Pan-Arabism
1
Pan-Arabism
Pan-Arabism is a movement that calls for unification
among the peoples and countries of the Arab World,
from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea. It is
closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts
that the Arabs constitute a single nation. The idea was
at its height during the 1960s. In theory, and depending
on the ruler, Pan-Arabism has tended to be sometimes
near secular (in theory) and often based on socialist
principles, and has strongly opposed Western political
involvement in the Middle East. It also sought to
empower Arab states from outside forces by forming
alliances and, to a lesser extent, economic cooperation.[1]
The Arab world
Origins and development
Pan-Arabism was first pressed by Sharif Hussein ibn Ali, the Sharif of Mecca, who sought independence from the
Ottoman Empire and the establishment of a unified state of Arabia. In 1915-16, the Hussein-McMahon
Correspondence resulted in an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sharif that if the Arabs successfully
revolted against the Ottomans, the United Kingdom would support claims for Arab independence. In 1916, however,
the Sykes-Picot Agreement between the United Kingdom and France determined that parts of the Arab Mashreq
would be divided between those powers rather than forming part of an independent Arab state. When the Ottoman
Empire surrendered in 1918, the United Kingdom refused to keep to the letter of its arrangements with Hussein, and
the two nations assumed guardianship of several newly-created states, including Jordan and Lebanon. Ultimately,
Hussein became king only of Hijaz (later incorporated into Saudi Arabia) in the then less strategically valuable
south.
Additionally, the Balfour Declaration of 1917 as reason
to administer Palestine and the subsequent creation of
the British Mandate upset the pan-Arabists' designs for
a geographically contiguous pan-Arab state from the
Arab Maghreb and Egypt to the Mashreq. A more
formalized pan-Arab ideology than that of Hussein was
first espoused in the 1930s, notably by Syrian thinkers
such as Constantin Zureiq, Zaki al-Arsuzi and Michel
Aflaq. Aflaq and al-Arsuzi were key figures in the
States and Territories of the Arab League
establishment of the Arab Ba’ath (Renaissance) Party,
and the former was for long its chief ideologist,
combining elements of Marxist thought with a nationalism to a considerable extent reminiscent of nineteenth century
European romantic nationalism. It's been said that Arsuzi was fascinated with the Nazi ideology of "racial purity"
and impacted Aflaq. [2] [3] [4] ,
Abdallah of Jordan dreamed of uniting Syria, Palestine, and Jordan under his leadership in what he would call
Greater Syria. He proposed a plan to this effect to Britain, which controlled Palestine at that time, but to no avail.
The plan was not popular among the majority of Arabs and fostered distrust among the leaders of the other Middle
Eastern countries against Abdallah. This distrust of Abdallah's expansionist aspirations was one of the principle
reasons for the founding of the Arab League in 1945. Once Abdallah was assassinated by a Palestinian nationalist in
Pan-Arabism
2
1951, the vision of Greater Syria was dropped from the Jordanian agenda.[1]
Pan-Arabism has been at times in contrast with pan-Islamism as being more secular. Tariq Aziz, an
Aramaic-speaking Chaldean Christian and the once deputy prime minister of Iraq under Saddam Hussein. However
in exchange for his status he had to Arabize his name from Mikhail Yuhanna to the Arabic Tareq Aziz. Iraqi
statesman Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz (1913-72) argued that Arab national Islam were in perfect harmony because
Islam is the national religion of the Arabs, Al-Bazzaz maintained that the dualism (spiritual vs. temporal) of Western
Christendom is unknown to true Islam. For al-Bazzaz, Arabism and Islam are inextricably intertwined because the
Arabs have been the backbone of Islam. [5] , often these ideologies would work in harmony [6] , Pan-Arab
Nationalism in the Egyptian context has a strong Islamic flavor and thus acted as acted as a bridge to pan-Islamism
of the Muslim Brotherhood, thereby excluding minorities such as the Copts. [7]
In an essay originally written in 1978 called "Pan-Arabism" (published in "From Babel to Dragomans") Bernard
Lewis wrote (pp 198 - 201) that Pan-Arabism was conceived by 'Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi (c.1849-1902), who
wished for an Arab Caliphate to supercede that of the Turkish Ottomans. Another early ideologue of Pan-Arabism
was an anti-Semitic Syrian, Negib Azoury (d. 1916), Lewis claims that Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865 - 1935)
(considered a promoter of pan-Arabism [8] ) would be less obsessed with Arab resurgence and focused on an Islamic
renaissance. All three were Syrian-born, but lived and wrote in Egypt. [9]
Michel Aflaq embedded Islam within Arabism [10] , in the mind of the Christian (who reportedly later converted to
Islam)[11] Michael Aflaq, Islam and Arab nationalism were inseparable[12] He stated in the 1940s that Arab
Nationalism was vital to the survival of Islam in the region and the duty of Arab Nationalists was to defend Islam in
the name of the Arab nation.[13] [14] He is well noted for his fascination and inspiration for the Islamic faith when he
stated his belief that Islam provides Arabs with "the most brilliant picture of their language and literature, and the
grandest part of their national history."[11] In Ba'athism he and Sati al-Husri, composed a Koranic super narrative of
Arabism, soil and Islam [15] . TheMuslim Brotherhood's Hasan al-Banna incorporated & associated Pan-Arabism
with his radical Islamic ideology in view of Arabism’s growing appeal in Egypt at the time.[16]
Along with Islamism Pan-Arabism who both prioritize loyalty to the Arab or Islamic community.[17] with exclusion
of others [18] , including Christians & Jews [19] [20] , are seen to be greatly responsible for driving out more than
800,000 Jews from their lands [21] and for the persecution of Iraqi Christians [22] & contributed to driving out non
Arab minorities out of Iraq which the Christian community put blame directly on Arab nationalists,Pan-Arabists, and
Radical Islamists.[23] . Saddam Hussein's Anfal campaign caused the destruction of Many Assyrian Churches were
destroyed in the North of Iraq and caused the displacement of many Chrisitans. An Assyrian priest interviewed by
HRW/Middle East said that he had assembled a list of 250 Christians who disappeared during Anfal and its
immediate aftermath. (Iraq's Crime of Genocide, 1995, Human rights watch, pp. 209)[24]
The pan-Arab ideology has been accused of racism, inciting prejudice against and downplaying the role of non-Arab
peoples, such as the Berbers,[25] Turks (persecution, mass murder), Jews, Persians (as well as going to war against
the Persians in Iran) [26] , Maronite [27] [28] , [29] , amongst others, (prompting such editorials like "Arabism equals
racism" [30] ) [31] An Egyptian writer Masri Feki wrote that it is the ideology of Pan-Arabism that prevents lasting
peace in the Middle East;
“
Real lasting peace will come the day Israel's neighbors recognize that the Jewish people are on this land de jure, they are not just there de
facto. Pan-Arabism is in ruins because it did not take into account the diversity of the region, the specificities of its various identities and the
[32]
communitarian preoccupations of its minorities.Like pan-Arabism, pan-Islamism is an exclusivist ideology."
”
Abdul Ghafor al-Ani, who headed Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party in southern Iraq, shouted at the trial of Chemical
Ali who led the Anfal attack on the Kurds: "I welcome death if it is for Iraq, for pan-Arabism and for the Ba'ath" [33]
, or "Welcome to death for the sake of Arabism and Islam" - as the death sentence was read.[34] . The genocide in
Darfur: it has been linked back to Libya's Muammar Gaddafi's meddling in the region his support for the militantly
racist pan-Arab organisation in Darfur known as Tajammu al-Arabi (Arab Union), which stressed the province’s
Pan-Arabism
3
solely ‘Arab’ nature.[35] , he began to meddle in the affairs of his African neighbors in an attempt to establish
Pan-Arabist hegemony in the region. His weapons were racist and supremacist ideologies.[36] It has been described
as a deliberate genocide carried out in Darfur by the Pan-Arabist regime of Khartoum".[37] [38]
Modern Pan-Arabism is also known to have had Nazi and Fascist roots. During the 1930s, Pan-Arabists developed
proto-fascist organizations such as the "Al-Muthanna Club" and the "Al-Futuwwa movement," the pan-Arabist
Futuwwa Youth was a model of the Hitler Youth [39] , it was part of Pan-Arab radicalism which was expressed in
diverse forms in 1930s Iraq, it was sponsored by the government and officially instituted in Iraqi schools[40] ,[41] [42]
[43]
Sami Shawkat, a firm believer in pan-Arabism and totalitarianism, was an admirer of Nazi ideologies In one of
his addresses, "The Profession of Death," he called on Iraqi youth to adopt the way of life of Nazi Fascists. In
another speech he branded the Jews as the enemy from within, who should be treated accordingly. In another, he
praised Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini for eradicating their internal enemies (the Jews). (Syrian and Palestinian
teachers often supported Shawkat in his preaching).[44] . There was a wide Nazi propaganda in Pan-Arabist ideology
[45]
. Beginning at 1933, Muhi al-Din Nasuli, the leader of the Islamist and Pan-Arabist group "Najjada" (Helpers) in
Syria and Lebanon, promoted many of Hitler's speeches and printed excerpts from Hitler's Mein Kampf in his group's
newspaper. Hitler and Mussolini were viewed by Pan-Arabists in both Syria and Lebanon as models of strong state
builders. The ambivalent relation of such Pan-Arabist concepts to ethnocentric and racial nationalism became visible
in Nasuli's newspaper slogan "Arabism Above All", which featured on his newspaper's masthead, which also printed
glowing accounts of German youth's support of Hitler [46] [47] [48] [49] , Key among some Gestapo men was Fritz
Grobba, often called "the German Lawrence" because he promised a Pan-Arab state stretching from Casablanca to
Tehran [50] , Adolf Hitler's collaborator and close Arab confidant, the Islamic leader and Mufti al-Husayni, was
promoted as a Pan-Arabist leader by the Nazis who both found sympathy in each other's ideologies.[51] [52] . In June
1940 he had offered his services to the Reich government, he went to Berlin via Tehran, where he explained to the
German ambassador, Ettel, his plan to bring all Arabs under the banner of Pan-Arabism over to the side of the Axis.
[53]
.
On March 1951, France condemned Arab depotism, A French foreign ministry spokesman declared on 14.3.51 that
exponents of Arabism were trying to impose its "otalitarianism, that "Arabism may be summed up as racism,
despotism and imperialism, a policy of domination incompatible with the French character." [54]
A writer on the Durban conference regarding racism suggests: "Arabism is racism" would have been an interesting
debating topic. The OIC countries were very clever in how they deflected the slavery issue that could so easily have
been turned on them with a vengeance [55]
Even some Muslim activists affirm that Arabism is racism, pure and simple.[56] , In the 1960, some Muslims were
"Partners in the Campaign Against Pan-Arabism and Racism" [57] From a Muslim scholar: 'the Ba'th party, which
sowed a Pan-Arabist ideology, was responsible for the genocide of Kurdish people in Iraq as well as the genocide of
Shiite Arabs in Iraq. Pan-Arabism does not recognize minorities living in the Arab world. Everybody in this "world"
is an Arab.' [58]
Although Pan-Arabism began at the time of World War I, Egypt, the most populous and arguably most important
Arabic-speaking country, was not interested in Pan-Arabism prior to the 1950s. Thus, in the 1930s and 1940s,
Egyptian nationalism - and not Pan-Arabism - was the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian political activists:
“
What is most significant [about Egypt in this period] is the absence of an Arab component in early Egyptian nationalism. The thrust of
Egyptian political, economic, and cultural development throughout the nineteenth century worked against, rather than for, an "Arab"
[59]
orientation.... This situation—that of divergent political trajectories for Egyptians and Arabs—if anything increased after 1900.
”
.
Azoury's league rejected the incorporation of Egypt into the Arab empire because "the Egyptians do not belong to
the Arab race," [60] In 1931, following a visit to Egypt, Syrian Arab nationalist Sati' al-Husri remarked that
"[Egyptians] did not possess an Arab nationalist sentiment; did not accept that Egypt was a part of the Arab lands,
Pan-Arabism
4
and would not acknowledge that the Egyptian people were part of the Arab nation."[61] The later 1930s would
become a formative period for Arab nationalism in Egypt, in large part due to efforts by Syrian/Palestinian/Lebanese
intellectuals.[62] Nevertheless, a year after the establishment of the League of Arab States in 1945, to be
headquartered in Cairo, Oxford University historian H. S. Deighton was still writing:
“
”
The Egyptians are not Arabs, and both they and the Arabs are aware of this fact. They are Arabic-speaking, and they are Muslim —indeed
religion plays a greater part in their lives than it does in those either of the Syrians or the Iraqi. But the Egyptian, during the first thirty years of
the [twentieth] century, was not aware of any particular bond with the Arab East... Egypt sees in the Arab cause a worthy object of real and
active sympathy and, at the same time, a great and proper opportunity for the exercise of leadership, as well as for the enjoyment of its fruits.
[63]
But she is still Egyptian first and Arab only in consequence, and her main interests are still domestic.
Attempts at Arab union
It was not until the Gamal Abdel Nasser era more than a decade later that
Arab nationalism, and by extension Arab socialism, became a state policy and
a means with which to define Egypt's position in the Middle East and the
world,[64] usually articulated vis-à-vis Zionism in the neighboring Jewish
state of Israel.
There have been several attempts to bring about a Pan-Arab state by many
well known Arab leaders, all of which ultimately resulted in failure. The
United Arab Republic (UAR) in 1958 was the first attempt. Formed under
Nasser, it was a union between Egypt and Syria, although Nasser exerted so
much control over the union that the UAR functioned more as a Nasserist
takeover rather than a cooperation between two governments. It lasted in this
form until 1961 when Syria's withdrew from the union. In April 1963, Egypt,
Syria and Iraq agreed to form a new 'United Arab Republic', which was to be
entirely federal in structure, leaving each member state its identity and
institutions."[1] The UAR was finally abolished in 1971 due to irreconcilable
differences between Syria and Egypt.[65]
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser,
whose ideology of "Nasserism" defined
the pan-Arabism of the 1960s
Two later attempts were conducted by Libya's Muammar al-Gaddafi; these were the Federation of Arab Republics
and the Arab Islamic Republic. Both failed before beginning. The unity of seven Arab emirates that form the United
Arab Emirates stands today as the only example of successful unification between Arab neighbors. The current
Syrian government is, and the former government of Iraq was, led by the Ba’ath Party, which espouses pan-Arabism.
Decline
However, Pan-Arabism was strongly hurt following the Arab defeat by Israel in the Six Day War and the inability of
pan-Arabist governments to generate economic growth. Nasser overplayed his hand in trying to form a pan-Arab
hegemony under himself. "By the mid-1970s," according to The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle
East, "the idea of Arab unity became less and less apparent in Arab politics, though it remained a wishful goal
among the masses."[1]
The Egyptians' attachment to Arabism was particularly questioned after the 1967 Six-Day War. Thousands of
Egyptians had lost their lives and the country became disillusioned with Arab politics.[66] Camp David Accords
between Egypt and Israel in 1978 further fractured the Arabic-speaking countries. Nasser's successor Anwar Al
Sadat, both through public policy and his peace initiative with Israel, revived an uncontested Egyptian orientation,
unequivocally asserting that only Egypt and Egyptians were his responsibility. The terms "Arab", "Arabism" and
"Arab unity" became conspicuously absent.[67]
Pan-Arabism
5
By the late 1980s, Pan-Arabism began to be eclipsed by both nationalist and Islamist ideologies. In the 1990s, many
voiced their opposition to Pan-Arabism. For instance, some Kuwaitis viewed Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 as
caused by an urge for Pan-Arabism.[68]
Today, Pan-Arabism is viewed by many as an outdated and failed ideology. This view emanates from the many
disasters brought upon the Middle East by the ideology of Pan-Arabism. For instance, the Ba'th party, which sowed a
Pan-Arabist ideology, was responsible for the genocide of Kurdish people and Shiites in Iraq. Pan-Arabism does not
give equal rights to minorities living in the Arab world, since it views every one in this "world" as Arab.[69] The
radical pan-Arabist ideology is also known to have shown deep hostility to Black people, Persians, Jews and other
ethnic and religious minorities that opposed Arabization.[26] [70] [71] [72] A Tunisian human rights activist M. Bechri
[73]
has described it as the following:
“
The true nature of the twin fascism of Islamism and Pan-Arabism ... this particular case seems to be Pan-Arabism
[74]
”
Many Egyptians continue to believe that Egypt and Egyptians are simply not Arab, emphasizing indigenous
Egyptian heritage, culture and independent polity, while pointing to the failures of Arab and pan-Arab nationalist
policies, and publicly voicing objection to the present official name of the country as Arab Republic of Egypt and
reject forced 'Arabization.'
In late 2007, el-Masri el-Yom daily newspaper conducted an interview at a bus stop in the working-class district of
Imbaba to ask citizens what Arab nationalism (el-qawmeyya el-'arabeyya) represented for them. One Egyptian
Muslim youth responded, "Arab nationalism means that the Egyptian Foreign Minister in Jerusalem gets humiliated
by the Palestinians, that Arab leaders dance upon hearing of Sadat's death, that Egyptians get humiliated in the Arab
states of the Persian Gulf, and of course that Arab countries get to fight Israel until the last Egyptian soldier."[75]
Another felt that,"Arab countries hate Egyptians," and that unity with Israel may even be more of a possibility than
Arab nationalism, because he believes that Israelis would at least respect Egyptians.[75]
Some contemporary prominent Egyptians who oppose Arab nationalism or the idea that Egyptians are Arabs include
Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Zahi Hawass,[76] popular writer Osama Anwar Okasha,
Egyptian-born Harvard University Professor Leila Ahmed, Member of Parliament Suzie Greiss,[77] in addition to
different local groups and intellectuals.[78] This understanding is also expressed in other contexts,[79] [80] such as Neil
DeRosa's novel Joseph's Seed in his depiction of an Egyptian character "who declares that Egyptians are not Arabs
and never will be."[81]
Egyptian critics of Arab nationalism contend that it has worked to erode and/or relegate native Egyptian identity by
superimposing only one aspect of Egypt's culture. These views and sources for collective identification in the
Egyptian state are captured in the words of a linguistic anthropologist who conducted fieldwork in Cairo:
“
”
Historically, Egyptians have considered themselves as distinct from 'Arabs' and even at present rarely do they make that identification in
casual contexts; il-'arab [the Arabs] as used by Egyptians refers mainly to the inhabitants of the Gulf states... Egypt has been both a leader of
pan-Arabism and a site of intense resentment towards that ideology. Egyptians had to be made, often forcefully, into "Arabs" [during the
Nasser era] because they did not historically identify themselves as such. Egypt was self-consciously a nation not only before pan-Arabism but
also before becoming a colony of the British Empire. Its territorial continuity since ancient times, its unique history as exemplified in its
pharaonic past and later on its Coptic language and culture, had already made Egypt into a nation for centuries. Egyptians saw themselves,
[82]
their history, culture and language as specifically Egyptian and not "Arab."
Minorities in the Middle East are particularly sensitive to and dismissive of Pan-Arabism. Thus, for instance, the
prominent Libyan Berber community leader Belkacem Lounes stated in April 2007:
“
[83]
'"There is no worse colonialism than that of the Pan-Arabist clan that wants to dominate our people.
”
Pan-Arabism
6
The Copts, indigenous Egyptians and the Middle East's largest religious minority, due to Egypt's adherence to the
Arab League with its racist Pan-Arab policy. Being neither Moslems nor Arabs, the Copts felt themselves reduced to
a position of an isolated minority group which is increasingly discriminated against. The Copts are considered
foreigners in their own country by the government which fired them from every public civil office and forbade their
return. [84] [85] therefor, theyr'e equally hostile to Pan-Arabism. For instance, Bishop Thomas, the Coptic bishop of
Cusae and Meir gave the following speech at the Hudson Institute in 2008:
“
If you come to a Coptic person and tell him that he’s an Arab, that’s offensive. We are not Arabs, we are Egyptians. I am very happy to be an
Egyptian and I would not accept being "Arab" because ethnically I am not.
”
Similar comments were made by many prominent Coptic figures, such as Bishop Picenti of Helwan and Massarah,
as well as the prominent Coptic writer Magdy Khalil (see Coptic identity).
Furthermore, Pan-Arabism is considered today to be the source and origin of political totalitarianism in the Middle
East, suppressing democratic movements and development of open free thinking. For instance, in the Lebanese
newspaper 'The Daily Star, (March 23, 2005):
"Over the past 50 years, authoritarian leaders in the region have banded together in support for each other
almost blindly, despite all evidence of despotism, totalitarianism and heavy handed oppression. Although the
ideal of pan-Arab unity was never realized, it seems that what has been achieved is a union of corrupt regimes.
Grossly misusing the language of Arab unity, they casually dismissed the mass murders that occurred under
Saddam Hussein's rule, as well as genocide in Sudan, Syrian oppression of Lebanon, and countless other
tragedies."[86]
Motivation for violence
The Arab-Palestinian charter merges Islamic 'holy war' Jihad, with Arabism, quote: 'We, the Palestinian Arab
people, who believe in its Arabism and in its right to regain its homeland, to realize its freedom and dignity, and who
have determined to amass its forces and mobilize its efforts and capabilities in order to continue its struggle and to
move forward on the path of holy war (al-jihad) until complete and final victory has been attained...' [87]
From a friday Sermon on Palestinian Authority Television (March , 2003): "America will be destroyed, Allah
willing", "Oh, people of Palestine, Oh, people of Iraq. The Crusader, Zionist America has started an attack against
our Iraq, the Iraq of Islam and Arabism [88]
A Bahrainian journalist explains that it's the Islamists, the pan-Arab nationalists, and the Arab regimes who are the
ones who hate America. The ordinary Arab and Muslim citizens are mere blindfolded hostages in the hands of this
alliance. [89]
Hezbullah, an Islamist group, has long been using the mixed language of Islam and Arabism, which is why some
came up with a term: "Pan-Arabist Islam/ism" or "Arabo-centric Islam." In an accompanying DVD-Rom of Avi
Jorisch's 'Beacon of Hatred,' the various propaganda clips on Al-Manar which reach out to the Arabs, as Arabs, often
using the term "ummat al-Arab" (the Arab Nation), to combat Israel. This amalgamation has a long history. from a
review of Bashir M. Nafi's Arabism, Islamism, and the Palestine Question, 1908-1941: A Political History. The
reviewer writes: Although several major studies were written on Hassan al-Banna and the Ikhwan, no study
highlights Banna's indebtedness to Arabist ideas as Nafi does in his book. Nafi contends that Banna's Pan Islamic
and Arabist ideas developed from his serious intellectual and political contact with several Syrian émigrés in Egypt,
especially Rashid Rida and Muhib al-Din al-Khatib. Banna was then able to express Arabism in 'an Islamic
framework' (p. 161). [90]
Terrorist organisations worked together, trading access for capability. In the period after the 1991 Gulf War, the
regime of Saddam Hussein supported a complex and increasingly disparate mix of pan-Arab revolutionary causes
and emerging pan-Islamic radical movements." [91]
Pan-Arabism
In January 2009, a new Islamic Arab terror group was established in Lebanon, Mohammad Ali Al Husseini,
Lebanon's Arab Islamic Council Secretary-General, announced about the "resistance" movement [92] under a
supremacist flag of "Arabism", vowed to go against Israel, they oppose Hezbollah as it gets its orders from (non
Arab) Iranians [93] they even named a rocket as Uroubua - Arabism [94] .
See also
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Arab Federation
Arab Islamic Republic
Arab Maghreb Union
Arab nationalism
Arab Revolt
Arab socialism
Federation of Arab Republics
Nasserism
Pan-Arab colors
Pan Arab Games
Pan-Islamism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
United Arab Republic
Egyptian identity
Coptic identity
Lebanese nationalism
Phoenicianism
Racism
Kurdish nationalism
External links
• Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity [95] by Martin Kramer
• Sample chapter from Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century [96] by A. Dawisha
• "Pan-Arabism on the March?: Israel Weighs the New Challenge" [97] by Nissim Rejwan
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Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Pan- Arabism Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=356180518 Contributors: 172, 24.93.53.xxx, 6SJ7, Abigail-II, Adambiswanger1, Alex Bakharev, Amazigh Man, Anakus,
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Joriki, Joseph Solis in Australia, Joshbuddy, Jtkiefer, Khoikhoi, Koavf, Lambiam, Lanternix, Lapsed Pacifist, LeeSeem, Lomn, Lord Anubis, MK8, MacRusgail, Mahmudmasri, Malik Shabazz,
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Image:Arab world.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arab_world.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Albedo-ukr, AnonMoos, Brianski, CommonsDelinker,
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File:Arab League.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Arab_League.PNG License: Public Domain Contributors: Arab League, 2 anonymous edits
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