International Commission on
Microbiological
Specifications for Foods (ICMSF)
21 countries
Food Safety Management Issues in
Latin America
South America 13
Central America 7
Mexico
BERNADETTE FRANCO
Pop2008: 570 million
University of Sao Paulo
Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
Languages:
Spanish (2/3)
Portuguese (1/3)
(+ French and Dutch)
Punta del Este, Uruguay
Monday
5 October 2009
Population (million)
Characteristics
Racial groups
Brazil
188
Mexico
106
Colombia
44
Argentina
40
Peru
28
Venezuela
27
Chile
17
Ecuador
13
Cuba
11
Bolivia
9
Dominican Republic 9
El Salvador
7
Honduras
7
Paraguay
6
Costa Rica
4
Uruguay
3
Suriname
0.5
Inequality*
Inequality* and poverty continue to be the region's main
challenges; according to ECLAC, 2008, Latin America is the
most unequal region in the world
The countries with the highest inequality in 2006 were
Bolivia, Haiti, Colombia, Paraguay, Brazil and Panama
(UNDP, 2008)
The countries with the lowest inequality in 2006 were
Nicaragua, Uruguay and Mexico (UNDP, 2008).
Nearly 25% of the population lives on less than 2 U$D a
day (World Bank, 2008)
*ethnical, cultural, economical, political and religion
ECLAC (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean), 2008
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), Human Development Report
Report 20072007-2008
SocioSocio-economic performance indicators
Ten largest metropolitan areas
GDP (2008)
Billion U$D
GDP per capita (2008)
U$D
Human Poverty
Index (HPI(HPI-1)*
Brazil
2.000.000
10.000
9.7
Rank
2005
Mexico
1
Mexico City
Mexico
2
Buenos Aires
Argentina
3
São Paulo
4
1.500.000
15.000
6.7
Argentina
570.000
15.000
4.0
Colombia
400.000
8.000
8.1
Venezuela
360.000
13.000
7.3
Chile
250.000
15.000
3.3
Peru
250.000
8.000
11.0
.....
Uruguay
40.000
13.000
3.3
.....
Metropolitan
area
GDP
Billion U$D
Population
(millions)
Rank
2020*
315
19.4
1
278
12.6
3
Brazil
265
18.3
2
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
156
8.5
4
5
Santiago
Chile
91
6.5
6
6
Bogota
Colombia
86
8.5
5
7
Monterrey
Mexico
78
3.9
7
8
Lima
Peru
67
8.5
8
Country
Nicaragua
16.000
2.600
16.0
9
Belo Horizonte
Brazil
65
5.6
9
Haiti
11.000
1.300
32.0
10
Guadalajara
Mexico
60
4.1
10
* Measures deprivations in three basic elements in developing countries: long and healthy life,
knowledge and standard of living
*ECLAC (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean), 2008
FOODBORNE ILLNESSES WORLDWIDE
Agent
Year
Hepatitis A
E.coli O157
S. enteritidis
V. cholera
Cyclospora
S. aureus
Y. pseudotuberculosis
L. monocytogenes
B. cereus
S. typhimurium
S. bareilly
S. enteritidis PT4
E. coli 0157:H7
C. botulinum
S. wandsworth
S. Schwarzengrund
L. monocytogenes
Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella Stpaul
E. coli O157:H7
Why does the problem persist ?
Food / Country
1988
1992/3
1994
1994
1996
1996
1998
2002
2002
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2007
2007
2008
2008
2008
2009
Cases
Oysters, China
Hamburgers, USA
IceIce-cream, USA
Street vended foods, El Salvador
Raspberries, EUA/Canada
Cooked meat, Germany
Lettuce, Finland
Turkey meat, USA
Rice, Australia
Cesar Salad, Australia
Eggs and Mayonnaise, UK
Nuts, USA
Raw spinach, USA
Carrot juice, USA
Snacks, USA
Pet foods, USA
Deli meats, Canada
Peas, Alaska
Tomatoes, jalapeno peppers, USA, Mexico
Cookie dough, USA
300 000
500
224000
541
1465
21
47
43
37
78
186
7
199
8
65
10
55 and 22+
99
183
70 (?)
1994
WTO
SPS Agreement*
+
• Demographic changes
• New food consumption habits
• New technologies and processes for food production
• New and more precise analytical methods
• Enhanced epidemiologic data
• Changes in microbial behaviour
• Tourism intensification
CONSEQUENCES
Food safety has become a subject of increasing importance
internationally, driven by the concerns of economically more
advanced countries
TBT Agreement**
Raises external and internal concerns for Latin American countries
countries
:
1. Impact on the trade oriented sectors
2. Food safety situation domestically
Risk Analysis
Risk
Assessment
probability and severity of
illness
Risk
Management
Induces remarkable changes in these countries ref:
1. Food control systems in place
2. Thinking about the role of the government, regulators,
industry , scientists and consumers
Risk
Communication
food safety
*Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement
** Technical Barriers of Trade Agreement
In Latin America
• Most countries apply SPS risk management measures forced by
international market demands,
demands, for entering food trade or for
maintaining their markets
Recent developments of food control and food
legislation in Latin America
1. most national food control systems involve several ministries,
ministries, making
coordination among different agencies challenging
• Most countries don’
don’t have SPS measures as a priority for internal
markets
– SPS issues become politically important when related to trade
and economical development
– SPS measures result in double standards,
standards, one for internal
market and other for export
REPORT OF THE 16th SESSION OF THE
FAO/WHO COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR LATIN
AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
Acapulco, Mexico, 10 – 14 November 2008
DIRECCIÓ
DIRECCIÓN DE HIGIENE ALIMENTARÍ
ALIMENTARÍA Y ZOONOSIS –
DHAZ
Ministry of Health
Comisió
Comisión
Multisectorial
Permanente
de Inocuidad
Alimentaria
LEY DE INOCUIDAD DE LOS ALIMENTOS
DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 1062 (JUN 2008)
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Objectives:
Coordinate the sectorial
activities and civil society
to ensure safety of foods
for human consumption
along the food chain in
the country
coordinar las actividades sectoriales y con la sociedad civil que
garanticen la inocuidad de los alimentos de consumo humano a lo
largo de toda la cadena alimentaria, en todo el territorio nacional
Decreto Supremo Nº
Nº 83/2005
AGENCIA CHILENA PARA
LA INOCUIDAD
ALIMENTARIA
ACHIPIA
CHILEAN AGENCY FOR FOOD SAFETY
Identification, formulation and execution of policies,
plans, programs, measures and other activities related
to food safety
Development of a national system for food safety
Objectives:
Coordination of governmental activities related to food
safety
Formulate and propose a National Policy for Food
Safety
Recent developments of food control and food
legislation in Latin America
National Policy for Food Safety
May, 2009
36 pages
1. most national food control systems involve several ministries,
ministries, making
coordination among different agencies challenging
2. most countries are making efforts to align regulatory frameworks
frameworks with the
requirements of the WTO SPS/TBT Agreements
REPORT OF THE 16th SESSION OF THE
FAO/WHO COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR LATIN
AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
Acapulco, Mexico, 10 – 14 November 2008
Brazil – Poultry
Brazil – Chicken meat
Per year, Brazil slaughters 5 billion poultry,
40 million bovine and 30 million swine
Poultry: 2009, Brazil is the leading exporter country
(41% of the world market)
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
National Program for Poultry Sanity (PNSA - Programa Nacional de
Sanidade Aví
Avícola) - Portaria Ministerial nº
nº 193/1994
193/1994
Control of Newcastle Disease, Salmonella and Mycoplasma
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
National Program for Pathogen Reduction (PNRP - Programa Nacional de
Reduç
Redução de Pató
Patógenos) – Instruç
Instrução Normativa 70/2003
70/2003
Monitoring of Salmonella in carcasses and parts in slaughterhouses
Brazil – Chicken meat
Brazil – Chicken meat
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply
Ministry of Health: National Agency of Sanitary
Surveillance
National Program of Control of Residues and Contaminants in Meat
(bovine, poultry, pork and horse), Milk, Honey, Eggs and Seafood
(PNCRC – Programa Nacional de Controle de Resí
Resíduos e Contaminantes em
Carnes (Bovina, Aves, Suí
Suína e Eqü
Eqüina), Leite, Mel, Ovos e Pescado - Instruç
Instrução
Normativa 14/2009
14/2009
PREBAF I - National Program on Monitoring the Prevalence and
Antimicrobial Resistance of Enterococci and Salmonella in Frozen
Chicken Carcasses at Retail Level – Programa Nacional de Monitoramento
da Prevalencia e do Perfil de Resistencia aos Antimicrobianos em Enterococos
e Salmonelas em Carcaç
Carcaças de Frango Congeladas Comercializadas no Brasil.
Brasil.
Monitoring pesticides, organochlorides, polychlorinated biphenyls,
biphenyls, antiparasitic
drugs, anabolizants, betagonists, anticoccidian drugs, nitrofurazons,
nitrofurazons,
nitrofurantoins and chloramphenicol
Prevalence of Salmonella,
Salmonella, enterococcci, antimicrobial resistance and
compliance of labelling as determined by RDC n°
n° 13/01 – ANVISA
August/2004 to July/2006
14 States of Brazil (83% of the Brazilian poultry production)
14 Official Laboratories (LACENs)
Brazil – Chicken meat
Prevalence of Salmonella spp was 3.03%.
S. Enteritidis 48.8%
Prevalent phagetype was PT1 (88%)
S. Infantis 7.6%
S. Typhimurium 7.2%
Resistance to antimicrobials varied
S. Heidelberg 6.4%
from 0% (ciprofloxacin) to100%
S. Mbandaka 4.8%
(streptomycin)
Salmonella spp 5.2%
Prevalence of Enterococcus spp was 98,7%.
E. faecalis 61.4%
E. gallinarum 28.7%
Resistance to antimicrobials varied
E. casseliflavus 5,1%
from 0% (vancomycin) to 80%
E. faecium 2.2%
(tetracyclin)
Brazil – Poultry
Ministry of Health: National Agency of Sanitary
Surveillance
PREBAF II = PREBAF I + Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter sp
PREBAF II = retail level
September/2009 (?) to September/2011
20 Official Laboratories (LACENs) in 20 States of Brazil + industry
Global SalmSalm-Surv
A passive surveillance system that collects annual Salmonella summary data from
member institutions, on
Number of Salmonella isolates identified
Number of Salmonella isolates serotyped
Top 15 Salmonella serotypes identified
Sources of Salmonella isolates (e.g., human, nonnon-human)
Region
Reference laboratories
Participating countries
South America
Inst Carlos Malbran
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela, Uruguay
Central
America
INCIENSA, Costa Rica,
GDD_CDC Guatemala
Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Mé
México, Nicaragua, Repú
República
Dominicana / Panamá
Panamá
Caribbean
CAREC – Trinidad y
Tobago
Bahamas / Barbados / Belize / Dominica / Jamaica /
St. Jucia / St. Vincent / Suriname / Trinidad y
Tobago
Regional network of molecular subsub-typing for the surveillance of
foodborne diseases
PFGE
National datadata-base
Regional datadata-base
Recent developments of food control and food
legislation in Latin America
13 countries
México
Cuba
2. most countries are making efforts to align regulatory frameworks
frameworks with the
requirements of the WTO SPS/TBT Agreements
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
1. most national food control systems involve several ministries,
ministries, making
coordination among different agencies challenging
Venezuela
Colombia
3. the countries are actively seeking trade facilitation mechanisms,
mechanisms, such as
use of equivalence agreements for sanitary registration
Brasil
Perú
Bolivia
Paraguay
Chile
Uruguay
REPORT OF THE 16th SESSION OF THE
FAO/WHO COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR LATIN
AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
Acapulco, Mexico, 10 – 14 November 2008
Argentina
Recent developments of food control and food
legislation in Latin America
1. most national food control systems involve several ministries,
ministries, making
coordination among different agencies challenging
Foot and Mouth Disease
2. most countries are making efforts to align regulatory frameworks
frameworks with the
requirements of the WTO SPS/TBT Agreements
Reintroduction
of FMD in the
country
1998
2003
Free, without vaccination
Free, with vaccination
2005
Infected
2008
Buffer area
3. the countries are actively seeking trade facilitation mechanisms,
mechanisms, such as use
of equivalence agreements for sanitary registration
4. there is a continuous need to build capacity related to food safety and risk
analysis
REPORT OF THE 16th SESSION OF THE
FAO/WHO COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR LATIN
AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
Acapulco, Mexico, 10 – 14 November 2008
Building capacities
Training courses on Microbiological Risk Assessment
Brazil – 2006 October
Venezuela – 2007 May
Colombia – 2008 October
Chile – 2009 April
Recent developments of food control and food
legislation in Latin America
1. most national food control systems involve several ministries,
ministries, making
coordination among different agencies challenging
2. most countries are making efforts to align regulatory frameworks
frameworks with the
requirements of the WTO SPS/TBT Agreements
Brazil – 2008 and 2009
3. the countries are actively seeking trade facilitation mechanisms,
mechanisms, such as use
of equivalence agreements for sanitary registration
and many others
4. there is a continuous need to build capacity related to food safety and risk
analysis
5. there is a continuous need to strengthen laboratory networks
OIRSA = Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria – Central America
IICA = Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (OEA)
CIRAD = Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique
REPORT OF THE 16th SESSION OF THE
FAO/WHO COORDINATING COMMITTEE FOR LATIN
AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
Acapulco, Mexico, 10 – 14 November 2008
InterInter-American Network of Food Analysis Laboratories
(INFAL)
Red Interamericana de Laboratorios de Aná
Análisis de
Alimentos (RILAA)
InterInter-American Network of Food Analysis Laboratories
(INFAL)
Red Interamericana de Laboratorios de Aná
Análisis de
Alimentos (RILAA)
Objectives:
promote and strengthen the development and interaction
of the food analysis laboratories within the framework of
integrated national programs of food protection
Microbiology,
Analysis
Quality
Management
and
Chemical
http://www.panalimentos.org/rilaa/ingles/index.asp
Online bibliography, national networks,
reference materials, proficiency testing, etc
ee-learning,
What have we learned ?
Improving food safety for export markets has a
positive effect on local markets
Improving food safety for export markets has a
beneficial effect on health of the population
Food safety management issues in latin america
1.730.000 !!!!
HACCP as a safety management tool “pays off”
off”
financially and in terms of increased food safety
Food safety should be a priority in relation to other
areas requiring increased government support
Do you want more about food safety management in
Latin America ?
Do not miss the round-table on
Advances in Food Safety Management in Latin America
Bovine meat (carne bovina) - Ricardo Sobol (Argentina)
Do not miss the talks
Advances on Risk Assessment in Latin America
Jairo Romero - Colombia
Tomorrow at 11.30 am in Sala Punta del Este E
Leafy vegetables (hortalizas de hoja) - Janeth Luna (Colombia)
ReadyReady-toto-eat foods (alimentos listos para consumo) – Eliana Marambio (Chile)
Shelfish (mariscos) - Alina Ratto (Perú
(Perú)
Cacao - Pilar Herná
Hernández (Venezuela)
Tomorrow at 4.30 pm in Sala Punta del Este E
LAS-ICMSF: the Latin American Sub-Commission of ICMSF
Modernization of Food Safety Control in the
Americas
Ricardo Molins – IICA
Wednesday at 8.30am in Sala Punta del Este D
Carmo, Greice M. I. - Brazil
Costarrica, Maria de Lourdes - FAO
Destro, Maria Teresa – Brazil
Hernandé
Hernandéz, Pilar - Venezuela
Landgraf, Mariza – Brazil
Luna, Janeth – Colombia
Marambio, Eliana – Chile
Pineiro, Maya – Chile
Pontes, Alexandre Pontes - Brazil
Ratto, Maria Alina – Peru
Rivera, Irma - Brazil
Romero, Jairo – Colombia
Sobol, Ricardo – Argentina
Thanks for your attention!
[email protected]
Apologies to
countries and/or initiatives
that were not included in this
presentation