!"
#$%&'&(& )*(+ ,-./+.&'%0-. 1-2%'34 5$'6.+%'&*7& 8+ 7 $3)(+&4 9 7:; 6/$ ;<7 (. ;= &+ 7 %%. >4
?@ABC 8+ 7 $3)(+& 7D 9 7 '$4 E.+ D7 $2 F
GHIJKLMJN = .6.+ 7O P ('Q'$ P R +'$0'RO.% )/+ &-/( P -& R +/0.%%.% 7 +. R +/ R /%.Q
7 $Q 7 $.(+ 7O; $.&S/+3 ; &2 R . D /Q. O 'DRO. D .$&'$ P &-.%. R +'$0'RO.% '% R +. ;
%.$&.Q 7 $Q %&(Q'.QT U. %( PP .%& &/ 0/$%'Q.+ &-'$3'$ P S'&-'$ 7 $ 7 %%/0' 7 &'6.
$.&S/+3 V('O& ; ( R /) /6.+ O7RR '$ P D . D /+2 %& 7 &.%T U. 0/$%'Q.+ 7 -/ D / P . ;
$./(% 7 %%/0' 7 &'6. $.&S/+3 7 % V'/ O/ P '0 7O 0/$%'Q.+ 7 &'/$% +( O. /(& Q'%&'$0&
0/$W($0&'/$ ($'&% V.&S..$ &-. '$)/+ D7 &'/$ X&-. D . D /+'.%Y %&/+.Q '$ &-.
V+ 7 '$T U. &-.+.)/+. R +/ R /%. &- 7 & D . D /+2 %& 7 &.% - 76. 7 Q( 7O )($0&'/$ 7O;
'&2Z ,-.2 +. R +.%.$& /$ /$. %'Q. &-. %&/+.Q '$)/+ D7 &'/$ 7 $Q %.+6.4 /$ &-.
/&-.+ %'Q.4 7 % &-. 7 %%/0' 7 &'6. O'$3% '$ V.&S..$ &-. Q'[.+.$& Q2$ 7D '0 7O
%& 7 &.% /) &-. $.&S/+3 S-'0- 0/$%'%&% /) &+ 7 $%'.$& 7 &&+ 7 0&/+%T
U. 'DRO. D .$& &-.%. R +'$0'RO.% S'&-'$ 7 P .$.+ 7O'\.Q S'$$.+% ; & 7 3. ;7OO $.( ;
+ 7O $.&S/+3 S'&- % R7 +%. 0/Q'$ P 7 $Q 7 $ 7 QQ'&'/$ 7O 0/( RO'$ P &/ O/0 7O +.%.+ ;
6/'+%T U. %-/S &- 7 & &-'% $.&S/+3 '% 0 7R7 V O. &/ P .$.+ 7 &. 7 (&/$/ D /(% O2
7 %. O) ; %(%& 7 '$.Q &'D . ; %.+'.% /) D . D /+2 %& 7 &.% S-'0- S. 'Q.$&')2 S'&- 7
&-/( P -& R +/0.%%T ] 7 0- D . D /+2 %& 7 &. '% 7 %%/0' 7 &'6. O2 0/$$.0&.Q S'&- '&%
R +.Q.0.%%/+T
,-'% %2%&. D %-/S% %.6.+ 7O . D .+ P '$ P ). 7 &(+.%4 '& '% 7 V O. X7 Y &/ +.0/ P;
$'\. . : &.+$ 7O R7 &&.+$% '$ 7 $/'%2 V 7 03 P +/($Q4 XVY &/ )/0(% 7 &&.$&'/$
7 (&/$/ D /(% O2 7 $Q X0Y &/ +. R +.%.$& -'.+ 7 +0-'0 7O D . D /+2 %& 7 &.% S'&- 7 $
'$&.+$ 7O %&+(0&(+.T
^ _`abc defagc`
hij k"l"k "m nlikokpq r"sj k t!" ut"!v wj sx "rlj likokp yli
"pr !j"kkp "! yli j!j "m "rltj z!"rjjv hij llj! rltlx zj!m"!sj j{"!lj |x lij isk |!k k l lij rjklj! "m lij ktjlpl"k
yj y z!jjkl ij!jv wj y r"kj! k z!lr! "rltj z!"rjj yiri
sx "rr! " k lij |jkrj "m kx klj!rl"k "m lij |!k yli lij "lj
y"!v }l rj! lil yli"l kx z!"! l"!j km"!sl"k ~ "! sjs"!j
~ li ok "m li"pil z!"rj y" |j jsklrx jszlxv wj " lij!jm"!j
ktjlplj lij l"k"s" pjkj!l"k "m lsj~j!j "m sjs"!x~llj |x r"pkltj xljs  |jkp l kl! "! !l€rv
wj r"kj! r"kjjklx li"pil z!"rjj l" |j ri!rlj!‚j |x lij z"k~
lkj" rltl"k "m "kj sjs"!x llj |x k"lij! "kj jkp l" il"!x "m
F ƒQQ+.%% 7 & &'D . /) %(V D '%%'/$Z #$%&'&(& )*(+ ,-./+.&'%0-. 1-2%'34 5$'6.+%'&*7& Q.%
=77 + O7 $Q.%4 ??@A> =77 +V+ (*03.$4 E.+ D7 $2T
O7 (Q'(% E+/%
sjs"!x lljv hi z!"rj i" |j l"k"s" k k" "lj !jpltj
kl i" |j kjjj k "!j! l" r"kl!" li xksr z!"rjv }k "!j! l"
soj jkj jri rltlj sjs"!x llj i" |j r"jx "rlj l" l z!j~
jrj"!v il"!x "m !k"s sjs"!x llj y" k"l z"|x rmx l!j li"pil z!"rjv
ojx jl"k k li r"klj l lijk w ijk rk ly" "! s"!j sjs"!x llj
|j r"kj!j l" |j r"jx "rlj }klltjx li k"l z!"|js j~
sjs|j!kp l!z l" lij m"!jl yli "! msx m"! zrkr yj sx "rlj li
rltlx yli l!z l" lij m"!jl l" rl i!ls l!jjv hijj ly" sjs"!x~
llj !j klltjx !jljv w ijk yj l"!j kjy sjs"!x llj oj lij ly"
l!z l" lij m"!jl k lij |"tj j szj k "! |!k lij zz!"z!lj "rltj
ko kjj l" |j pjkj!lj z"klkj"xv l i"y i" "! |!k |j rz|j
"m €kkp z"|j !jl"k kokp li kjy km"!sl"k "rltjx yli z!jt"x l"!j sjs"!x~llj k j iltj j!ri y" k"l |j mj|j
lij lsj kjjj l" zj!m"!s l y" |j ssjkjv
hi r"szll"k z!"|js "m js|jkp kjy sjs"!x llj kl" lij!
!jjtkl jsklr r"klj l y" k"l "rr! m k" j zrl "rltj ko y" |j
kjjj l v hi rk |j rijtj yijk r"kj!kp kjly"!o yli "tj!zzkp
sjs"!x lljv }k li rj k" l"k r"k krl"k kl jr!|kp "rltj
ko k |jlyjjk ly" l"!j sjs"!j !j kjjjv hijj "rltj ko y"
|j m"!sj |x "lij! sjs"!jv kx kjy km"!sl"k j!kj |x lij kjly"!o
lijk r!j kl!x sjkkpm "rltj ko yijkjtj! l i!j z!l "m
l r"klljkl km"!sl"k yli "lij! sjs"!x lljv
wj " lij!jm"!j r"kj! i"s"pjkj" kjly"!o yli "kx "kj ok "m
r"klljkl |kp |"ro lij sjs"!j lijsjtjv hij sjs"!x llj lijk
i"y mkrl"klx jzjkkp "k lij kl r"kl"k k "rltj ko
k |jlyjjk ly" "! s"!j rltlx rjklj! r" |j jlij! ll"k!x sjs"!x
llj |x ljm "! l r" j!tj l" m"!s k "rl"k k |jlyjjk ly" jjkl
sjs"!x llj k lij r"!j "m li"pil z!"rjv
wj z!"z"j pjkj!‚j kj!~kjly"!o s"j rz|j "m slkp lij
ij!j j€kj ok "m li"pil z!"rjjv wj " k"l rs lil rl li"pil
z!"rjj k |""pr rx|j!kjlr xljs k "! |!k m"! klkrj y |j
jr!|j rr!ljx |x li s"jv "yjtj! lij ok "m li"pil z!"rjj z!"~
z"j ij!j jjs l" |j skl"!x !j!jsjkl m i"s"pjkj" "rltj
kjly"!o yli"l k j lj!k !jpltj kl ykl l" r!j l!j km"!sl"k~
z!"rjkp rz|ljv }k ri ok "m kjly"!o lij km"!sl"k~z!"rjkp sl
|j jm~"!pk‚j |x k l"k"s" xksr z!"rjv !"s mkrl"k z"kl
"m tjy l jtjkl lil li jm~!jplj km"!sl"k z!"rjkp kjj l" |j
szjsjklj k |""pr r"pkltj xljs oj lij isk |!k  k "kj yx
"! k"lij!v
wj k"lj lil lijj jm~"!pk‚j "rl"k z!"rjj y"!o "kx ylik
jkj "rltj kjly"!o yij!j jjklx rltlx rjklj! !j r"kkjrlj
s"kp lijsjtj m"!skp yil "kj r k kjly"!o~lij"!x n kl l!"kpx
"kkjrlj~"sz"kjklq "!"p"tljt jkj v }k z!j kjly"!o
lij!j y" |j skx kr"kkjrlj |rlj! krz|j l" r"sskrlj ~
= . O) ;= (%& 7 '$.Q ,-/( P -& 1+/0.%%.%
B
1.0
f(ϕ)
g(ϕ)
f(ϕ) and g(ϕ)
Γϕ = 0.05
(f)
ϕc = 0.15
(g)
c
(min)
ϕ
0.5
g
0.0
0
0.2
= 0.70
= 0.05
0.4
ϕ
0.6
0.8
N N # OO (%&+ 7 &'/$ /) &-. +.%.+6/'+ ; )($0&'/$% X Y 7 $Q X Y
@ > 4 @ 4 @ @ 7 $Q @ @ 1
7 % Q. $.Q V2 ] T XAY )/+
l"k"s"xv hij!jm"!j yj r"kj! ij!j jkj k i"s"pjkj" "rltj kjl~
y"!o k "kj spil !pj lil lij isk |!k "j m kl" li
rljp"!xv
c fg ag `d c c ` ce ! a " cb # wj r"kj! k "rltj kjly"!o yli $ lj yiri yj " r rltlx
rjklj! v % ri !jz!jjkl "sj zjr€r |""prx !jjtkl km"!sl"k 
k"!sx k ipix z!jz!"rjj m"!s jj |j w jj &'() v % szj
!j m"! r""! izj lkrj s"tjsjkl "k k " "kv % ri ri!rlj!‚j |x lij kt rltlx *+ , - . &/ 0 1 &. 2 2 2 . $ v k rltj yijk *+ r"j l" "kjv wj jklmx jkjs|j "m rltj yli sjs"!x
llj jj r 3 j" 4 kojll " &''5 v
}k l"k l" lij rltlx jtj *+ yj kl!"rj m"! jtj!x kjy t!|j
+
6 , - . &/  yiri ri!rlj!‚j lij jtj "m lij kt rltlx !jj!t"!v
hi t!|j zx l y |jr"sj rj! m!"s lij r"k m!lij! |j"y  ojx !"j k mrllkp lij jm~lkj li"pil z!"rj k lkpij lij
m!"s lk! kj! kjly"!o 7j! jki!l l!rok &'') v
8LH 9: N = .&% /) D /Q. O;R7 + 7D .&.+% (%.Q )/+ &-. %' D ( O7 &'/$% R +.%.$&.Q -.+.T ; <= Q. ;
$/&. &-. $/$ ; \.+/ D7 &+': . O. D .$&% /) &-. O'$3 ;D7 &+'0.% ; >? <= >? .$&.+'$ P ] T X>YT ,-.
OO '$ P < Q. RO .&'/$ + 7 &.% )/+ &-. +.%.+6/'+ @ 7 $Q A .$&.+ ] T XBYT ,-. 0+'&'0 7O +.%.+6/'+ ;
O.6. O% )/+ '$-'V'&'/$ 7 $Q 7 0&'6 7 &'/$4 B .$&.+ ] T XAY4 7 % S. OO 7 % &-. S'Q&- )/+
&-. +.%.+6/'+ )($0&'/$ 7 $Q &-. D '$'D7O 67O(.% @ 7 $Q ;
=
A
C
D
X7 Y @T> ; >T@ @TC @T@@A @T@@ E
XVY @T> ; >T@ @T @ @T@@ @T@ @
@T>
@T>
@T
@T
@T@ >T@@
@T@@
@T>@
A
O7 (Q'(% E+/%
wj r"kj! ij!j r"klk"~lsj jt"l"k *+ 1 *+ k 6 + 1 6 + v
hij {j!jkl jl"k *+ 1 *+ *+
1 & *+ + +
+ 1 +
6+ 1
6 + *+ -& + / +
+ * * *+ & 6 + &
+ * 6 *+
*
6+ 2
jlj!skj lij lsj~jt"l"k "m *+ v j!j lij + !j p!"yli !lj k lij
+ lij !jzjrltj |jv wj y r lij !"j "m lij | m!lij! |j"y  m"!
lij lsj |jkp yj r"kj! +  m k"l llj "lij!yjv
hij mkrl"k "rr!!kp k % v &
lij ljz mkrl"k 1 &. m"!
k
!jzjrltjxv hij xksr % v & k  !jzjrl lij
k"!s‚l"k *+ , - . &/ k 6 + , - . &/ j l" lij z!jmrl"! & *+  & 6 + k *+  6 + m"! lij p!"yli k jzjl"k z!"rjjv
hij kj!~kjly"!o~lxzj klj!rl"k k |jlyjjk lij rltlx rjklj! !j
k +
m"! j rll"!x k ki|l"!x
ptjk |x lij sl!rj +
r"kkjrl"k !jzjrltjxv hij |!jo"yk "m lij ko~sl! k k j rll"!x k
ki|l"!x jrl"! rk |j r"kj!j !jujrl"k "m lij |""pr "|j!tl"k
lil j rll"!x k ki|l"!x pk !j j l" kj!"k k klj!kj!"k !j~
zjrltjxv kx ptjk r"kkjrl"k jlij! j rll"!x "! ki|l"!x |l k"l |"li
l lij sj lsj + +  m"! z! 0. v wj " k"l r"kj! ij!j jm~
klj!rl"k l"~"rl"k + + 1 + + v
wj r"kj! ij!j lij !jr!!jkl rj yli + 1 + k + 1 +  |l lij
s"j y"!o €kj " yijk li xssjl!x z!lx |!"ojk v hi y izzjk
kxi"y xksrx t lij !jj!t"!~mkrl"k 6 k 6 v hijj mkrl"k
p"tj!k lij klj!rl"k k |jlyjjk lij rltlx jtj *+ k lij !jj!t"! jtj
6 + v hijx sx |j ri"jk yij~"l ljz mkrl"k "m ps" m"!s oj
6 1
#
&2
+! " $
lk -6
lk - &
+! "
6 % & / lk - 6 % & / .
"
"
6 % & / lk - 6 % & /
"
"
' yli l|j yli v "! k l!l"k jj pv & v hij j{jrl "m lij !jj!t"!
mkrl"k jzjk "k lij tj "m lij !jzjrltj !jj!t"!~jtj 6 +  yiri !j
p"tj!kj |x % v v
"! *+
* ipi rltlx jtj lij !jj!t"!~jtj 6 + jr!jj yli lij !lj
v "! *+ * "y rltlx jtj lij !jj!t"!~jtj 6 + kr!jj yli lij !lj
v "y !jj!t"! jtj y itj ly" j{jrl hij |lx l" zz!j k"lij!
,-. Q'[.+.$&' 7O . ( 7 &'/$% X>Y 7 $Q X Y 7 +. 7 3'$ &/ &-. < /&37; / O&.++ 7 . ( 7 &'/$% Q'% ;
0(%%.Q V2 8(37 ' 7 $Q ,7 $ 7 37 X>EE YT
,-. &'D . ; ($'& '% 7 +V'&+ 7 +2 '$ R +'$0'RO. 7 $Q 0/( O Q V. &($.Q4 7 % S. OO 7 % D /%& /) &-. R7;
+ 7D .&.+% .$&.+'$ P ] %T X>Y 7 $Q X Y4 '$ /+Q.+ &/ +. R +/Q(0. $.(+/V'/ O/ P '0 7OO2 /V%.+6.Q
&'D . ; %0 7O.%T 8/+ 0/$6.$'.$0. /$. 0/( O Q & 7 3. 7 D 'OO'%.0/$Q )/+ &-. &'D . ($'&4 /+ O.%%T
(
*
)
= . O) ;= (%& 7 '$.Q ,-/( P -& 1+/0.%%.%
(3)
(6)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(4)
(2)
(8)
(5)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(10)
(6)
(1)
(11)
(0)
(0)
N N ,S/ % D7OO $.&S/+3% )/+ ' OO (%&+ 7 &'/$ 7O R (+ R /%.%T ,-. 7 ++ 7 $ P . D .$& /) &-. 7 0&'6'&2
0.$&.+% X OO.Q V O(. 0'+0 O.%Y '% 7 +V'&+ 7 +24 -.+. S. - 76. 0-/%.$ 7 0'+0( O7 + 7 ++ 7 $ P . D .$& )/+
7 P //Q /6.+6'.S T = -/S$ 7 +. &-. . : 0'& 7 &/+2 O'$3% X&-. $/$ ; \.+/ D7 &+': . O . D .$&% /) ; ? 4
V O7 03 O'$.%YT ,S/ 7 0&'6'&2 0.$&.+% $/& 0/$$.0&.Q V2 ; >? 7 +. '$-'V'&/+' O2 0/$$.0&.Q 6'> 7
= >? T
< .)&Z ƒ %.6.$ ; 0.$&.+ $.&S/+3 S'&- 6. %& 7 V O. D . D /+2 %& 7 &.%Z X@4>4 Y4 X>4 4BY4 X>4B4AY4
XA4 4?Y 7 $Q X 4?YT
' P -&Z ƒ > ; 0.$&.+ $.&S/+3 S'&- ; 0.$&.+ D . D /+2 %& 7 &.%4 B ; 0.$&.+ D . D /+2 %& 7 &.%
7 $Q /$. A ; 0.$&.+ D . D /+2 %& 7 &. XS-'0- '% -'P - O 'P -&.QYT #& 0/$& 7 '$% 7 &/& 7O /) C O'$3%
X$/$ ; \.+/ D7 &+':; . O. D .$&% /) ; >? Y
rltlx rjklj! t k ki|l"!x ko +  yiri y |j !jrj |x 6 + , - . &/
k lij rltl"k |x "lij! rjklj! t k j rll"!x ko +  yiri y |j
!jrj |x 6 + , - . &/  jj % v v
hij xksr krj |x % v & j l" !j l"k l"y! lij kj l
l|j sjs"!x llj ylik i"!l lsj~rj "m +
+
m"!
lij k"k~‚j!" sl! ~jjsjkl "m lij ko~sl!rj v i""kp lij!lj m"!
lij !jj!t"! xksr l" |j |lklx sj! lik lij !j l"k~!lj yj "|lk jz!l"k "m lsj~rj m"! lij l|‚l"k "m sjs"!x llj k
m"! lij jzjl"k €kp "m lij rltlx !jj!t"! 6 + jr!|j |x % v v hi
jz!l"k "m lsj~rj jtjkl k lij sl"k z!jjklj k pv v "!
l!l"k z!z"j yj z!jjkl lij rltlx~jtj m"! tj!x s xljs 
lij & ~rjklj! kjly"!o l!lj k pv v hij lsj~rj "m lij xksr !j
i"yjtj! xljs~‚j kjzjkjklv wj k"lj lil "kx €klj ks|j! "m rjklj!
!j rltj l kx ptjk lsjv jm"!j yj r lij xksr "m lij li"pil
z!"rj s"!j k jl k jrlv  yj y loj r"j! ""o l lij kl!j "m lij
l!kjkl ll!rl"! l|‚j m"! i"!l lsj~rjv
wj r"kj! ij!j sjs"!x llj yiri r"klk "kx €klj ks|j! lxzrx
|jlyjjk k  "m r"klljkl rltlx rjklj!v hi ojx {j!jkrj |jlyjjk
lij ktjlplj ij!j k lk! kj! kjly"!o yij!j €klj m!rl"k
"m kj!"k spil |j rltj slkj"x q jx &''5 v
?
O7 (Q'(% E+/%
hij l|‚l"k "m sjs"!x llj sj z "m rlj! yli €klj ks|j!
rltlx rjklj! rijtj |x k ki|l"!x |rop!"k "m ko 1 . . 2 2 2 "m
+ .
+ 1 . 0 1
2
) }k pv yj l!lj ~rjklj! kjly"!ov }l!lj k pv |x lij |ro kj
!j lij j rll"!x ko vjv lij k"k~‚j!" sl! ~jjsjkl "m + v z! 0. "m rltlx~rjklj! k"l r"kkjrlj |x kj k pv itj +
v }m |p
jk"pi lijk "kx li"j rlj! "m rltlx rjklj! !j xksrx l|j k
yiri z!lrzlkp rjklj! !j slx r"kkjrljv
h" jj yix yj r"kj! k "lj ~rjklj! sjs"!x llj v hij
lj rkk"l itj ko €klj + l" "m lij rltlx rjklj! sokp z
li sjs"!x lljv lij!yj y" |j z!l "m li v hij!j !j lij!jm"!j
s sx & z"ltj r"kkjrl"k k |jlyjjk k lij v hij xksr
l|lx "m lij sjs"!x llj p!kljj m lij l"l ko~l!jkpli |jlyjjk k lij k"l l"" l!"kp + .
&
.
( v
yij!j lij jr"k jl"k i" m"! lij km"!s rj +
"! k l!l"k "m li !jl"k yj r"kj! lij rj * 1 * 1 * 1 * 1 k * 1 * 1 * 1 & m"! lij ~rjklj! kjly"!o "m pv v hij p!"yli~!lj m"!
v "! rjklj! y" l!l l"
rjklj! lijk 1 |jr"sj rltj k z!" llj &    y" !jlv hokp |"li &  k &   !j l|j k t|j ~rjklj! sjs"!x lljv
nz!" sjs"!x lljq "m lij kjly"!o y" "rr! m p!"z "m !j~
sk rltj m"! z!""kpj lsj jtjk li"pi li p!"zkp "j k"l r"!!jz"k
l" kx l"!j sjs"!x lljv " ri z!" sjs"!x llj xksrx l~
|j yijk % v ( m€jv "! lij sl"k z!jjklj ij!j yj itj ri"jk
( v hi szj lil sjs"!x llj yli z l" 1 rltlx rjklj!
!j l|j jj h|j & k % v ( v
hi ok "m jkr"kp "m lij ko~sl!rj rj nykkj!~loj~q l~
l"k  krj mx klj!r"kkjrlj rlj! y lslj jri "lij! t z"ltj
kl!~rlj! + v hij!j y |j l jl "kj kjpltj + ~ko k |jlyjjk k r~
ltj rjklj! "m lij ykkkp sjs"!x llj l" jtj!x "l~"m~rlj!  zz!jkp
k li yx lij r"szjlkp rltlx "m "l~"m~rlj! rltlx rjklj!v
'
&
}k lij |"tj r"k yj itj r"kj!j k z!l lij km"!s rj +
m"!
k"k~‚j!" j rll"!x kov }k li rj mjl!j sokp z sjs"!x llj
!j |"k l"pjlij! yli lij sj l!jkpliv ri sjs"!x llj i k" klj!k
(+ S'$$.+% ; & 7 3. ;7OO %.&&'$ P Q'[.+% )+/ D &-. %/ ; 0 7OO .Q ; S'$$.+% ; & 7 3. ;7OO 0/$ P (+ 7;
&'/$ '$ S-'0- &-. D /%& 7 0&'6. $.(+/$% %( RR +.%% &-. 7 0&'6'&'.% /) 7OO /&-.+ $.(+/$%
6' 7 7 $ '$-'V'&/+2 V 7 03 P +/($Q X%.. S/$ .+67 3%'4 >EE YT
= . O) ;= (%& 7 '$.Q ,-/( P -& 1+/0.%%.%
1
(0)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
0.8
xi 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
0
250
(4,8,10)
(8,11)
500
(6,7,11)
1000
750
1
0.8
xi 0.6
(2,6)
0.4
(4,5,6,10) (4,8,10) (8,11)
(6,7,11)
(0,1,2)
(1,3,9)
(4,5,6,10)
0.2
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
N N ,-. 7 0&'6'&2 A X Y )/+ &-. &-/( P -& R +/0.%% X ?Y XA ? >@Y XA C >@Y XC >>Y X? >>Y X@ > Y X> B E Y XA ? >@Y )/+ &-. > ; %'&. $.&S/+3 '$ 8'P T
T ,/ R < /&&/ D Z 5%'$ P &-. R7 + 7D .&.+ %.&% X7 Y < XVY /) ,7 V O. >T /&. &-. Q'[.+.$& %0 7O'$ P
)/+ &-. +.% R .0&'6. &'D . ;7: '%
l!rl!j l l lij !jk"k "m |kri "m jsklr k"j yli k" l"k
!jl"k k |jlyjjk lijs v js"!x llj r"!!jz"kkp l" |""pr !jjtkl
"| jrl y i"yjtj! j i|l k pjkj! ij!!rir l!rl!j jjki|j! 4 "pp" &''' j j! v 3 jl ptj k j szj sjs"!x llj
jk"lkp n|"xq sx kt"tj p!"zkp "m r"!!jz"kkp l" mrj  i!l 
zkl  jp  !j  p!jjk k " "kv hi sjs"!x llj yj j€kj k
"! s"j yijkjtj! lij!j !j z"ltj ko + k |jlyjjk "m lijs v
hij!j k"y lij kjj m"! l"k km"!sl"k oj n!jq lij r""! "m
lij i!l "! "m lij l!"j! hil  lij!j lij kjj l" n|kq lij r""! !j
z!jmj!jklx l" "kj "m lij ly" zjrj "m r"lijv }l z"|j l" jkr"j li k~
lj!k km"!sl"k kl" lij sjs"!x llj n|"xq mrji!lzkljp!jp!jjkvv
|x zz!"z!lj s"l"k "m lij klj!k r"kkjrl"kv }k "!j! l" jkr"j m"!
klkrj lil !j lij r""! "m lij i!l "kj jl lij ko !j ~ i!l l" |j
sri l!"kpj! lik lij ko !j ~ zkl "! !j ~ jp v hi zj!mjrlx z"~
|j k k li yx lij |kkp "m !j l" i!l rijtjv hij l!rl!j
"m lij sjs"!x llj j€kj ij!j m"! lij lij!jm"!j uj |j jk"pi l"
"y m"! klj!k ij!!rir "| jrl !jz!jjkll"kv
" r"km"k !jp!kp lij r""! "m lij i!l k "m lij zkl !j k lij
|"tj j szj yijk t!|j ko~l!jkpli + !j jv "lj i"yjtj! lil
li z"|j "kx |jrj s k kjpltj ko + !j k"l "yj k "!
s"j ojx {j!jkrj l" lij s"l r"ss"kx j kj!~kjly"!o s"jv }m
yjo ki|l"!x ko y" |j z!jjkl lij |"k!x "m sjs"!x llj r" k"l
|j j€kj z!jrjxv hij!j y" |j k" lltj {j!jkrj k |jlyjjk s
kjpltj k s z"ltj xkzkp l!jkpliv !lij!s"!j lij l|lx
r"kl"k % v ( y" |!jo "ykv
C
O7 (Q'(% E+/%
[t=27]
[t=297]
(6)
(5)
(7)
(4)
(8)
(2)
(10)
(1)
(7)
(4)
(9)
(3)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(11)
(10)
(1)
(7)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(10)
(1)
(2)
(7)
(4)
(9)
(3)
(10)
(11)
(8)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(10)
(1)
(11)
(0)
(11)
(0)
[t=1099]
(5)
(6)
(5)
(8)
(1)
(8)
(0)
(4)
(7)
(4)
(11)
[t=821]
(6)
(5)
(6)
(5)
(8)
(0)
[t=629]
[t=539]
(6)
(5)
(0)
(6)
(7)
(4)
(8)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(10)
(1)
(11)
(0)
N N ,-. &-/( P -& R +/0.%% X ?Y XA ? >@Y XA C >@Y XC >>Y X? >>Y X@ > Y /) 7 > ; %'&. $.&S/+3 S'&- ; 0.$&.+4 B ; 0.$&.+ 7 $Q /$. A ; 0.$&.+ D . D /+2 %& 7 &.T
,-. $/$ ; \.+/ . : 0'& 7 &/+2 O'$3% ; ? @ Q'[.+ )+/ D &-. ($')/+ D O.6. O ; + 7 $Q/ DO2 V2 7 &
D /%& T / DR7 +. 8'P T B )/+ &-.> &'D . ; .6/ O (&'/$ /) &-. 6 7 +' 7 V O.%
` gf ce a bcf }k p v k pv yj z!jjkl k l"k"s" li"pil z!"rj ylik & ~rjklj!
kjly"!o yli &) l|j sjs"!x llj l!lj k pv v wj itj ri"jk s kjly"!o ij!j l" r lij z!"zj!lj "m lij xksr li"pil z!"rj k
jlv hij s"j i"yjtj! r"szjljx r|j k yj itj zj!m"!sj s~
l"k "m kjly"!o r"klkkp jtj! li"k "m lj yli"l kx z!"|js "k
lk! r"szlj!v hij ri"rj "m xkri!"k" "! xkri!"k" zlkp z!"~
rj!j !|l!!x ij!j j l" lij r"klk"~lsj m"!sl"kv " z!lr!
r!j kjj l" |j lojk m"! lij kljp!l"k "m lij {j!jkl jl"k & k lij xksr z!"rj i !j l"k z!"zj!lj m"! lij i"!l~lsj xksr
"m |"li lij rltlj *+ yj m"! lij !jj!t"! jtj 6 + v hij s"j
ksj!rx !"|lv hij xksr ksj!r l|j " m"! lij "kp~lsj
jt"l"k "m lij rltlj *+ yiri !tjk |x lij !jzjrltj !jj!t"! jtj
t lij !jj!t"!~mkrl"k 6 k 6 v
hij sl"k z!jjklj k pv yj!j zj!m"!sj kp lij ly" lkrl
z!sjlj! jl lj k h|j & v "! lij z!sjlj! jl yj "|j!tj tj!x !z
!j l"k l"y! "kj "m lij sjs"!x~llj jkr"j k lij ko~sl!rj "m
lij kjly"!o i"yk k pv v hij !jj!t"! jtj !j jzjlj tj!x "yx
k lij sjs"!x~l|j |jr"sj kl|j k {j!jkl sjs"!x~llj loj
"tj! "kx mlj! |lkl lsj i zjv "sz!kp lij li"pil z!"rj
i"yk k pv yli lij kjly"!o "m j rll"!x ko "m lij i"yk k pv
"kj rk k"lrj lil } kx ly" |jjkl sjs"!x llj !j r"kkjrlj |x
"kj "! s"!j ko k lil }} j rll"!x ko itj k mrl mkrl"klx '
= . O) ;= (%& 7 '$.Q ,-/( P -& 1+/0.%%.%
ri
E
0
-0.5
50
100
200
150
1
(0)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
0.8
xi 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
50
(4,8,10)
(8,11)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(6,7,11)
100
(0,1,2)
200
150
N N ,-. P +/S&- ; + 7 &.% X Y X&/ R Y 7 $Q &-. 7 0&'6'&2 A X Y XV/&&/ D Y )/+ &-. &-/( P -&
+/0.%%
XA ? >@Y XA C >@Y XC >>Y X? >>Y X@ > Y )/+ &-. > ; %'&. $.&S/+3
R
%-/S$ '$ 8'P T 4 (%'$ P &-. R7 + 7D .&.+ %.& XVY /) ,7 V O. >
h" l|‚j l!kjkl sjs"!x llj k l" "rlj "kj sjs"!x llj yli
|jjkl "kjv hij s"j "j lij!jm"!j !j‚j lij ly" z"llj m"! jm~
!jplj "rltj li"pil z!"rjj jl m"!li k lij kl!"rl"kv
""prx zjokp l nylj "m lsjq m kt sjs"!x llj !jsk
rltj m"! k j rjjkpx "kp klj!tv hij jzjl"k~!lj
1 2 ' m"! lij
!jj!t"!~jtj tj!x s m"! lij z!sjlj! jl lj k h|j & v "! lij
z!sjlj! jl | yj itj ri"jk |lklx !pj! jzjl"k~!lj 1 2 l"pjlij!
yli tj!x s""li !jj!t"!~mkrl"k 6 k 6 k €klj tj m"!
+ k "!j! l" t" !k"s !ml m"! rjklj!
rltj "tj! z!""kpj zj!"
k mx jzjlj !jj!t"! jtjv
hij ly" li"pil z!"rjj i"yk k pv !j m"! jklr ko~sl!rj
"kx lij z!sjlj! jklj!kp % v &
k {j!v wj k"lj lil lij jjkrj
"m sjs"!x~llj jklr m"! |"li z!sjlj! jl lij xksr l|j "tj!
yj !kpj "m z!sjlj!~tjv hij il"!x "m sjs"!x llj p"j li!"pi
rxrj l jtjkl m"! lij sl"k kp lij z!sjlj! jl |  krj
lij zij~zrj €kljv hij & ~lj rlj! j k li sl"k r"klk &)
{j!jkl sjs"!x llj k lij rxrj !k "tj! ( lkrl llj |lkl
m!rl"k "m lij l"lv "! !pj! kjly"!o yli lij! tj!x ipi ks|j! "m l"!j
sjs"!x~llj jj iskk to" riljk &'5' lij rxrj jkpli y
|j k pjkj! tj!x "kp m"! kx z!rlr z!z"jv wj itj i"yjtj! k"l xjl
zj!m"!sj xljslr lx "m lij rxrj~jkpli "k lij xljs z!"zj!lj "kp
lij sj kj x "kj m"! !k"s |""jk kjly"!o rilj! & v
wj k"lj lil |k!x rxrj " k"l "rr! m"! lij z!sjlj! j ij!jv wj
k lij !jj!t"! jtj lij!jm"!j loj yij l" €~
itj ri"jk
z pk v rltj sjs"!x llj rk lij!jm"!j k"l !jrltlj lij! z!jjrj"!
yiri itj kjrj!x "y !jj!t"! jtj k s tj m"! 6 v hij sj
!"
>@
O7 (Q'(% E+/%
1
(0)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
0.8
xi 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(1,3,6,9)
250
500
(5,7,8,11)
(1,2,4,11)
750
1000
1
0.8
xi 0.6
(6,8,9,11)
0.4
(0,3,4,5,6,7,10)
(0,1,4,5,6,7)
(2,6,7,8)
0.2
0
0
100
50
200
150
N N ,-. 7 0&'6'&2 A X Y )/+ &S/ > ; 0.$&.+ 0 O (%&.+% S'&- 7 -' P - Q.$%'&2 /) O '$3% (%'$ P
&-. R7 + 7D .&.+ %.&% X7 Y 7 $Q XVY /) ,7 V O. > X&/ R < V/&&/ D YT
,/ R Z ,-. &-/( P -& R +/0.%% '% X> A ? >>Y X@ ? C >@Y X> B ? E Y X C >>Y X C >>Y X> A >>YT
/&&/ D Z ,-. &-/( P -& R +/0.%% '% X@ B A ? >@Y XB ? C >@ >>Y X? C E >>Y X@ B A ? >@Y X@ > A ? Y X ? CY
ljsz"! xssjl!x r" |j rijtj |x ri""kp + 1 + v wj " k"l !j~
"l lij j "m xssjl!r ko~sl!rj m"! lij  |l l k sz"!lkl
z!"zj!lx "m lij l" |j |j l" jl|i lsj !jrl"k l"k"s"xv
hij lxzj "m sjs"!x~llj l"!|j k lij y" "lij!yj |j slj
l" xssjl!r lljv
a g c a ` gf }k pv ) yj z!jjkl |"yz "m lij li"pil z!"rj z!jjklj k pv m"! lij
z!sjlj! jl |  l"pjlij! yli lij lsj~jzjkjkrj "m lij p!"yli !lj + v
wj rk rj!x "|j!tj i"y r"szjll"k s"kp lij zx r!r !"jv
"! lij €!l l!kl"k "rr!!kp l
5 lj & k 5 r"szjlj yli jri
"lij!v "li itj ly" j rll"!x ko yli
lij rltj rlj! ) (  &  jj pv
k pv 5 v hi r"szjll"k !j"tj ij!j |x s !k"s {j!jkrj k
|jlyjjk lij j rll"!x ko + j ij!jv
&' k |jlyjjk lij ly" krl sjs"!x
hij l!kl"k "rr!!kp l
llj (   &&
k &  loj |lkl s"kl "m lsj l" r"szjlj l
p"j li!"pi lij klj!sjlj llj  v hij sjs"!x llj  rlx t sjs"!x llj |x ljm |l k"l l|‚j ij!j lij ""j "l
k lij r"szjll"k yli &
k  r"sz!j pv ) v
"lj lil k lij l!kl"k . 5 . & 5 . && ( . . && li j{jrl "j
k"l "rr!v hij klj!sjlj llj 5 &&
l|‚j |jrj lij !jj!t"! jtj
'
'
= . O) ;= (%& 7 '$.Q ,-/( P -& 1+/0.%%.%
>>
1
0.8
xi 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
(10)
(64)
(12)
(83)
(21)
(85)
(26)
(86)
(39)
(93)
(54)
(94)
(58)
(98)
0
50
100
150
200
0
50
100
150
200
1
0.8
ϕi
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
N N ,-. 7 0&'6'&2 A X Y 7 $Q &-. +.%.+6/'+ X Y )/+ 7 EE ; 0.$&.+ 0 O (%&.+% S'&- >? < >AB < ?
%& 7 V O. D . D /+2 %& 7 &.% 0/$& 7 '$'$ P < B < A 0.$&.+%4
(%'$ P &-. R7 + 7D .&.+ %.& XVY /) ,7 V O.
> ,-. &-/( P -& R +/0.%% '% X ? ?A E BY X C ?A E BY XB E C CBY XB E CB E CY X>@ B E E CY X A C C? E AY X > A C? E AY X> > AY
"m ( i xjl k"l |jjk !j€j r"szjljx j l" z!jrjjkl rltl"kv }k li
rj ( k ""j "l k r"szjll"k yli 5 v
}k pv ( yj i"y lij !jl "m ly" sl"k "k {j!jkl & ~lj rlj!
yli tj!x jkj ko~sl!rj + yiri r"klk sjs"!x~llj yli z l" jtjk
rjklj!v sl"k m"! |"li jl "m z!sjlj! !j i"yk k yj "|j!tj lil
lij xksr y"!o zj!mjrlx €kjv w li lij zz!"z!lj ri"rj % v ( m"! lij
ko~l!jkpli jtjk kjly"!o yli |lklx !pj! sjs"!x llj "y m"!
ksj!r l|j sl"kv
kx yj z!jjkl k pv lij rltlj k !jj!t"!~jtj m"! '' ~lj
kjly"!o kp lij z!sjlj! jl | v 4 "llj k pv !j "kx lij rltlj
k lij !jj!t"!~jtj "m lij lj rltj !kp lij klj!t "m "|j!tl"kv wj
rk krjx "|j!tj lij jzjl"k "m lij !jj!t"!~jtj m"! lij rltj rjklj! k
lij "sjyil "yj! !jr"tj!x "krj lij rltlx m pk v s! !jl !j
rijtj " |x sl"k "m tj!x |p kjly"!ov
g fe gc`
wj itj ij!j ktjlplj lij l"k"s" xksr "m lij k kjpjrlj
kx klj!rl"k yli lij "lj y"!v jk"!x kzl y" l" lij p!"yli
!lj |x zz!"z!lj lsj~jzjkjkl s"l"k "m lij !jzjrltj | + 
jj % v v "! kx jk"!x kzl lij | "m lij kt"tj rltlx rjklj! y"
r!j €klj z"ltj tj !kp lij klj!t "m lij jk"!x lsl"kv
hokp ""o l lij p!"yli !lj z"llj k p v ) l |jr"sj ssjljx
rj! lil lij jk"!x kzl kjj k pjkj! rj!lk r!lr l!jkpli k "!j!
l" kujkrj lij "kp"kp li"pil z!"rjv hij l"k"s" li"pil z!"rj k
>
O7 (Q'(% E+/%
(6)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(5)
(8)
(4)
(2)
(9)
(3)
(2)
(10)
(1)
(8)
(4)
(9)
(3)
(7)
(11)
(10)
(1)
(0)
(11)
(0)
N N 2$ 7D '0 7O 7 &&.$&'/$ ; )/0(%'$ P '$ &-. > ; %'&. $.&S/+3 S'&- &-. &-/( P -& R +/0.%%
'OO(%&+ 7 &.Q '$ 8' P T 4 )/+ &S/ Q'[.+.$& %& 7 V O . D . D /+2 %& 7 &.%T ,-. Q 7 %-.Q < Q 7 %-.Q ; Q/&&.Q
02 7 $ 7 $Q R '$3 O'$3% < 0'+0 O .% Q.$/&. 0.$&.+% O'$3.Q S. 7 3 O2 < %&+/$ PO2 XV2 /$. < &S/ . : 0'& 7;
&/+2 O '$3%Y &/ &-. 7 0&'6. D . D /+2 %& 7 &.
lij jk"!x kzl r"szjlj yli jri "lij!v hi ok "m r"szjll"k "j k"l
"rr! k szj ll!rl"! kj! kjly"!o rilj! &  m"! yiri kx k"k~
‚j!" kzl krj lij kjly"!o l" u"y kl" lij kj!jl rrj|j ll!rl"!v "li
m"! kzl !jjs|kp r"jx z!jt"x l"!j zllj!k yj m"! !k"s
k k"kjkr kzlv
hij r"kj!j ij!j y "k lij "lij! ik !jr"pk‚j j lj!k zl~
lj!k "kx yijk lij kzl ri lil l yk lij r"szjll"k yli lij "kp"kp
li"pil z!"rj jkp l" lij rltl"k "m lij r"!!jz"kkp sjs"!x lljv
hij l!jkpli "m lij jk"!x kzl kjrj!x m"! li !jr"pkl"k z!"rj l" |j
r"szjlj rrjmx jzjk r!rx "k lij ks|j! "m ko |jlyjjk lij r!~
!jkl rltj sjs"!x llj k lij lslj |x lij jk"!x kzl "kj
rk jj k pv ) k pv 5 v hij lj &
k 5 itj ly" ko l" lij sjs"!x
llj ) ( &  "lij! rjklj! itj jlij! ‚j!" "! l "kjv kx jk"!x kzl
!!tkp "k lj &
"! 5 y" |j !jr"pk‚j jtjk m"! s pk~l!jkpli
yijk ) (  & rltj jk"!x kzl !!tkp l lj y" kjj l" |j
"k lij "lij! ik tj!x !pjv hi z!"zj!lx "m lij lijk jtjkl l"
lij rz|lx "m m"r lljkl"k l"k"s"x k sz"!lkl z!jr"kl"k m"!
"| jrl !jr"pkl"k |x r"pkltj xljs jj jxk" js"kj &''' v % t~
j!x rltj sjs"!x llj r!!j yli l k n"rl"k r"q k kx j lj!k
kzl !!tkp ylik li !j "m koj !jrlx l" lij rltj sjs"!x llj
y jk "x z!jmj!jkl l!jlsjkl |x lij v
'
'
l €!l pil lij s"j % v & z"jj k k|""pr mjl!jv jpjrlkp
lij 6 k 6 m"! s"sjkl lij l"l j{jrltj ko l!jkpli +
+ r"klk" % lij! l!"kpx kjpltj + 1 . +
 "! yjox z"ltj
+
. + 1  l!lj k pv ' v hi z!"zj!lx "m lij ko~
sl!rj |jlyjjk lij r"klljkl rltlx rjklj! r!r m"! lij yi"j s"jv
= . O) ;= (%& 7 '$.Q ,-/( P -& 1+/0.%%.%
>B
allowed values for
link−strengths
(1)
(2)
inhibitory interneuron
w
excitatory
0
−|z|
inhibitory
N N # OO (%&+ 7 &'/$ /) 7 $.&S/+3 /) '$&.+ 7 0&'$ P $.(+/$% O . 7 Q'$ P &/ 7 $ .[.0&'6. Q'%0/$ ;
&'$(/(% '$&.+ ; $.(+ 7O 0/( RO'$ P T
< .)&Z ,-. . : 0'& 7 &/+2 $.(+/$ X>Y 0/$$.0&% V/&- Q'+.0& O2 &/ $.(+/$ X Y 7 $Q '$Q'+.0& O2 6' 7
&-. '$-'V'&/+2 '$&.+$.(+/$T ƒ$ 7 0&'67 &'/$ /) &-. '$&.+$.(+/$ V2 $.(+/$ ; X>Y D72 O. 7 Q
&/ 0/ DRO .&. '$-'V'&'/$ /) $.(+/$ ; X Y4 D7 %3'$ P 0/ DRO.&. O2 &-. Q'+.0& . : 0'& 7 &/+2 X>Y; X Y
O'$3T
' P -&Z ,-. +.%( O &'$ P + 7 $ P . )/+ &-. 7OO /S.Q O '$3 ; %&+.$ P &-% )/+ &-. . : 0'& 7 &/+2 O '$3% ; ?
>
X+.Q %- 7 Q.Q +. P '/$Y 7 $Q )/+ &-. '$-'V'&/+2 O'$3% = >? XV O (. %- 7 Q.Q +. P '/$Y
}l jjkl m"! lij l|lx "m lij kt sjs"!x llj jj k jrlv v& 
k l m"!s lij | m"! ij!!rir "| jrl !jz!jjkll"k rj k
jrlv v v }l r"klllj ojx {j!jkrj |jlyjjk "! k "lij! s"j "m kj!
kjly"!o rilj! &
v
+ "j i"yjtj! k"l r"!!jz"k l" lij
hij j{jrltj ko~l!jkpli +
|!j xkzkp~l!jkpli k |""pr kj! js|jv }l !jz!jjkl k j{jrltj
r"zkp k |jlyjjk "r "! l!|lj rjklj! "m kj! rltlj k li
ok "m r"klk" |jit"! sx rlx !jl lj kl!x m!"s szj
r"zkp t klj!sjlj ki|l"!x klj!kj!"k l!lj k pv ' v w ijk
lij klj!kj!"k rltj lij j{jrltj r"zkp l!"kpx ki|l"!xv w ijk
lij klj!kj!"k jl lij r"zkp yjox j rll"!x yli j||k~lxzj
j!kkpv w ijk lij klj!kj!"k rltj l spil yj ki|l lij l!pjl
kj!"k r"szjljxv }kljp!lkp "l lij klj!sjlj ki|l"!x klj!kj!"k j
k li yx l" k j{jrltj r"klk" klj!~kj!"k r"zkpv
""prx zjokp "kj "|j!tj lil ki|l"!x xkzj !j zrj "tj! lij l!pjl kj!"k "k lij jk!lj lij "s k "k lij "k ljmv % r~
ll"!x xkzj !j i"yjtj! "rlj skx "k lij jk!ljv hi "|j!tl"k
ppjl lil ki|l"!x xkzj sx kjj z!jjszl lij z"lxkzlr j rl~
l"!x z"ljkl ptkp mkrl"kx !j l" s"j oj lij "kj z!"z"j ij!jv
c`f e gc` wj itj z!"z"j rj k szjsjklj rjkl! z!krzj m"! lij jm~
pjkj!lj lsj~j!j "m sjkl llj "m r"pkltj xljs ~ lij k"l"k "m ~
>A
O7 (Q'(% E+/%
lx m"! sjs"!x lljv r"pkltj xljs rk soj j "m lij l"!j km"!~
sl"k ~ lij sjs"!j ~ "kx m lijj sjs"!j rk |j !jlj l" jri "lij!v wj
|jjtj lil k" jz!lj r"k krl"k kl !j kjrj!x m"! li "| v js"!x
llj k r"k krl"k kl !jz"k|j m"! lij lsj~jt"l"k "m lij li"pil
z!"rj !j ~ k "! tjy ~ l ly" {j!jkl zjrl "m lij sj r"k js~
"!x llj rk jlij! |j rltlj l k"!s sjs"!x llj !j zz"j l"
|jitj "! rl "rltj ko jk|kp lij xksr "m lij li"pil z!"rjv
hij!j sx j l !kpj "m z"|j szjsjkll"k "m li z!krzj ij!j
yj itj i"yk lil k "rltj kjly"!o yli "tj!zzkp sjs"!x llj
"m pjkj!‚j kj!~kjly"!o~lxzj y l"k"s"x pjkj!lj il"!x "m
l!kjkl sjs"!x llj yijk l|j r"zkp l" "r !jj!t"! jtj !j
kl!"rjv hi jm~!jplkp s"j j i|l l" rj!lk j ljkl l"k"s"
l~z!"rjkp rz|lj yli z"klkj" jr"k~sokp |lxv j!j
yj itj |jjk r"krj!kj yli i"ykp lij mj|lx "m li zz!"ri v !lij!
!jj!ri y |j kjrj!x l" i"y lil li jm~!jplkp xljs rk r!!x "l
zjr€r r"pkltj lov
} liko v jkl m"! r!jm !jkp "m lij skr!zlv
b `f (- D7 $$4 T4 '63/4 T4 = 0-( O&.$4 TZ ƒ%%/0' 7 &'6. D . D /+2 S'&- -'P - '$)/+ D7 &'/$ 0/$ ;
&.$&T 1-2%T .6T ƒ X>E C E Y ?C E ; ? E
/+/ P /6&%.64 = T T4 9.$Q.%4 T8T8TZ ]6/ O (&'/$ /) .&S/+3%T : )/+Q 5$'6.+%'&2 1+.%%
X @@BY
8(37 '4 ,T4 ,7 $ 7 37 4 = TZ ƒ %'DRO. $.(+ 7O $.&S/+3 . : -'V'&'$ P %. O.0&'6. 7 0&'67 &'/$ /) $.( ;
+/$ 7O .$%. D V O.%Z )+/ D S'$$.+ ; & 7 3. ;7OO &/ S'$$.+% ; %- 7 +. ;7OO T .(+ 7O / DR T X>EE Y
; E
(V. O 4 T4 U '.%. O 4 ,TZ .0. R &'6. . O Q% 7 $Q )($0&'/$ 7O 7 +0-'&.0&(+. '$ &S/ $/$%&+' 7 &.
6'%( 7O 7 +. 7 % X>C 7 $Q >E Y '$ &-. 0 7 &T T .(+/ R -2%'/ O T X>E ? Y E ; C E
S/$4 ,T9 T4 .+6 7 3'%4 9 TZ U ,ƒ $.&S/+3% 7 $Q &-.'+ 7RRO '0 7 &'/$T 9( O&'Q' D T = 2%&T 7 $Q
= 'P T 1+/00.%%'$ P X>EE Y BBB ; BA?
90 < ./Q4 1T4 1 O($3.&&4 T4 / OO%4 ]T,TZ #$&+/Q(0&'/$ &/ 0/$$.0&'/$'%& D /Q. OO'$ P /) 0/ P;
$'&'6. R +/0.%%.%T : )/+Q 5$'6.+%'&2 1+.%% X>EE CY
9. O 4 T4 8'%.+4 TZ 9'$'D '\'$ P '$Q'$ P ]++/+% 5%'$ P < . 7 +$.Q /$W($0&'6. 8. 7 &(+.%T
.(+ 7O / DR T X @@@Y B>; ?
9 (*OO.+4 T4 .'$- 7 +Q&4 T4 = &+'03 O7 $Q4 9 T,TZ .(+ 7O .&S/+3%4 ƒ$ #$&+/Q(0&'/$T
=R +'$ P .+ X>EE Y
.' OO 24 T TZ = ': R +'$0' RO .% )/+ V'/ O / P '0 7OO2 V 7 %.Q 0/ DR (& 7 &'/$ 7O D /Q. O % /) 0/+&'0 7O
0/ P $'&'/$T ,+.$Q% / P T = 0'T X>EE CY A ; A?
.2$/ O Q%4 T T4 .%' D /$.4 TZ ,-. +/ O . /) $.(+ 7O D .0- 7 $'% D % /) 7 &&.$&'/$ &/ %/ O 6. &-.
V'$Q'$ P R +/V O. D T .(+/$ X>EEE Y >E ; E
'.%.$-(V.+4 9 T4 1/ PP '/4 ,TZ ƒ+. 0/+&'0 7O D /Q. O % +. 7OO 2 V/($Q V2 &-. '$Q'$ P 1+/V ;
O. D T .(+/$ X>EEE Y C ; E B
= 0-(%&.+4 TETZ / DRO. : ƒQ 7R &'6. = 2%&. D %Z ƒ$ #$&+/Q(0&'/$T = 0 7 &/+ X @@>Y