CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
REVIEW
OF LITERATURE ON LAND-LOCKED
STATES
A
state
being
disadvantaged
in
terms
of
resources and trade to and upon the sea is not a
access,
recent
From the concepts of natural law in the 18th
phenomenon.
century, the idea was born that an inland state has a right
of
access
emerging
to the sea.
principle
was
The earliest application of this
applied
to
rivers
which
through the sovereignty of more than one state.
19th
century,
international
the
right
river
of
access
to
because
widely
accepted
world's nations (Pounds 1959).
disparity,
the
land-lacked
sorts at the Third U.N.
(UNCLOS III)
concessions
states
in
the
flowed
During the
sea
via
an
among
the
Because of this acknowledged
states
formed
an
alliance
of
Conference on the Law of the Sea
(Glassner 1986).
This alliance tried to garner
concerning resources
their emerging marine
from neighboring
zones.
The
coastal
land-locked
states also tried and failed to apply ancillary provisions
upon
the
coastal
states
where
deep
ocean
resources
are
concerned.
Land-locked states share the characteristics of having
no
coastline,
no
direct
access
to
the
sea,
and
varied
economic, ethnic and political histories.
Of the 34 land-locked states nine are in Europe,
five
are in Asia, four in central Asian states, two are in South
America,
with
the
remaining
fourteen
located
in
Africa.
Many of these states have achieved independence since World
1
war I I , cover large areas, have rising population densities,
and are among the poorer members of the family of nations
(Bowe~
1986).
Their boarders were established generally as
a matter of administrative convenience (Alexander 1981) .
Landlocked states have
always
faced an
international
legal problem in order to trade with states other than their
immediate
neighbors,
they
must
import
and
export
goods
across the territories of adjacent states.
During the negotiations of UNCLOS I I I the, land-locked
states were at a continues disadvantage because they lack
coastlines upon open, enclosed or semi-enclosed seas as well
as any maritime transportation capability.
The problems of
being land-locked have
significantly
contributed to the continued under development of a
number of these states.
Developm~nt
Trade and
land-locked states,
sea,
aggravated
markets
and
As the United Natipns Conference on
(UNCTAD) has concluded that developing
the lack of territorial access to the
by
the
remoteness
greater
and
causes
constraint
of
to
their
their
isolation
difficulties
international transport services,
major
large
relative
further
from
and
world
costs
of
appears to be one of the
poverty
and
economic
a
serious
and
social
development." 1
Reviewing these
facts
the
important
issue is whether
land-locked countries have a right of access to and from the
sea, or whether such access is merely a advantage, that is,
2
dependent upon terms and co~ditions unilaterally imposed by
countries of transit.
The study is in the context of the Asian land-locked
states
such
Bhutan.
as
Afghanistan,
The focus
Mongolia,
Laos,
Nepal
and
Nepal is one of the
is on the Nepal.
poorest land-locked states among the Asian countries.
Its
nearest distance to and trom the sea is about 710 kms from
eastern border.
Nepal's
The nearest seaport is Calcutta in India.
dependence
on
India
for
foreign
trade
is
nearly
Due to land-locked position, Nepal has not been
absolute.
India still retains
able to diversity hen export marlcet.
hen monopoly over Nepal's foreign trade,
claiming about 90
per cent of the total trade. 2
So
it
consequences
is
quite
should
be
obvious
one
of
that
the
the
geographical
significant
factors
conditioning Nepal's role in the United Nations.
Indeed
-··
Nepal's name, in the United Nations has become in exorably
identified with the problem of land-locked countries.
During
the
period
of
British
rule
in
India,
Nepal
enjoyed limited transit facilities under the treaty of 1923.
After India became independent,
the 1950.
Treaty of Trade
and Commerce came to govern the trade and transit relations
between Nepal and India.
Nepal's early efforts to draw attention of the United
Nations on the problems of land-locked countries 1955-58,
soon after becoming member of the United Nations in December
1955, Nepal along with two other land-locked states of Asia,
3
Afghanistan and Laos, took the initiative in acquainting the
Committee
problems
on
of
Industry
land-locked
(January 1956)
that
the
and
Trade
states.
of
the
CAFE
with
At
its
eighth
the
session
the committee is its resolution recommended
needs
of
land-locked member
states
and members
having so easy access to the sea in the matters having so
easy access to the sea in the matter of transit trade be
given
full
adequate
recognition
facilities
by
all
therefore
members
be
states
recorded
in
and
terms
that
of
international law and practice in this regard.
Sinjela's 3
book
which
is
a
detailed
study
on
the
different aspects of the land-locked states and their claim
for the drawback which is generally seaborne countries does
not face.
It also discussed about the characteristics of
land-locked states, their fight for the right to the freedom
of
high
exclusive
countries.
all
this
seas
claims,
economic
claim
zone,
for
claims
the
for
continental
these
disadvantaged
Finally about the deep sea resources.
is
a
detailed
study
about
the
shelf,
So over
problems
and
constraints facing by the land-locked states.
Glassner 4 studies the efforts on the problems of access
to the sea and emphasis on trade and economic development.
This book is an outgrowth of an interest in the question of
access to the sea.
It is an elaborated study about the
problem of access to the sea which has become more critical
since the World War II as the emphasis on trade and economic
4
development has grown which at the same time many new landlocked states were being born.
odas in his reference book had tried to describe and
analyse the process of the work of the sea bed committee
over
its
six
discussions
years
in
the
period,
General
along
'with
Assembly,
by
official documents and his personal notes.
the
related
referring
to
Here he also
highlighted the problems of land-locked and geographically
disadvantaged
states.
He
briefly
examined
the
draft
articles relating to these disadvantaged countries.
Merryman
and
Ackerman
analyzed
in
their
book, 6
the
various aspects of the problems of transit trade of landlocked states.
Regarding that for the upliftment of the
economic condition of the land-locked states.
It is also
noteworthy to provide facilities to enable them to overcome
the effects of the!ein land-locked position on their trade.
They highlighted the case of Bolivia which is one of
the land-locked state of the world.
International law does
give Bolivia certain nights of transit over the territories
of Chile and Penu, but they are of little value of Bolivia.
They put emphasis on the development and the content of
the
right of transit
law,
and will assess
reducing or
and related rights
in international
the effectiveness of such rights
eliminating the
trade
disadvantages
of
in
land-
locked states.
The second part of the book moves from the general and
abstract
to
the
particular
and
5
concrete.
There
is
a
states,
land-locked
of
number
large
surprisingly
representing a wide variety of geographic positions, stocks
of
natural
political,
and
human
social
resources,
and
histories
economic
and
systems,
and
cultures,
stages
of
The practical significance of the fact that
development.
the state is land-locked various from one to the other so
does the way the right of nations trade with other nations.
Every
land-locked
nations
is
likely
to
be
a
party
to
treaties concerning transit rights with neighboring states,
and such treaties are often a surer guide to the position of
that state in international trade than general formulations
of the right of transit in international law.
The variety that exists among
land~locked
states makes
it extremely difficult to select one of them as "typical or
representative".
to balance the
The need for concretions and specificity
co~ceptual
generalities of international law,
however makes a discussion of one land-locked state highly
desirable.
If
that
state
happens
to
be
comparable
significant way to other land-locked states,
in
so much the
better.
The case of Bolivia, which is the main object of this
book is completely a land-locked state.
It is also a very
much a developing nation lying in the geographic heart of a
developing continent.
Nasila 7 in his book highlighted the African states on
international
understanding
laws
of
the
which
are
position
6
relevant
taken
by
to
these
the
better
states
in
UNCLOS III.
One chapter deal with the problems of land-,
locked African
countries.
It
has
broadly discussed
the
problems facing by these countries regarding the access to
and from the sea.
over
the
Rights and duties of land-locked states
resources
limitation of
of
Z under
the
exclusive
foreign
economic
domination
and
zone
the
finally
on
restriction on exploitation of resources.
Mahalu 8
equality"
of
in
the
international
states,
his
book
discussed
about
He
land-locked states.
law
regarding
the
the
focuses
maritime
and their right to own it.
"Sovereign
flag
on
of
the
these
The right to own,
a
maritime flag is not a privilege of the whistle states only.
Glassner
and
Harm D.
Blij 9
emphasis
on
land-locked
state and their right relating to free transit and trade of
these disadvantage states, make to understand the drawback
of these states.
this subject.
In this book one chapter .is related to
He put some light on the recommendation of
UNCTAD relating to Transit Trade of land-locked countries
during
October
and
November
1964,
and
Asian
land-locked
states led the discussions.
It is an introductory book on Political Geography.
has
discussed
on
land-locked
states
and
It
their
characteristics. Insistence on absolute sovereignty began to
give way to a recognition of the advantages a free flow of
trade and the convention on trade and transit of land-locked
states
to
establish
a
legal
right
7
of
transit
have
been
concentrated in the UNCLOS III and is the seabed Committee
that preceded it.
The collection of lecture series by Walsh 10 is a wide
range of Ocean policy issues which related to the law of the
sea.
the
The intent was to consider several facts of the law of
sea' s
impact on resource uses of Ocean Space through
presentations by the best experts available.
Represented here
are ·views of
people
concerned with
living and non-living resources as well as the problem faced
by the developing world is gaining a fare share is uses of
R. Gopalakrishnan's 11 work on Afghanistan is a
Ocean Space.
comprehensive study of land-locked states.
the
problems
country.
and
constrains
Different
discussed here.
aspect
facing
of
He highlighted
by these
disadvantage
land-locked Afghanistan
is
Foreign Trade has become an important means
for Afghan economy.
Its export potential has been partially
responsible for attracting foreign aid and assistance for
its economic development.
Afghan
pressure
foreign
from
position.
trade
difficulties
has
been
arising
persistently
from
its
under
geographical
These difficulties have been mostly due to non-
availability of free access to the sea and sudden exposure
to fast economic development and consequent concentration of
the Afghan trade to selective areas.
The
become
hazardous
quite
nature
evident
as
of
its
frequently obstructed.
8
Afghans
transit
land-locked
facilities
states
were
The detailed speculation of this war affected country
help
to
assess
the
condition
of
this
geographically
disadvantaged state.
Edited book by Clingan and Alexander 12 emphasized on
the constrains of maritime transit states on their trade and
transit
It
issues.
provides
a
modern
and
futuristic
perspective on legal problems relating to the hazards of
maritime commerce.
The Evolution of the Law of the Sea by Johnson 13 deal
with special
regard
to the
polar
It
areas.
questions of resources and strategy.
focuses
on
The study is grounded
on international law, but aims at wider interests as well.
This
book
put ·some
emphasis
on
It studied some of
situation.
the
land-locked
states
the convention related to
these countries.
Another edited book 14 by Mynon, Nordquist,
Yankov and
Grandy is the second substansive volume on the law of the
sea 1982.
Volume IV is the first of the volumes containing
commentaries
on
the
substantive
provisions
of
the
1982
convention.
It deals with the work of the third committee
and UNCLOS III.
Anand 15
resources,
in his
book discussed about
geographical features.
resources the sea is,
The vast storehouse of
the potentialities of the sea.
international society has expressed itself
the seabed,
the under water
and its resources.
9
The
in claims over
He examine the origin and
development
of
the
continental
shelf
doctrine
and
its
culmination in the continental shelf convention of 1958.
Critically examining the vague and uncertain definition
of the legal continental shelf adopted in this convention.
He
discussed the
nature
and basis
of
the
rights
of
the
coastal state over its legal continental shelf and how they
affect the traditional freedoms of the sea and the rights of
the distant waters states.
One chapter is devoted to a study of this area of 'no
law'
so
far
and how
this
legal
vacuum
is
sought
to
be
Examining various proposals in this connection, we
filled.
shall also see what kind of international machinery can be
established or its early and orderly exploitation.
He
also
developed
discussed
into a
on
how
international
law of co-operation
law
in this
can
be
new field.
Finally he recapitulate the various issues involved in the
development
of
the
new
law
relating
to
the
sea-bed and
suggest what can and should be done to develop a law which
may be adequate and acceptable to all.
Sourie 16 book on UNCTAD II provide information about
the
issues that
faced the conference,
the stand that was
taken respectively by the developing countries,
developed
countries and the socialist countries, and the achievements
and failures of the negotiations that took place during the
conference.
The
fact
in
this
volume
have
been
presented
with
complete objectivity, covering the entire Manage of subjects
10
Working groups and
which were discussed in the committees.
plenary sessions of the conferences.
Another
documents
book
official
of
or
Oda 17
is
a
collection
non-governmental,
of
various
relating
to
the
international law of the sea, provide ample of information.
Like this there is another collection of convention by
Bohme1 8 also is a compilation of proposals for a new ocean
regime from the various point of view.
study.
It will also help in
'
The simle conceptualizations of both ideological and
technical consideration by Gamble 19 is also discussed about
different
policy
issues
making
by
Hulk
nations.
and
Osgood's book 20 is a study of legal materials and attention
given to the political problems.
It present -the great all
inclusive problem of international organization in general.
It dealing with the freedom of the seas.
Another book on
law of the sea by Phiphat 21 is an analysis of the important
issue facing the ASEAN countries and land-locked countries
of South China have played in the negotiations as well as
their
future
rates,
provides
an
understanding
of
the
realities and problems of this region.
The edited book of Gerald Blake 22 is the presentation
of
nine
papers
at
a
meeting
of
the
International
Geographical Union's study group on the world political map
help in Reading in January 1986.
Blake leans off with a brief overview of the problem
and
a
general
description
of
11
some
maritime
boundary
This
agreements.
is
followed
by
five
papers
on various
aspects of maritime boundaries.
Another edited book 23 of Johnson and Sounders is one of
three works produced under the Ocean Boundary Programme of
Dalhousie Ocean Studies Programme of Dalhousie University,
Halifax, Nova Scotia.
It produced many splendid studies on
various aspects of marine resources maritime transport and
maritime legal problems before its recent incorporation into
Dalhousie's International
Institute for transportation and
Ocean policy studies.
In their introduction, the editors give an overview of
the subject,
the next seven articles are case studies of
particular regions the concluding chapter discussed on the
region and regionalism.
This book present a
extremely valuable
comprehensive,
discussion
on. one
non-technical
of
the
most
and
import
aspects of the new political geography of the sea.
Shrestha 24 in the book also discussed on the problems
of land-locked states in one of the chapter.
She shed light on the Nepal's fight for the free access
to the sea.
of
access
The attempted to give emphasis on the question
of
international
land-locked
practice
and
countries
was
formalized
in
recognized
in
bilateral
and
multilateral treaties raised by Nepalese delegate on the law
of
the
sea
adopted
by
the
sixth
committee
Commission for Asia and Far East (ECAFE) .
12
of
Economic
She discussed about the different resolution taken in
the
Assembly
Nepal's
on
land-locked
contribution
to
the
countries.
She
discussion
of
discussed
Economic
and
Social issues in the UN in a comprehensive way.
Rama Puri's book 2 5 one of the chapter dealt with the
problems of land-locked states.
concept
of
exclusive
controversial _ and
economic
potentially
National Zone in the sea.
hand in UNCLOS I I I
Chapter five examine the
zone
the
an
most
developed
novel
significant.
India and the group of 77 tried
to achieve a
consensus on the various
issues . relating to the 2000 mile zone.
examine the
most
The study aims to
law of the sea as codified and progressively
in
the
United
Nations.
It
is
particularly
concerned with evaluation of the role that India has played
in the world body is the process of development of the law
regarding national
Jurisdiction in the
sea.
This volume
presents the analyses and results of the study undertaken
for the purpose.
He discussed about the . concept of exclusive economic
zone
and right of
linking resources of
the
sea with the
land-locked and geographically disadvantaged state.
The
common
concern
specifically about
in
these
books
are
on
the
the problems and constraints facing by
these land-locked states.
States are facing difficulties in
access
they
to
the
sea
and
have
to
depend
neighboring states for their transit and trade.
13
upon
the
Though, the customary international law concerning the
right of access of land-locked states to and from the sea,
and freedom of
III.
transit has been incorporated into UNCLOS
Land-locked states, however,
treaties
with their
neighbors
still have to negotiate
in
order
opportunity of freedom of transit.
stated
garnered
resources
adjacent
in
limited
the
coastal
states
to
some
exclusive
and
a
exercise
that
In addition and locked
rights
proposal
to
of
the
economic
concessionaire
living
zone
right
of
from
coastal states to mineral wealth generated from the deep sea
bed.
Unfortunately the whistle
states against
the
land-
locked states any provisions entitling them to 'non-living'
resources in the zoo nautical mile exclusive economic zone.
Some of the articles which highlighted the drawbacks of
land-locked
states
and
their
right
to
get
the
share
of
natural resources under the seabed.
Goble in his paper 26 on land-locked states, highlighted
the new right for living marine resources and how much these
states get share of it.
The states being disadvantaged in
terms of access resources and trade to and upon the sea, is
not a recent phenomenon.
access to the sea.
The inland state has a right of
Because of the disparity faced by the
land-locked states formed an alliance of sorts at the Third
UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III).
Antonio' s 27
attempts
to
answer
arising in support of these states.
some
of
the
queries
Specifically it aims to
provide a better understanding of the main factors that in
14
the authors opinion, delimi~ the scope of the participation
of such states in the living resources of the Z.
number
of
discrepancies
doubtedly others
that
will
be
clarified,
perhaps . awaits
the
While a
there
more
are
elaborated
analyses that will be forthcoming as the convention of the
law of the sea is subjected to progressively more complete
facing by land-locked and geographically disadvantage states
by Bowen 28 at UNCLOS III.
The countries with no seacoast at
all or a coast that for some reason did not enable them to
Over 50 such
benefit from an exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
countries quite different in most other respects,
enhance
their
action.
limited
While
she
bargaining
land-locked
strength
states
tried to
through
above
group
had
some
successes at the first United Nation Conference on Transit
Trade of land-locked countries, conditions were different at
UNCLOS
III,
and
disadvantaged ...
even
in
This
was
coalition
due
at
with
least
11
Geographically
partly
to
the
inability of the group at any time to constitute a realistic
blocking bird of Conference participants in order to present
adoption of Treaty articles by a two-third vote,
because
political
the
group
power
or
comprised
states
influence.
As
a
with
result
and also
very
little
the
modest
concessions made to them in the United Nation Convention on
the Law of the sea may in the future give them some leverage
when bargaining with other countries for access to the sea
and its resources,
but they will have to rely primarily on
good relations in general with their coastal neighbors.
15
Caflisch' s 29
notes
and
comments of
the
Third United
Nations Conference perceived to the common cause,
locked states and 26
states
29 land-
considering themselves
to be
geographically disadvantaged states joined forces to form an
interest group.
This alliance of 55 countries, the group of land-locked
.
and geographically disadvantaged states played an important
role in the conference as it was able to command_a blocking
third is the framework of the conferences voting process on
matters of substance.
This
paper
attempts
to
throw
some
emphasis· on
the
concept of geographically disadvantaged states without going
into the question of the rights given to these states.
Pounds 30 in his paper deals with the problem of access
to
the
sea
by
reference
to
various
and
proposals
arrangements either for corridors or for establishing rights
of transit.
Kaur's 31
specifically
efforts
the
on
case
problems
of
of
land-locked
Afghanistan,
based
state
on
the
theoretical assumption that geo-political analysis can throw
much fucies on some of the major problems and attitudes to
be found in present day international relations.
The geographical reality of being a
imposes
for
reaching
compilation
foreign
policy options of
and
land-locked state
restraints
Afghanistan which
political implications.
16
on
the
have various
Single's notes and comments3 2 on the 1982 UN Convention
on the Law of the Sea, he examine the extent of the rights
of land-locked states in the exploitation of the resources
of the exclusive economic zone.
Land-locked states cocented in Africa, Asia, Europe and
Latin
America,
were
one
of
the
many
interest
groups
represented at the Third United Nations Conference on the
Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), first met in 1973 and concluded
its final session in 1982.
The land-locked countries went
to the conference with the hope of protecting their rights
in certain specific areas relating to the uses of the sea.
Prominent among these rights was the right to exploit the
marine resources of the exclusive zone.
As the study is oriented around the land-locked ·Asian
state, Nepal which is surrounded by China in the North and
India in other three sides.
Most of the country consist of
rugged terrain with 42 per cent of the land.
same kind of problems and constraints as
locked
state.
The
geographical
setting
It also have
the other landof
the
country,
India is the largest trading partner with Nepal.
Nepal's
land-locked position has placed it in a difficult situation,
in that there is no commercial access to the sea except via
the
Indian
land
routes.
In
order
geographically barrier of isolation,
it
to
overcome
is most
the
important
that Nepal has easy access to the Indian market and to the
world market by transit passage through India.
17
The first trade and transit agreement between India and
Two separate treaties on trade
Nepal was signed in 1960.
and
transit
between
the
two
countries
were
concluded
in
March 1978.
The validity of the Treaty of Trade is five years and
that of the treaty of Transit is seven years.
The treaty of
Trade was extended for a further five years in March 1983.
Each
successive
treaty
has
been
better
than
the
previous one as far as Nepal is concerned.
Separate agreement of co-operation with India, aimed at
controlling
unauthorized
trade
under
Article
specific reference to checking of re-exports,
III
with
requires that
products containing materials imported from India exceeding
50
per
cent
of
the
in
ex-factory
exported to third countries.
value
should
not
be
Like wise products containing
imports from third countries exceeding 50 per cent of the
ex-factory value cannot be exported to India.
The problems of the land-locked states had been more or
less satisfactorily solved in Europe, there counterparts in
Asia, Africa and Latin America were struggling hard to win
concessions
from
their
bilateral agreement.
coastal
neighbors
mainly
through
These bilateral agreements regulating
transit trade between the land-locked and transit states of
the regions were not adequate for the needs of the former.
So the urgent need for an international convention on the
subject was brought to the notice of the world forum of all
nations, land-locked and coastal, the United Nations.
18
Nepal's
Nations
on
early
efforts
the problems of
to
attention
of
the
land-locked countries
United
1955-58
soon after becoming member of the United Nations in December
1955, Nepal along with two other land-locked states of Asia,
Afghanistan and Laos, took the initiative in acquainting the
Committee
problems
on
of
Industry
land-locked
(January 1956)
that
the
and
Trade
of
states.
the
At
its
ECAFE
with
eight
the
session
the committee in its resolution recommended
needs
of
land-locked
member
states
and
members
having so easy access to the sea in the matter of transit
trade be given full
recognition by all Member states and
that adequate facilities therefore be accorded in terms of
international law and practice in this regard. 33
The analysis reveals that the trade and transit problem
in the land-locked a poor and the least developed countries
is causing serious economic problems and as a result these
countries
are
difficulties.
framework
not
in
a
position
to
overcome
the
For this United Nations through Institutional
trying
to
ease
the
problem and
friendly relations with neighbors.
develop
better
The better neighborly
relations will provide access to sea and develop greater.
Secondly,
Nepal's membership of
the SAARC has
indeed
helped Nepal to widen her diplomatic and trade contacts with
other countries in the region.
Nepal's contribution to the
activities of the regional organisation has been positive as
it has provided Nepal with yet another important platform to
project and preserve her
sove~eign
19
status and independence.
The need to have a
free trading regime
in South Asia is
considered to be so vital that without this South Asia may
find it difficult to promote intra-regional trade as well as
to meet some fresh challenges from the developing countries
at the global level.
The hypothesis will be applied for
their validity in the succeeding chapters.
study,
In the present
the problem of trade and transit of a
country Nepal
will
be
framework
the
SAARC,
and
resolved through the
which
frame
indepth analysis in succeeding chapters.
20
land-locked
institutional
subject
matter
of
THESIS
337.505495
02604 Tr
FOOTNOTES
IIIII II lllflfllllllfJI f/1
__ ___ TH~_Q62
1.
Development and International Economic to Operation
Report of the Secretary General, 7 UNGAOR (Agenda Item
7) 7, UN/DOCA/10203 (1975)
2.
Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East, 1969, 1970 p.
220.
3.
Sinjela A. Mapj i land-locked
Regime, Ocean Publication
4.
Glassner Ira, Access to the sea for developing landlocked States, 1970.
5.
Oda Shigeru, Ocean Development, The· Law of the Sea in
our time II, The United Nation Sea bed Committee, 196873, Siythoff Publications.
6.
Merryman & Ackerman, Transit Trade of land-locked
States: The Case study of Bolivia Hamburg, 1969.
7.
Rambe, Nasil, S., Africa and the International Law of
the Sea: A study of the contribution of the African
states to the United Nations Conference on the Law of
the Sea.
8.
Mahalu, Costa Ricky,
Public International Law and
Shipping Practices: The East African Aspirations: 1984
9.
Glassner
Haring
Geography 1980.
10.
Doa Walsh (Ed) . The Law of the Sea Issues in Ocean
Resources Manager even, 1977 Praeger Publications.
11.
R. Gopalkrishnan, Political Geography of
State: A Case Study of Afghanistan.
12.
Thomas A. Clingan Jn. Lewis M. Alexander (Ed) Hazard of
Maritime Transit 1973.
13.
Theuten Berg, Johnson Bo, Natural Resources and the
Environment Series Vol. 17, The Evolution of the law of
the sea, Dublin 1984.
14.
Nordquist,
sea, 1982.
15.
Anand R.P., Legal Regime
developing countries, 1975.
16.
Sourie N.D., UNCTAD II A step forward, IIFT, 1968.
Yankob
Dee
&
Bliq,
Gandy,
'~
X: 5'"Lt' l..tLI'TcN'<6
~~
21
States
and
the
Systematic
UNCLOS
Political
Land-locked
Commentary on law of
the
of
the
the
Sea-bed
and
17.
Oda
Shigeru,
International
Law
of
the
Ocean
Development, Basic Documents, Sijthoff/Leiden, 1972.
18.
Bohme Eckart, Max I Kehden, From The Law of the Sea
towards an Ocean Space Regime practical and Legal
implications of the marine Revolution Hamburg, 1972.
19.
Gamble King, John (J) and Giulic Pontecorvo (Ed), Law
of the Sea: The Emerging Regime of the Oceans.
Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, 1974.
20.
Hollick A.L. and Oogood E. Robert. The New Era of Ocean
Politics, 1977.
21.
Tanqsubkul,
ISAS, 1982.
22.
Blake Gerald, Croom helm, Beckenham, Kent
Maritime Boundaries and Ocean Resources.
23.
Johnstone and Phillip- M. Saunders (Ed) Ocean Boundary
Making: Regional Issues and Developments, 1988
24.
Shrestha Sita "Problem of Landlocked States" Chapter 6
in her Nepal and the UN New Delhi, Sindhy Pub. Ltd.
25.
Puri, Rama, India and National Jurisdiction in the Sea;
N.D. 1985, Articles:-
26.
Gable Frank,
the landlocked states New Right to
adjacent coastal states living Marine Resources, Is
there anything left for them?
With an assessment by
state per capita income, proceedings of conference
Oceans' 89 at University of Washington, Seattle
27.
Martinez Punal Antonio.
The Rights of land-locked and
Geographically
Disadvantaged
states
in
exclusive
Economic Zones, Journal of Maritime Law and Commerce,
July, 1992.
28.
Bower E. Robert, ·The landlocked and geographically
Disadvantaged states and the Law of the Sea. Political
Geography Journal, 1986.
29.
Caflish Lucius, What is a geographically Disadvantaged
State? Ocean Development and International Law, 1990.
30.
Ponds Normal J. G. , "A Free and secure Access to the
Sea". 49 Annals Association of American Geographers
(1959)
Phiphat,
ASEAN and
22
the
law of
the
(Ed)
Sea,
1987,
31.
Kaur,Kulwant, Problems of the Landlocked countries in
the Third World: A case-study of Afghanistan.
32.
Mapzi Sinyela, A., Landlocked States Rights in the
Exclusive Economic zone from the perspective of the UN
convention on the law of the sea: An Historical
Evaluation. Ocean Development and International Law.
33.
ECO SOC, DOC E/CN; 11/425 paras 1 and 3.
23
References
1.
United Nations and General Assembly official Records,
here after referred as
(UNGAOR) , Development and
International Economic co-operation
Report of the
Secretary General Agenda 7, UN/DOL, A/10203, 1975.
2.
Economic Survey of Asia and the Far East
1970, p. 200.
3.
Sinj ela A. Mapj i,
Regime Oceans.
4.
Glassner Ina, Access to the Sea for developing landlocked States 1970.
5.
Oda Shigeru, Ocean development the Law of the Sea in
our time II, the United Nations sea sed committee,
1968-73, Sinthoff publications.
6.
Merryman and Ackerman, Transit Trade of Land-locked
States, the Case Study of Roliria (Homburg, 1969).
7.
Rambe,Nasil S. Africa and the International Law of Sea:
A Study of the contribution of the African States to
the UN Conference on the Law of the Sea.
8.
Mahalu, Costa Richa,
Shipping practices
1964.
9 ..
Glassuer Harm
J.
Geography, 1780.
10.
Don Walshled, The Law of the Sea Issues
Resources Management (praeger pubs. 1977).
11.
R. Gopalakrishnan, Political Geography of Land-locked
States : A case study of Afghanistan.
12.
Clingan and Alexander; Hazard of Maritime Transit 1973.
13.
Theuten Berg, Johnson Bo, Natural Resources and the
Environment Series Vol. 17, The Evolution of the Law of
the sea Dobbiln, 1984 ( 14) Nordquist, Yankov & Gandy,
Commentary on Law of the Sea, 1982 (15) Anand, R.P.
Legal Regime of the Sea-bed and the developing
countries, 1975.
Land-locked
States
at
1969,
the
UNCLOS
Public International Law and
The East African Aspirations,
De
Blij,
24
Systematic
Political
in
Ocean
14.
Sorie N.D. UNCTAD II A Step forward liFT, 1968.
15.
Oda
Shigarea,
International
Law
of
the
Ocean
Development, Basic documents Siythoff/Leider, 1972.
16.
Bhome Exkart, Max I Kehden, from the Law of the Sea
towards an Ocean Space Regime practical and Legal
Implications of the Marine Revolution Homburg.
17.
Gamble, King, John (Jr) and G. Pontecorvo (Ed) Law of
·the Sea; The emerging Regime of the Ocean,· ·Ballinger
Publishing Cambridge 1974.
25