5W’s and HOW
• What?
• Where?
• When?
• Why?
• Who?
• How?
© Magdalena Marczewska
Wydział Zarządzania UW
MoSCoW analysis of
requirements
M
• MUST have it
S
• SHOULD have it if possible
C
• COULD have it if it does not
affect anything else
W
© Magdalena Marczewska
• WON’T have it this time but
WOULD like in the future
these
requirements
are usually
not
implemented
Wydział Zarządzania UW
Theory of constraints
The weakest link in the
chain is the most
critical element
The success of the
entire project depends
on this weakest link
© Krzysztof Klincewicz
Wydział Zarządzania UW
Murphy’s laws – “smile, tomorrow is
going to get even worse“
• The probability that the
buttered side of a bread
touches the ground is
proportional to the
carpet’s price
• A broken electric
appliance will start
working once the service
specialist arrives
• The queue to the other
cash desks will turn out
to be shorter
© Krzysztof Klincewicz
Wydział Zarządzania UW
Competences of a project manager
• Creativity and ability to adjust to
changing requirements
• Ability to anticipate problems and
pessimistic thinking as „devil’s advocate”
• Experience and tacit knowledge
• Knowledge of terminology, procedures
and methodologies related to project
management
© Krzysztof Klincewicz
Wydział Zarządzania UW
Project stakeholders
Stakeholder – holds a stake, an interest
Not only direct users will experience
consequences of a project
Employees, owners, labour unions,
environmentalists, local government and other
groups
Stakeholders may use their influences to stop or
change the project
© Krzysztof Klincewicz
Wydział Zarządzania UW
Project stakeholders
Internal
auditors
Supervisors
Company
performing
project
Project
manager
Labour
union
Corporate
client
Shareholders
Project
team
Other
clients
Suppliers
internal
external
Project
Competitors
Mass media
Local
residents
© Krzysztof Klincewicz
Local
government
Consumer
groups
Politicians
Courts
Wydział Zarządzania UW
Stakeholder analysis
Important step when
preparing projects
Allows
− Understand interests
of multiple partiers
− Identify sources of risk
− Prepare for external
influences and cope
with them
© Krzysztof Klincewicz
Wydział Zarządzania UW
Importance of stakeholder
Possible classification of
stakeholders
S4
S6
S2
S1
low
© Krzysztof Klincewicz
“pettifogger“
S5
“key
players“
“insignificant
players“
S3
“silent
waters“
Influence of stakeholder
high
Wydział Zarządzania UW
Importance of stakeholder
Possible classification of
stakeholders
S4
S6
“pettifogger“
CONSULT (satisfy)
S2
S1
low
© Magdalena Marczewska
“insignificant
players“
CONTROL
(observe)
S5
“key
players“
COLLABORATE
S3
“silent
waters“
INFORM
Influence of stakeholder
high
Wydział Zarządzania UW
Decisions concerning stakeholders
Inform?
Collaborate?
Consult?
Stakeholder 1
X
Stakeholder 2
X
Control?
X
X
Stakeholder 3
X
X
Stakeholder 4
(do nothing)
© Krzysztof Klincewicz
Wydział Zarządzania UW