_and
_mad_cows.
38
Karen Charman, “Environmentalists = Terrorists,”
Tompaine.com (May 8, 2003), available online at:
http://www.tompaine.com/feature.cfm/ID/7748.
39
See The Center for Public Integrity, online at:
http://www.publicintegrity.org/docs/PatriotAct/story_01_020703_
doc_1.pdf.
40
Kim Zetter, “Bush Grabs New Power for FBI,” Wired News
(Jan 6, 2004), available online at:
http://www.wired.com/news/privacy/0,1848,61792,00.html?tw=w
n_story_related.
41
For the text of the law, see Public Law 107-188 at: 42 USC 201,
available online at: http://www.fda.gov/oc/bioterrorism/PL107188.html.
2
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42
See “ACLU Launches Nationwide Effort to Expose Illegal FBI
Spying on Political and Religious Groups” (Dec 2, 2004), available
online at:
http://www.aclu.org/SafeandFree/SafeandFree.cfm?ID=17117&c=
206. For the full ACLU client list, available online at:
http://www.aclu.org/SafeandFree/SafeandFree.cfm?ID=17126&c=
207.
43
See “Bad 9/11 Bill,” online at:
http://www.tompaine.com/articles/bad_911_bill.php.
44
Anna Couey and Joshua Karliner (1998), “A Corporate Watch
Interview with Noam Chomsky”, available online at:
http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/chomskyjune98.htm.
45
The issue of penalties is important to those who experiment
upon animals because, at present, the AEPA only allows for a
maximum of 3 years imprisonment for those who cause economic
damage to an animal enterprise exceeding $10,000. Those causing
less than $10,000 cannot be imprisoned for longer than 6 months.
Green’s testimony at the proceedings is available online at:
http://judiciary.senate.gov/testimony.cfm?id=1196&wit_id=3462.
All transcripts are available online at:
http://judiciary.senate.gov/hearing.cfm?id=1196.
46
Leahy’s statement can be found available online at:
http://judiciary.senate.gov/member_statement.cfm?id=1196&wit_i
d=2629.
47
Listen to some of Hatch’s music available online at:
http://www.hatchmusic.com/songs.html.
48
In the Senate, Orrin Hatch has raised more money ($307,524)
from pharmaceutical manufacturers that any of his colleagues since
1999, according to Capital Eye
(http://www.capitaleye.org/inside.asp?ID=113). OpenSecrets.org
lists Hatch’s pharmaceutical contributions as having dwindled to
$11,500 in 2004, but, importantly, President un-elect Bush
received some $961,210 and Senator Kerry himself pocketed
$501,772 as part of their election runs. Further, expected incoming
Senate Judiciary Committee leader, Arlen Specter (R-PA) was
second only to Kerry amongst Senators in receiving
pharmaceutical donations at $194,462. For a listing of 2004
pharma contributions, see:
http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/recips.asp?Ind=H04&cycle=
2004&recipdetail=A&sortorder=U.
49
Note that Hatch’s donations appear to have been targeted at
incoming Judiciary leader Specter instead, as per Note 48.
2
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50
Michael Taylor and Jim Herron Zamora, “Stalking charges
against animal rights activists,” San Francisco Chronicle (May 27,
2004), available online at: http://www.sfgate.com/cgibin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/05/27/SHAC.TMP.
51
See David Cole (2002), Terrorism and the Constitution:
Sacrificing Civil Liberties in the Name of National Security, New
Press.
52
See the May 26, 2004 news release by the US Department of
Justice, available online at:
http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nj/publicaffairs/NJ_Press/files/shac052
6_r.htm.
53
See the opinion, as archived on SHAC USA’s website, available
online at: http://www.shacamerica.net/supreme_brandenburg.htm.
54
Courts have generally interpreted the legal idea of “incitement”
to be connected to some measure of causal immediacy in this
regard. For example, the recent Feb 2004 court opinion on
Commonwealth of Massachussetts vs. Lauren Gazzola, et al.,
which found that Gazzola and other SHACtivists were not in
violation of the First Amendment because their actions -- though
inflammatory -- only implied future violence and were not directly
producing violent acts during the time of the protest itself. Text of
the opinion is available online at:
http://www.socialaw.com/superior/supFeb04c.html.
55
See SHAC USA’s website at: http://www.shacamerica.net/.
56
Per a news release of the indictment against SHAC, the US
Department of Justice accused that SHAC-USA “recommended
and publicized on its websites: invading offices, vandalizing
property and stealing documents; physical assault, including
spraying cleaning fluid into someone'
s eyes; smashing windows of
a target'
s home or flooding the home while the individual was
away; vandalizing or firebombing cars and bomb hoaxes; and
threatening telephone calls or letters, including threats to kill or
injure someone'
s partner or children.” The news release is
available online at:
http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nj/publicaffairs/NJ_Press/files/shac052
6_r.htm.
57
A list of the tactics can be found on SHAC’s site at:
http://web.archive.org/web/20010830091646/www.shacusa.net/ne
ws/3-6-01.html. It can be found elsewhere on line, such as at:
http://www.tatblatt.net/181/181HLS2.htm.
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58
The indictment is available online at:
http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nj/publicaffairs/NJ_Press/files/pdffiles/
shac2.ind.pdf.
59
As noted, SHAC itself often speaks of the movement as the
“SHAC campaign.”
60
See a summary and text of the opinion available online at:
http://www.casp.net/naacp-1.html.
61
Text of the Court’s opinion can be found available online at:
http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/frisby.ht
ml.
62
Recently, the UK High Court imposed the 100-yard protest
exclusion, though it did deny the plaintiffs request for an exclusion
zone in the rural town of Staffordshire that would have covered
some 11.5 square miles. Such requests demonstrate the lengths that
those involved in vivisection, or animal exploitation are willing to
go to towards curtailing democratic rights to protest unethical
activities, and it also demonstrates how courts can in fact curtail
liberties further under the political guise of appearing to represent
forces of compromise and moderation. See “Village Exclusion
Zone Bid Fails,” BBC News (Dec 2, 2004), available online at:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/staffordshire/4061961.stm.
63
David Cunningham (2004), There’s Something Happening Here:
The New Left, The Klan and FBI Counterintelligence, University
of California Press.
64
Taken from SHAC USA’s website at:
http://www.shacamerica.net/indictments/index.htm.
65
Will Potter, “Protest Torture of Animals, Get Arrested as a
‘Terrorist’,” originally for ZMag, archived online at:
http://www.animalliberationfront.com/ALFront/AgainstALF/Terro
rists_one_and_all.htm.
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Response to Nathan Snaza's "(Im)possible Witness:
Viewing PETA's 'Holocaust on Your Plate,’"
(published in Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal, Volume II Issue 1)
I appreciate Mr. Snaza's thoughtful discussion of our exhibit, but wish to differ with him on an
important point. Snaza asserts that the "ultimate political aim of PETA" is "the expansion of
liberal democratic notions of 'rights' to animals." In fact, our ultimate goal is apolitical and can
be best described in terms Snaza himself employs, namely, we seek an evolution in the societal
view of animals from zoe to bios, that is, the elevation of our concept of animals as beings who
merely live to beings who share with humans "the form or manner of living peculiar to a single
individual or a group."
This aside, Snaza's explanation of PETA's constructivist approach, in which history is viewed as
"cumulative and progressive" is enlightening, particularly when one considers the response from
some in the Jewish community who bristle at the suggestion that the Holocaust is anything but an
"historical singularity." That the “Holocaust on Your Plate” exhibit was conceived of and carried
out by members of our staff who are Jewish and whose relatives died in concentration camps is a
fact that is largely ignored by those with the exceptionalist point of view, as well as by many in
the media, suggests that the constructionist approach is somehow obscene or insulting to
Holocaust victims.
To take this point a step further, some have suggested that merely to compare the suffering of
Jews victimized by Nazis (and let us not forget that millions of non-Jews were persecuted and
murdered) to the suffering of animals is somehow insulting, thus perfectly illustrating the
necessity of changing our view toward animals. Disturbingly, some have criticized the exhibit on
the grounds that "animals are products, just like soybeans" without acknowledging, or apparently
even realizing, that the view of Jews as somehow "less than human" was the mindset that
preceded the Holocaust.
Snaza's discussion does much to explain what underlies some of the reactions to the exhibit, and
I hope that those who have most vigorously criticized it will consider his points, as well as his
"plea for an ethical duty toward 'naked life' in all its forms that is not rooted in universality or
systems of thought." While Snaza does not without reservation support the exhibit, I am
heartened by much of what concerned him -- that he was troubled by it for various reasons, that
he thought about it for many days, and that he worries about the importance of tactics and is
often irritated by those of PETA. PETA certainly could confine our public efforts to "acceptable"
photographs that are in and of themselves abhorrent. We could have avoided the entire
controversy. But we would rather "trouble" people in the hope that they may consider that there
is not a hierarchy of suffering.
Sincerely,
Kathy Guillermo
Senior Writer
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
[email protected]
Taken from: http://www.animalliberationfront.com/ALFront/Response_Letter_Snaza.htm

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