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Empires at War
A Short History of
Modern Asia Since World War II
Francis Pike
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Published in 2010 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd
6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU
175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010
www.ibtauris.com
Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan
175 Fifth Avenue,
New York NY 10010
Copyright © 2010 Francis Pike
The right of Francis Pike to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not
be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
ISBN: 978 1 84885 079 8
A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available
Typeset in Perpetua by Macmillan Publishing Solutions
Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham
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Contents
Acknowledgements
xi
A Reader’s Guide
xv
Introduction and Background
Maps
xxii
PART I
1
xvii
AMERICAN EMPIRE AND ITS COMPETITORS 1621–1945
American Empire and Its Competitors America: 1621–1945
The Rise of European Nations and Migration to America (p.4), The Land
Motive for Independence (p.10), Westward Expansion and the Louisiana
Purchase (p.12), American Setback in Canada (p.14), The Alamo and the
Annexation of Texas and Florida (p.15), The Mexican War and the Seizure
of California and Oregon (p.17), Railroads and Territorial Consolidation
(p.19), Genocide: The Destruction of the American Indian (p.20),
Population, Gold and the Pioneer Spirit (p.23), Legends of the Conquest
of America (p.25), Hawaii, Cuba and the Philippines: Empire Beyond the
American Continent (p.27), Trade and the Expansion of America’s Asian
Interest (p.30), The Philippines: Conquest and Suppression (p.32), Theodore
Roosevelt, the Panama Canal and Economic Imperialism (p.34), The Growth
of ‘Moralism’ in American Politics and Foreign Policy (p.36), Emergence of
America as ‘the’ Global Superpower (p.39), American Isolationism after the
First World War (p.40), The Russian Empire: A Competitor to US Hegemony
(p.41), Manchuria and the Rise of Japan (p.44), Isolationism Abandoned
(p.49), A New Clash of Empires (p.52)
PART II
3
ASIA’S POST-WAR SETTLEMENT
2
Potsdam, Hiroshima and the Atom Bomb
Japan: 1945
3
Mao and the Chinese Revolution
4
Emperor Hirohito and the Tokyo War Crimes Trial
Japan: 1945–8
81
5
Mahatma Gandhi: Passive Aggression
94
6
‘An Iron Curtain Has Descended’
America–Soviet Union: 1945–61
China: 1945–54
India: 1945–7
61
70
104
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viii
7
EMPIRES AT WAR
Stalin, Mao and Truman: Post-War Alliances
China: 1945–50
115
8
Chiang Kai Shek and the Flight to Taiwan
9
MacArthur, Yoshida and the American Occupation of Japan
Japan: 1945–54
130
10
Hồ Chí Minh and the Battle of Diên Biên Phu
Vietnam: 1945–54
141
General Phibun: National Socialist Dictator
Thailand: 1945–58
158
12
From Independence to Dependency
170
13
Lord Mountbatten and the Partition of India
India–Pakistan: 1945–7
179
14
Origins of the Korean War
192
15
Aung San: Revolutionary and Turncoat
16
Sukarno: The Founding Father
17
Independence and the Racial Contract
18
Lee Kuan Yew: Pocket Giant
19
Capitalist Redoubt
11
PART III
Taiwan: 1945–9
Philippines: 1945–60
Korea: 1945–50
Burma: 1945–9
Indonesia: 1945–50
Malaysia: 1945–57
Singapore: 1945–64
Hong Kong: 1945–97
122
199
210
217
232
243
COLD WAR IN THE BALANCE
20
The Korean War
Korea: 1950–3
257
21
The Great Leap Forward
22
Dictatorship and Prosperity
23
Nehru: The Fashioning of a Legend
24
Jinnah and Pakistan’s Failed Constitution
25
Fall of Rhee and Park’s ‘Economic Miracle’
South Korea: 1954–79
310
26
Kim II Sung: The ‘Great Leader’
318
27
The Todai Oligarchs
28
The Cultural Revolution
29
Indira Gandhi: A Study in Nepotism
30
Kennedy: Vietnam and the Vienna Summit
America–Vietnam: 1954–63
China: 1949–61
269
Taiwan: 1947–75
India: 1945–65
277
285
Pakistan: 1945–65 299
North Korea: 1945–50
Japan: 1955–92
326
China: 1961–70
India: 1966–84
340
351
366
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ix
Contents
31
‘The Year of Living Dangerously’
32
LBJ and the Vietnam Quagmire
33
The Trouble with Tigers
34
Nixon in China
35
The Night of the Intellectuals
36
Têt Offensive: Lost Victories
37
The Bombing of Cambodia
38
Revolution’s End: The Deaths of Mao, Zhou Enlai, Lin Biao
China: 1970–6
467
The Murder of Aquino: The Disgrace of Ferdinand Marcos
Philippines: 1960–86
475
40
Coups d’Etat: A Way of Life
488
41
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and General Mohammed Zia ul-Haq
Pakistan: 1973–88
498
Pol Pot: Deconstructionism and Genocide
Cambodia: 1973–79
506
39
42
PART IV
Indonesia: 1950–68
Vietnam: 1963–9
Sri Lanka: 1945–94
376
391
406
America-China: 1969–71
420
Bangladesh–Pakistan: 1965–73
America-Vietnam: 1968–75
Cambodia: 1969–73
Thailand: 1958–91
433
441
456
COMMUNISM IN RETREAT
43
The Gang of Four
China: 1976–9
521
44
The End of the Tyrants
45
Dr Mahathir: The Acerbic Autocrat
46
Suharto: Rule of the Kleptocrats
47
Rogue State
48
Bloodlust and Revenge
49
Cory Aquino and the Rocky Path to Democracy
Philippines: 1986–2000
576
50
Deng Xiaoping: ‘Capitalist Roader No. 2’
583
51
Benazir and Sharif: Rise and Fall of the Demagogues
Pakistan: 1988–99
592
52
The Narcotic State
600
53
Rajiv Gandhi: The Reluctant Pilot
India: 1984–9
612
54
The Tiananmen Square Massacre
China: 1987–9
624
55
Property Crash and the Lost Decade
Korea: 1979–2001
527
Malaysia: 1981–2003
Indonesia: 1965–98
North Korea: 1980–2005
535
544
558
Bangladesh: 1971–96
China: 1974–96
Burma: 1948–2005
Japan: 1990–2000
568
636
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56
Narasimha Rao and the Quiet Revolution
57
The Savaging of the Tiger Economies
58
A Bungled Surrender
59
One China or Two?
Taiwan: 1947–2005
684
60
Nukes and Mullahs
Pakistan: 1973–2005
693
PART V
61
62
India: 1990–2003 651
Asia: 1996–8
Hong Kong: 1980–7
660
671
END OF AMERICA’S ASIAN EMPIRE
Asia Redux Asia: 1990–2010
China (p.705), Taiwan (p.707), Japan (p.708), South Korea (p.709), North
Korea (p.710), Thailand (p.711), Malaysia (p.713), Singapore (p.715),
The Philippines (p.716), Indonesia (p.716), Burma (p.718), India (p.718),
Pakistan (p.720), Bangladesh (p.722), Sri Lanka (p.723), Vietnam (p.724),
Cambodia (p.724)
From Cold War to End of Empire America-Asia: 1945–2010
‘To Serve and Not to Dominate the World’ (p.726), The Soviet Dynamic
(p.728), America’s Post-War Asian Empire (p.730), The Damning of
America (p.733), Reagan and Thatcher: Anglo-Saxon Revival (p.739),
Collapse of the ‘Evil’ Empire (p.741), Peace Dividend: Global Expansion of
American Values (p.743), Beginning of the End of America’s Empire (p.745),
Empires in Renewed Conflict? (p.749), Conclusions (p.752)
Notes
757
Bibliography
Index
821
801
705
726
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American Empire and Its Competitors
America: 1621–1945
Ancestors give them the love of equality and of freedom; but God Himself gave them
the means of remaining equal and free by placing them upon a boundless continent.
Alexis de Tocqueville, ‘Democracy in America’ (1835)1
he USA has been the most expansionist and successful empire of the modern
age. The early American settlers proved to be hardy adventurers; a spirit of
enterprise and taste for commercial venture ran through their veins, and above everything, they possessed an all-consuming appetite for land. The achievements of
these early pioneers and their successors were truly astonishing. From their tenuous foothold on the eastern seaboard of America, the colonists survived their early
hardships, to win independence, establish nationhood and then conquer the North
American continent.
Old empires were challenged. Both Spain and France were overwhelmed by
the newcomers. Great Britain was forced to agree to American suzerainty over
the Oregon territories. The independent kingdom of Hawaii was colonised and its
people subjugated. Having become a major participant in the Chinese opium trade,
American forces landed in Guangzhou and defeated a Chinese army in pitched
battle. Also, Commander Mathew Perry’s black-hulled gunboats forced Japan to
open its markets.
By the end of the nineteenth century, Imperial Russia, aware that it could no
longer defend Alaska and Oregon from the pioneer onslaught, sold Alaska and all
its claims and was pushed off the American continent. In a dispute over Cuba, the
American fleet stationed in Hong Kong sailed to the Philippines, sank the Spanish
fleet in Manila Bay and took its colonial possessions in Asia. The USA had become
the emerging new power in Asia; the formerly dominant position of Great Britain
was now challenged. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Admiral Shufeldt
wrote that the Pacific was the ocean bride of America and that Japan and China
were the bridesmaids.
By the end of the First World War, the USA, under President Woodrow Wilson, had victoriously sent an army to Europe, and then dominated the protracted
T
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peace negotiations at Versailles. America subsequently dictated the size of British
and Japanese navies at the Washington Naval Treaty (1922) and the subsequent
London Treaties (1930 and 1936). The Great Depression notwithstanding, by the
end of the Second World War, the USA accounted for more than half of global economic output. By 1945, in just 324 years after the arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers,
the USA had become an economically prolific and populous nation and the great arbiter of world power. As the historian Paul Johnson has concluded, the Americans
had achieved ‘the transformation of a mostly uninhabited wilderness. . . .’2
In Asia, moreover, in the vacuum created by the defeat of Japan, the collapse of
the European Empires and the economic exhaustion of Great Britain, America was
left standing at the head of a vast Asian hegemony. Also, as the world’s only nuclear
power, not just Asia but the world lay at its feet. In explaining the origins of this
great surge of humanity across the American continent and Asia beyond, which
catapulted America to the head of the world’s nations, it is necessary to look at the
origins and character of the mass migration which made it possible. This had its
beginnings in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with the emergence of modern nation states which had intellectually revolutionary concepts of
government, technological advances, rapidly growing economies and burgeoning
populations.
The Rise of European Nations and Migration to America
Arriving some 28 years after the Pilgrim Fathers committed themselves to set up a
colony in newly discovered America, the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which settled
the Thirty Years War, proved a defining moment in the development of the modern nation state. Before 1648, ‘Europe was thought of as a collection of communities arranged vertically in a hierarchy, at the head of which reigned the temporal
power of the Emperor and the spiritual power of the Pope.’3 Writing in 1677, the
German philosopher Leibniz, seeking an answer to the establishment of perpetual
peace, was looking back to history when he suggested that ‘All Christian Kings and
princes are subject to the orders of the Universal Church, of which the Emperor
is the Director and temporal head.’4
In truth, after Westphalia, the teetering remnants of the Holy Roman Empire
were finally shattered; Rome’s claims to European suzerainty were effectively ended.
The drawing to a close of one empire in Europe was to have a profound effect on
the emergence of a new nation on the other side of the Atlantic, a country that
would achieve nationhood and become the world’s dominant hegemonic power.
Even before the Thirty Years War, the power of Rome had been under threat
from the rise of the secular ‘nation states’. More than a century earlier, Henry VIII
had severed the English church from Rome, and in spite of his autocratic qualities,
best displayed in the despatch of successive queens, he had overseen significant
advances in the development of constitutional government and the development
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5
of legal process; furthermore, ‘enclosures’ – the process by which feudal strip
farming was replaced by more efficient agricultural practice – proceeded rapidly
during this period and, by its liberation of capital and labour from the land, laid
the preconditions of an industrial economy. The organs of a modern state had been
formed. Nevertheless, his daughter, Queen Elizabeth I, had had to battle a Spanish armada and the constant threat of a European alliance which aimed to bring
England and the United Provinces (the Netherlands) back to Rome.
It was not only in England that the Reformation transformed the relationship
between the state and its people. Before Protestantism, the European monarchies
could appeal above the heads of national interest groups to the Roman Church and
to God. The severance of the Roman link forced the northern protestant monarchies, in addition to the Republic of the United Provinces, to increasingly focus
attention on cultivating support and validation from temporal interest groups, not
only the nobility but more importantly the rising commercial class.
In effect, the Treaty of Westphalia accepted the separation of the protestant
nations and ‘defined the modern idea of sovereignty of the nation which declared
that a state’s domestic conduct and institutions were beyond the reach of the other
states’.5 Henceforth, a state’s accumulation of power would be independent of
international religious bonds but increasingly beholden to domestic institutional
structures. In international politics, until the arrival of Napoleon, an uneasy recognition of the new nations was accepted as the norm. Writing in 1751, Voltaire
noted that the European states were ‘at one in the wise policy of maintaining among
themselves as far as possible an equal balance of power’.6
France, which had consolidated its own borders and effectively ended English
claims to the throne by the mid-fifteenth century, emerged as the greatest of the
new nation states after the Thirty Years War. French power and culture reached its
apogee in the glittering reign of Louis XIV, ‘the Sun King’. France was only briefly
diminished by the collapse of the Bourbon monarchy. Following the French Revolution, Napoleon would threaten to unite Europe under French power. England,
perhaps ‘constitutionally’ and ‘institutionally’ the most sophisticated of Europe’s
new nations, battled France, not with the aim of creating a European Empire but
with the objective, achieved by British Foreign Minister Castlereagh at the 1815
Congress of Vienna, of creating a balance of power between independent nation
states.
Meanwhile, the Hapsburg Empire, the great fourteenth-century power centred on Austria, was much diminished in the aftermath of Westphalia, but would
stagger along in increasing decrepitude. Just over a century later, the empire, centred in Vienna, would lose its dominant position in Germany to Frederick the
Great of Prussia, the last of Europe’s warrior kings. A final ‘coup de grâce’ was
not given until 1919, when, after the First World War, President Wilson’s utopian
vision of ‘self-determining nation states’ gave independence to the Eastern European states such as Hungary and Czechoslovakia at the Treaty of Versailles.
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Spain, the strongest of European countries in the late-fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries, had been in steady decline after the great gold-induced inflation and
subsequent depression of the sixteenth century. Population continued to fall in
the seventeenth century, and the loss of vitality and declining birth rate seriously
compromised Spain’s ability to sustain it’s New World Empire in the face of the
rapid expansion of the Anglo-Saxon colonies in North America. A British traveller
contemptuously observed of Spain’s American Empire that
The sole purpose for which the Americas existed was held to be that of collecting
together the precious metals for the Spaniards; and if the wild horses and cattle which
overrun the country could have been trained to perform this office the inhabitants
might have been altogether dispensed with, and the colonial system would then have
been perfect.7
Indeed, gold and silver accounted for 90 per cent of South America’s exports to
Spain, and in aggregate, bullion from this source amounted to more than 50 per
cent of global coinage.
Within the space of a little over 20 years, Spain’s 300-year-old American Empire, which comprised the Audiencias of Mexico (extending into New Mexico,
California, Texas and Florida) and Santo Domingo; the captaincy- generalships of
Guatemala and Cuba and of Santiago de Chile (modern Chile); the presidency of
Quito (approximately modern Ecuador); the Audiencias of Santa Fé de Bogotá
(modern Columbia), of Caracas (modern Venezuala), of Buenos Aires (modern
Argentina) and of Cuzco (modern Peru); and the presidencies of Asunción (modern Paraguay), Charcas (modern Bolivia) and Banda Oriental (modern Uruguay),
was destroyed. The trigger to this collapse was the forced abdication by Napoleon
of Charles IV of Spain and his son Ferdinand VII in 1808, and their replacement
on the Spanish throne by Napoleon’s elder brother Joseph Bonaparte.
However, with the example of the USA to the north, combined with the
promptings of General Miranda – a freebooting soldier with epicurean taste, a former lover of Catherine the Great of Russia and the father of revolutionary thought
in South America – the seeds of revolt had already been sown. England also participated, only too keen to revenge itself for the loss of its own colonies; the PanAmerican Centennial Congress of 1926 noted that ‘there was no battlefield in the
war of Independence on which British blood was not shed’.8
Yet the leaders of the revolts were a rag-tag bunch of romantic visionaries
such as the aristocratic playboy Simon Bolivar, San Martin (an Argentine general),
Bernardo O’Higgins (a viceroy’s illegitimate son), Iturbide (a soldier who went
from military obscurity to become Emperor of Mexico) and Crown Prince Pedro
of Portugal (who overthrew his father to make Brazil independent). The political
instability in South America, which these revolutionaries brought in their wake, in
no small measure contributed to the ease and speed with which the USA became
the dominant power in the Americas.
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England was not the only protestant nation to emerge from the Reformation
and the Thirty Years War with new vitality. Smaller protestant nations such as
Sweden and Denmark also emerged with clearer identities during the Thirty Years
War. After a long-drawn-out revolt, the Republic of the United Provinces (the
Netherlands) secured its formal independence from Spain in 1648; the celebrated
American historian, Barbara Tuchman, would later claim that the winning of its
own sovereignty ‘vindicated the struggle for political liberty that was to pass in the
next century to Amsterdam’.9
The United Provinces continued to achieve a trading and mercantile success
that was built on innovative boat-building technology. The Dutch developed a
shallow-bottomed 250-ton cargo ship called a ‘flute’, which was quick and inexpensive to build and, with its simplified rigging, could be sailed by a crew of
just ten. In 1697 Peter the Great came to reside at Zaandam to learn the secrets of
Dutch naval technology.
The Dutch drove to the forefront of European exploration and established settlements in South Africa and the East Indies, bringing back exotic oriental spices. In
the west, the coast of America was surveyed and a colony founded at New Amsterdam. The Hudson River was exploited for furs, and in South America, a sugar trade
was developed. In 1626 the island of Manhattan was purchased from the Indians.
The Dutch East Company was founded in 1602, and was followed by the development of innovative financing techniques. The Bank of Amsterdam was founded in
1609, and a stock market developed with the bank printing regular lists of prices:
a world first.
After Westphalia, Prussia – a small agricultural state pressed against the Baltic
– would develop a unique military culture, almost Spartan in the centrality of soldiering to its social and political system; Frederick the Great in the eighteenth
century significantly enhanced Prussian power and prestige but realised the limits
to his expansionist tendencies. The equalising trend in national power since Westphalia was noted by Frederick the Great, who observed that
Arms and military discipline being much the same throughout Europe and the alliances
as a rule producing an equality of force between the belligerent parties, all that princes
can expect from the greatest advantages at present is to acquire, by accumulation of
successes, either some small cities on the frontier or some territory which will not pay
the expenses of war.10
It was not until the age of steel in the nineteenth century that Chancellor Bismarck would finally overawe the independent German states into a free trade and
currency union as a precursor to sovereignty for a united German nation. Sense
of nationhood was finally conferred to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War
of 1870 when Prussian forces, under the brilliant generalship of Von Moltke, defeated Napoleon III in successive battles and captured Paris itself. The war destroyed French claims to be the most powerful nation of Europe. Germany’s rapid
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industrialisation and the concomitant growth of its population in the nineteenth
century would provide a major component of America’s immigration in this period. Between 1820 and 1920, Germany provided America with 5.5 million immigrants, the largest of any country; by comparison, over the same period, there
were 2.5 million migrants from Great Britain.
In spite of the constant warring and vying for power of the European powers
after Westphalia, because of the competition it engendered, the embryonic nation
states of Europe enjoyed constant technological and economic advance. Developments in land management and animal husbandry improved agricultural output
and, by generating product beyond the need for nutritional survival, enabled the
accumulation of capital for investment in trade and industry; also in Italy in the
sixteenth century, Florence had developed an international textile trade and innovative banking techniques.
England’s industrial revolution grew from these origins and from the development of property rights enshrined in law, which had their origins in Magna Carta,
the treaty between King John and his barons in 1215 which curtailed his powers.
Without the transparency given to the legal right to own land under the law, and
hence outside the purview of government, modern lending techniques and industrial investment would not have been possible.
It was not coincidental that the seventeenth century’s two fastest growing
economies, Britain and Holland, were the earliest European nations to adopt recognisably modern institutions and to develop sophisticated ‘property rights’ that dispensed with the Royal Prerogative to grant monopolies, thus creating competitive commercial conditions. By contrast, the more backward continental European
states clung to a more outdated view of monarchical government; this was neatly
summed up by Prince Kaunitz, first minister to Maria Theresa and Joseph II of
Austria, when he concluded that ‘politics is the art of sheltering the rights of the
crown from the incursions of the Estates. . . .’11
That the USA was to inherit the Anglo-Dutch model of government, based on
property rights and commerce, rather than the monarchic ‘Ancien Regime’ model
transferred to South America, does much to explain the discrepancies in success
of their respective revolutionary movements.
Throughout Europe, the breakdown of feudal systems of land tenure increased
agricultural productivity and liberated capital and labour. As agricultural technology, communications and finance developed, European population grew explosively. Starting in the seventeenth century in Holland and England, European
populations were launched on a broadly based and sustained acceleration by the
mid-eighteenth century. An estimated European population of 100 million in 1650
grew to 140 million by 1750, and 266 million by 1850; moreover, the population
growth rate accelerated from just 0.3 per cent in the seventeenth century to 0.6 per
cent by the eighteenth century. (In Asia a similar expansion was taking place, with
populations in the region rising from 330 million in 1650 to 749 million in 1850).
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9
Liberated from feudalism, labour became mobile as well as more productive.
Development of naval technology, for reasons of national security, promoted exploration and trade, particularly by Dutch and British merchants. Perfection of
navigational technologies also enabled the development of commerce in far-flung
regions of the world including the opening up of the Indian and Pacific oceans. By
some estimates, there were as many as 10,000 Dutch ships at sea by 1648. It is
noticeable that the ‘Separatists’, who formed the backbone of the Mayflower venture, had originally sought refuge for 12 years in Leiden, Holland. The Pilgrim
Fathers may have been impoverished farmers, but they showed a surprising degree
of mobility – a trend that was to multiply with population growth in Europe over
the succeeding century.
The voyage of the Pilgrim Fathers to the ‘New World’ on 16 September 1620
was a product of Europe’s religious, social, political and technological developments. The Mayflower pilgrims sought the religious freedoms enabled by the Reformation; however, it was the possibility of acquiring land ‘for free’ which was
probably the greater driver of migration. Indeed, about half of the Mayflower’s passenger did not belong to the ‘pilgrim’ party and could be better described as ‘economic migrants’.
Though the early American colonists adopted the unconventional and antiauthoritarian spirit of the non-conformist, as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries progressed, and with it religious tolerance in Europe increased, it was the
draw of land, economic adventurism and speculation which drove people to the
American colonies. Notably, the pioneers took with them ideals strongly rooted
in the new concepts of law, land and the political responsibility of government
towards the ‘people’, rather than the divine rights of kings.
In spite of the rigors of passage (even into the mid-nineteenth century, until
after the development of larger steel hulls, up to 10 per cent of passengers could
die on the three- to six-month journey), America proved attractive to the liberated
but growing landless populations of England and Holland and later Germany. Ultimately, American land would provide the ‘escape valve’ for the rising populations
of Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
On arrival, conditions were harsh, and disease, famine and sometimes hostile Indians made life difficult for the settlers. This remained true well into the
nineteenth century, as Charles Dickens’s description of the hardships of settler life
in his novel Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) clearly demonstrates. Nevertheless, the success of American agricultural ventures stimulated new waves of emigration, such
that by the 1770s the 13 colonies had established themselves in the new world of
‘America’ with a sizeable population of about 3 million people, plus about 700,000
African slaves. Given that the population of England at this time was just 10 million, having grown from about 5.5 million at the time of the Mayflower voyage, the
sustained economic success and population advance of the American colonies was
no mean achievement.
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The Land Motive for Independence
The economic benefits of land acquisition were soon apparent. Some of the
Mayflower pilgrims may have sought in America a land of religious freedom, but
from the beginning, economic opportunism dominated. The Mayflower pilgrims
started by buying land from the Pokanokets, but within 50 years they had destroyed
this indigenous tribe in a bloody war, killed its king and sold his family and remaining tribespeople into slavery. It was a pattern that was to be constantly repeated.
Indeed, it was an attempt by the British Crown to limit the colonist’s ever
more extensive land grabs that first brought serious conflict between Great Britain
and the 13 American colonies. By the Royal Proclamation of 7 October 1763, all
land claims of the colonies beyond the Appalachian Mountains that ran parallel to
the East Coast of America, some 100–300 miles inland, were swept away. The
crest of the Appalachians now defined the colonial perimeter.
The colonies were soon speculating illegally to acquire land to the west of
the ‘Proclamation line’. Indian Superintendent Sir William Johnson negotiated a
treaty with the Iroquois whereby for the sum of £10,000 they relinquished their
rights to a large part of central New York, Pennsylvania and land south of the Ohio
River. Some of the New World adventurers aimed to buy up land without Indian
consent; the Vandalia Company, which boasted Benjamin Franklin of Philadelphia
as one of the promoters, sought 10 million acres in the Ohio Valley at £1 for every
1,000 acres.
In another scheme promoted by Franklin, Sir William Johnson pressed for the
Crown to grant them land to be called Charlotiana. In 1751, Benjamin Franklin,
an autodidact and polymath, predicted, in ‘Observations Concerning the Increase of
Mankind’, that the rapidly growing American population would exceed that of
Great Britain and that territorial expansion would lie at the heart of economic
growth.
So vast is the territory of North America that it will require many ages to settle it
fully; and till it is settled, labor will never be cheap here, where no man continues
long a laborer for others but gets a plantation of his own, no man continues long a
journeyman to trade, but goes among those new settlers and sets up for himself.12
At heart Franklin was an imperialist who, like George Washington, believed in a
vast Anglo-American Empire stretching to the Pacific.
Not surprisingly, these vested interests were infuriated by the Royal Proclamation of 1774 which sought to protect the property rights of native Indians. It is unlikely that the British government’s motives were high-minded in their protection
of the ‘Indian Race’. Trouble with the Indians would have to be dealt with at British
military and taxpayers’ expense. It seems very likely that the British government’s
efforts to restrain the land-grabbing tendencies of the American colonists were
every bit as significant in creating the ground swell of discontent against Britain
as the raising of taxes, the granting of a tea monopoly to the East India Company
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or the lack of American political representation back in London. Also it could
not have gone unnoticed that independence would liberate southern estate owners
from the obligation of loan repayments to London’s financiers; plantation owners
became staunch supporters of the revolution.
The so-called Boston Tea Party, where a young group known as the Sons of
Liberty dressed themselves up as Mohawks and tipped a cargo of 342 tea chests
belonging to the East India Company into the sea, was followed by the Coercive
Acts in June 1774 which closed the port of Boston and changed the government
of Massachusetts. What may have horrified the other colonies more, however, was
the 1774 Quebec Act whereby the British government extended the boundaries
of that province to cover all the territories to the west of the Appalachians and
north of the Ohio River. The First Continental Congress subsequently met at the
Carpenter’s Hall in Philadelphia on 5 September 1774 and passed a declaration of
rights and grievances which preceded the formal military hostilities, which began
in 1775.
The War of Independence which followed was in effect as much a civil war as a
war against the English where vested interest in the outcome was finely balanced.
The surrender of General Burgoyne to the rebel forces at Saratoga in October
1777 was a key factor in bringing the French on board in formal alliance against
the British, and it was the victory of American and French forces under Lafayette
at Yorktown in October 1781 which proved decisive to the outcome of the war.
Notably, however, the last action of the war was against a raiding party of proBritish Shawnee Indians at Chillicothe in Ohio in 1782. The British continued to
hold New York, Charleston, Savannah and Detroit, and the British fleet, following
the 1782 defeat of the French fleet by Admiral Rodney at the Battle of the Saints
(near Guadaloupe), continued to command America’s long East Coast; however,
British political will to maintain their incipient American Empire was broken. At
home many Englishmen would have agreed with Richard Hayes, a yeoman farmer
from Kent, that the conflict in America was an ‘unnatural war against our best
allies or friends the Americans’.13
With victory assured, George Washington, in his last Circular to the States issued in June 1783, launched a long history of American utopianism when, ignoring
the land and commercial motives for independence, he declared that the creation
of America ‘seemed to be peculiarly designated by Providence for the display of
human greatness and felicity. Heaven has crowned its other blessings by giving the
fairest opportunity for political happiness than any other nation which would have
a meliorating influence on all mankind’.14
Yet the reality of the American Revolution was more accurately noted by
Washington’s contemporary and military accomplice the South American revolutionary General Francisco de Miranda, who was appalled by what he considered
to be the low level of debate in the new American Congress with its obsession
with land and trade: ‘Why, in a democracy whose basis is Virtue, is there no place
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assigned to it? On the contrary all the dignity and powers are given to Property,
which is the blight of such a democracy.’15
Miranda was wrong; far from being a ‘blight on democracy’, it was the American obsession with property which gave the new country and democracy its
strength. Despite the grandiloquent utopian rhetoric of the US’s early leaders, in
the outcome of the American Revolution and, clearly reflecting the causes of the
conflict, it was conservative middle-class values such as order and property which
won out against radical men and their ideas.
Property was a theme which was to have enduring resonance in American
history and culture. The Hollywood ‘western’ as a genre is largely built on protecting the rights of the homesteader or rancher. Also it is not coincidental that the
most popular film in American history, Gone with the Wind (1939), based on Margaret Mitchell’s civil war novel of the same name, starts with the heroine, Scarlett
O’Hara, being scolded by her father, ‘Why, land’s the only thing in the world worth
working for, worth fighting for, worth dying for, because it is the only thing that
lasts.’16
The recurring theme of the book and film is the need to find money to fight
for survival and to secure land – namely O’Hara’s cotton plantation, Tara. After
countless misfortunes including murder, rape, pillage, the death of children and
broken marriages, the film ends, not with a reflection on these tragedies, but with
more ‘materialistic’ sentiments being reprised by a ghostly voice speaking to the
film’s heroine: ‘Land’s the only thing that matters, it’s the only thing that lasts.’17
Westward Expansion and the Louisiana Purchase
If the British will to conquer had been temporarily halted, the newly victorious
13 colonies, which with some difficulty cobbled together a federal constitution,
embarked almost immediately on an energetic land grab with a rapaciousness that
would alarm even the empire-building Europeans. In defiance of the Royal Proclamation, entrepreneurs had crossed the Appalachians to settle at Watauga in 1769;
with the war over, American settlers poured into the fertile and abundant lands of
Kentucky and Tennessee. They duly became the 15th and 16th states of the union
(after Vermont, the 14th state, which, under their property-dealing leader, Ethan
Allen, had split away from New York).
This was not a land grab ordered by America’s new federal government. Although Articles of Confederation had been adopted by the Congress on 15 November 1777, the limits of the federal powers were such that in 1781 Rhode Island was
able to defeat a proposal for a 5 per cent customs duty which would have provided
the federal government with income. The desire for land came from the pioneering
individuals’ quest for adventure and financial reward. Nevertheless, this ‘bottomup’ approach was no less effective and perhaps more so than the continental European style of state-sponsored empire building.
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‘Go West young man’ may well have become the familiar mantra to the fortune
seeker, but it soon became a fiscal necessity for the union’s financially hard-pressed
government. Secession by the USA of all land south of Canada, north of Ohio,
west of the Alleghenies and east of the Mississippi enabled Congress to finance its
operations by selling land; thus, sales of 1.5 million acres to the Ohio Company of
Associates were done at nine cents per acre. A perfect symbiosis thus developed
that nurtured in America’s fledgling state a genus of expansionary zeal. ‘For a century to come, the subduing of the temperate regions of North America was to be
the main business of the United States.’18 Indeed, ownership of property under law
stood at the heart of the new nation; as John Adams, America’s second president
wrote, ‘Property must be secured, or liberty cannot exist.’19 It cannot be overestimated how the simple free market model, whereby the General Land Office in
Washington and its 40 district offices sold off land at low prices to first comers,
served to build a vibrant and populous nation.
By the time that the state government (bar Rhode Island) had accepted Alexander Hamilton’s written invitation to meet for a Federal Convention in Philadelphia, from which the American Constitution emerged in September 1787, the empire established by the American colonies had expanded beyond the Appalachian
boundaries of the 13 colonies and had advanced as far as the Mississippi. The attempt by Spain to introduce a buffer state between the Appalachians and the Mississippi failed to thwart the onward rush of the New World pioneers.
The Philadelphia Convention reflected the youthful spirit and energy of the
USA. Most of the participants (including Hamilton aged 32 and Madison aged 36)
were in their 30s or younger. Within less than five years of defeating Britain, one
of Europe’s greatest powers, America, with a population of just 4 million people (including some 70,000 slaves), controlled an area equal to Britain, Germany,
Spain and France combined. It was a largely rural community with an urban population of just 3 per cent and only six cities with a population exceeding 8,000.
But the young nation already had enemies. Britain to the north controlled the
Canadian provinces and insisted on its rights over Oregon; France, whose proindependence leaders such as Lafayette were now either in exile or dead, was in
trade dispute with America, while Spain, which, since the peace with England in
1763, had controlled the Mississippi and its port head at New Orleans, watched
anxiously as American entrepreneurs cast covetous eyes over the Louisiana territories which extended all the way from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains
and from Canada to the Mexican border.
A Spanish Empire in decline may not have been the most formidable of America’s first continental enemies, but Spain soon paled into insignificance when the
victories won by Napoleon Bonaparte in Spain for the ‘Directory’ precipitated
the transfer of Louisiana to France. The move created near panic in Washington;
President Jefferson wrote in April 1802: ‘Nothing since the Revolutionary War
has produced such uneasy sensations through the body of the nation.’20 The young
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American nation now faced an army sent by Napoleon to secure France’s New
World possessions; conflict must have appeared inevitable when, in a classic display of Colbertist protectionism, American merchants were denied access to the
strategically crucial port of New Orleans. Fortunately for the USA, on their way
to America via Guadaloupe, 30,000 of Napoleon’s most experienced troops and
his brother-in-law commander, General Leclerc, were lost to the ravages of yellow fever; Napoleon, in desperate need of funds to renew hostilities with Britain,
instructed Talleyrand to negotiate a sale of the Louisiana territories.
In probably the greatest property deal ever recorded, ‘The Louisiana Purchase’, America snapped up an area much larger than the modern state of the
same name, comprising some 530 million acres of mainly excellent farming land
stretching in the north as far as the Canadian border, for US$ 15 million (including
US$ 3.75 million of French debts to American citizens) on 30 April 1803. The
purchase merely whetted the American government’s appetite for further expansion. Just a year later in May 1804, President Jefferson persuaded Congress to
authorise and finance a secret expedition from the New Territories to explore the
best routes as far as the Pacific Ocean. The expedition initiated the famous ‘Oregon Trail’, stretching from Missouri to Oregon, down which the early pioneers
would venture to settle the West.
American Setback in Canada
Having completed so easy an acquisition of a country the size of Europe, America’s
next target appeared to be Canada. When President Madison took the country into
a war with England in 1812, it was with the full expectation that the English would
finally be driven out of North America. This was the sincere wish of Madison’s
long-time mentor Thomas Jefferson; he wrote to Madison predicting that
The acquisition of Canada this year as far as the neighborhood of Quebec, will be a
mere matter of marching, and will give us experience for the attack on Halifax next,
and the final expulsion of England from the American continent.21
However, bad generalship and the reluctance of the New England states to
engage in military adventurism undermined the whole campaign; the hubris of the
Washington establishment was devastatingly exposed when a British expeditionary
force under Sir George Cockburn marched into Washington with 1,200 troops;
the 8,000 American troops supposedly guarding the capitol simply evaporated.
Defeat brought to the fore the remarkable backwoodsman Andrew Jackson, who
routed the British forces at New Orleans and thereby secured America’s ability to
exploit the Louisiana Purchase.
Both sides now wanted peace, and the Treaty of Ghent secured the longterm status quo and basis for future friendship between England and America.
Castlereagh, Britain’s foreign minister, was the first British statesman to accept
the existence of the USA and its place in the international political order; it was
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a strategy which enabled both countries to further the expansion of the AngloSaxon Empires. Emperor Joseph II of Austria could not have been more wrong
when he concluded after the loss of the American colonies that Britain was ‘fallen
entirely and forever . . . descended to the status of a second-rank power, like Sweden or Denmark’.22 On the contrary, the respective Anglo-Saxon Empires now
went from strength to strength.
The Alamo and the Annexation of Texas and Florida
America’s next land grab required some tidying up of its East Coast. Florida had remained under the Spanish flag, but by 1817 its loosely governed cities did not have
the administrative or military strength to control its own native populations, the
Seminole (part of the Creek nation), who had taken to committing atrocities against
American settlements. President Monroe ordered General Andrew Jackson, later
president and founder of the Democratic Party, to deal with the situation. This
he easily accomplished by ejecting the Spanish administrations of St. Marks and
Pensacola. Florida was theirs for the taking. In a pattern that was to become familiar over the course of the next century and a half, America planted a fig leaf over
its naked territorial ambitions by concluding a purchase of the state for US$ 5 million; essentially it was an offer the Spanish could not refuse. The 1819 Treaty of
Florida (or Adams–Onis Treaty) also provided an added bonus with the transfer to
America of the Spanish claim to the Oregon territories, though it should be added
that in the previous year the USA and Britain had signed a ‘convention’ whereby
Oregon would be treated as jointly owned.
The conquest of Florida illustrated the growing importance of both the
Caribbean and South America. The immediate linkages were trade, but from 1815
the rapid spread of revolutionary movements produced a domino effect as seven
new republics in as many years overthrew their European rulers. President Monroe
recognised the new South American states in 1822 and, in a speech on 2 December
1823, set what would later be regarded as the framework for America’s future foreign policy when he claimed for his country the right to protect all the Americas
from foreign interference.
. . . the occasion has been judged proper for asserting as a principle in which the rights
and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the
free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subject for future colonization by any European powers.
. . . We owe it, therefore, to candor and the amicable relations existing between the
United States and those powers, to declare that we should consider any attempt on
their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our
peace and safety.23
That statement, which after the American civil war came to be known as the Monroe Doctrine, remains the single most important canon of American foreign policy.
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Monroe’s 1823 speech also rejected the notion that America would necessarily
support the liberation movements of other countries. ‘With the existing colonies
or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere.’ Monroe goes to assert that ‘In the wars of the European powers in matters
relating to themselves we have never taken part, nor does it comport with our policy so to do.’24 As we shall see, these aspects of the Monroe Doctrine were soon
challenged by international events and later by the start of the First and Second
World Wars; in the latter, President Roosevelt would openly challenge the right
of the European nations to have their own empires. Roosevelt’s successor, Harry
Truman, would later expand the Monroe Doctrine to cover Western Europe, the
Middle East and Asia.
The broad expulsion of Spain and Portugal from their colonial conquests did
not necessarily make the new South American Republics happy bedfellows with
their northern counterparts. Mexico had superseded Spain in its claims to Texas.
Although the USA had relinquished any claim to Texas at the Treaty of Florida,
President John Quincy Adams and his successor Andrew Jackson continued to
press the Mexican government for the sale of the territory. Again the work of territorial expansion was done by pioneers on the ground. Ignoring territorial claims,
American settlers pushed forward into the huge expanse of Texas.
By 1830, Austin, a colony based on land granted by Moses Austin to his son
Stephen, had grown to 5,000 Americans plus slaves; these slaves were illegally
held since Mexico, unlike the US, had, by decree of President Guerrero, abolished
slavery in 1829. Surprisingly, the Mexican government seemed happy to attract
American pioneers to fill their sparsely populated territory and by 1830 Americans outnumbered Mexicans by three to one; it was a strategy that could work for
the Mexican government only as long as the new settlers remained content with
Mexican suzerainty.
That uneasy balance was broken in 1835 when Mexican President Antonio de
Padua Maria Saverino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebron abolished Texan state
rights as part of a constitutional unification. Mexico’s unruly American immigrants
proceeded to revolt. There followed the legendary siege of the Alamo by Santa
Anna’s Mexican Army, in which the iconic frontier characters, David Crockett and
Jim Bowie, and the other American rebels, laid down their lives fighting to the
last man. The heroic defence of the Alamo did for Texas what the Battle of Thermopylae did for the Greeks; it created an enduring legend of a heroic defence
of the homeland against an overwhelming force of foreign invaders. ‘Remember
the Alamo’ was a legend which completely obscured the reality of a land grab by
American settlers, which enabled America to take Texas by force from Mexico.
The Texans were revenged at the Battle of Jacinto, an ambush which succeeded
in capturing President Santa Anna himself. Having thus won their rebellion, the
Texans proceeded to pass a constitution and elect Sam Houston to the presidency.
On his last day in office, 3 March 1837, President Jackson recognised Texas as
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an independent country. It remained an independent nation for barely eight years
before President Tyler annexed Texas for the USA.
The Mexican War and the Seizure of California and Oregon
If the expansion of the original 13 states of the union had proceeded at a breathless
pace with little articulation of its aims, from the 1840s the American expansion
was about to enter its most vociferously imperialistic phase. As with most empires,
the excuse for the next stage of America’s land grab was defence of the realm; however, a deterministic historical and moral case for empire found its most articulate
proponent in the form of President James Knox Polk in 1845.
The ‘roaring 40s’, as they came to be called, saw the idea of American imperialism become rampant. In 1845 a Congressman affirmed that ‘This continent was
intended by Providence as a vast theater on which to work out the grand experiment of Republican government, under the auspices of the Anglo-Saxon race.’25
The term ‘manifest destiny’, which came to define the logic of American imperialism, was also coined in the same year. John L. O’Sullivan complained in the
Democratic Review that foreign powers might limit ‘the fulfillment of our manifest
destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions’.26
Washington politicians were also alerted to the possibilities of California by
the travel book entitled Two Years before the Mast in 1840. The writer Richard Dana
travelled aboard the Pilgrim out of Boston in 1834 and, arriving in California,
became captivated by its charms, if not by its people:
The men are thriftless, proud, extravagant, and very much given to gaming; and the
women have but little education, and a good deal of beauty, and their morality, of
course, is none the best. . . . Such are the people who inhabit a country embracing
four or five hundred miles sea-coast, with several good harbors; with fine forests in
the North; the waters filled with fish, and the plains covered with thousands of herds
of cattle; blessed with a climate than which there can be no better in the world; free
from all manner of diseases, whether epidemic or endemic; and with a soil in which
corn yields from seventy to eighty fold. In the hands of an enterprising people, what a
country this might be!27
The workaholic Polk, who had read Two Years before the Mast, arrived in office
with a determination to resolve the Oregon issue in America’s favour and also to
conclude the acquisition of California, another Mexican territory. His fear was that
England or France would claim them first. It was a breathtaking assumption on the
part of Polk. As an area, California, apart from Richard Dana’s book, was little
known to the American government in spite of the hide and tallow trade which
had started there in 1821. It was only in 1843 that Polk organised an exploration
of the area under the command of the 28-year-old Second Lt John Frémont, who
discovered California’s fertile lands and reached the Pacific coast with the help
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of the legendary guide Kit Carson. Frémont – soldier, explorer, adventurer and
politician – would eventually join the California Gold Rush and become in 1856
the first Republican presidential candidate.
In 1846, Polk provoked a war with Mexico when he sent troops to occupy
disputed border areas. When a mission by Congressman John Slidell to purchase
these territories failed, Polk used a border clash in Texas over the disputed Rio
Grande, in which a small number of American troops were killed, as an excuse
for the USA to mobilise for war. No doubt, Polk’s ardour for war to avenge the
supposed slights on America’s Texan border would have been resolved if Mexico
had not rejected an offer of US$ 5 million for its territories. In July 1846, Commodore Sloat raised the American flag at Monterey, and California was declared a
territory of the USA.
Over the next two years, Captain Robert E. Lee established his reputation as
a great commander, in a brilliant campaign culminating in the defeat of the Mexican army at Churubusco; further battle victories followed in early 1847 and finally at Molino del Rey on 8 September. With the impending arrival of American
armies in front of Mexico City, the Mexican government surrendered. In California meanwhile, the Spanish population was soon overwhelmed and ruthlessly
suppressed.
At the Peace Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo on 2 February 1848, Mexico gave
up its rights to Texas, the Rio Grande boundaries and Upper California, amounting
to some 55 per cent of its country; the lands included in this latter parcel would
later constitute the states of California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico and Arizona
as well as parts of Colorado and Wyoming. For America a modicum of respectability was applied to this annexation of a neighbour’s territories by the granting to
Mexico of US$ 15 million in compensation.
By the time Polk had concluded the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, he had already secured Oregon for the USA. This territory, which had been subjected to the
past claims of France, Spain, Russia and Great Britain, was effectively conquered
by the American pioneers of the Oregon Trail. In 1831 Hall J. Kelley had founded
‘The American Society for Encouraging Settlement of the Oregon Territory’, and
this provided the launch pad for expeditions in 1832 and 1834. In spite of the
perilous conditions endured by the early trailblazers, including starvation, Indian
attacks or simply getting lost, some 4,000–5,000 people had settled in Oregon by
1845. As had been seen previously in Texas and elsewhere, physical possession of
the land proved the key determinant of ultimate sovereignty.
With Spain and France out of the picture, Great Britain was now the main
stumbling block to a final resolution of the Oregon issue. The 1814 Treaty of Ghent
had left the Oregon issue unresolved with both parties agreeing to disagree. However, when Polk finally opened negotiations with a claim to Oregon up to latitude
54◦ , Britain responded with a proposal for latitude 49◦ , which took the Canadian
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border as far as the Puget Sound. The Oregon Treaty of 15 June 1846 was a compromise agreement which both parties could live with. Whatever his expansionist
instincts, Polk did not intend to add a war with Great Britain to his agenda.
The final piece of the expansion to make up what now consists of America’s
southern border was the purchase of another slice of Northeastern Mexico, an
area to the east of the Rio Grande and incorporating such towns as Tucson and
Tombstone in what is now Southern Arizona and part of New Mexico. The socalled 1853 Gadsden Purchase for US$ 10 million was done principally to aid the
construction of a railroad to link the East Coast with Southern California; (the
Gadsden Purchase, named after the US ambassador to Mexico who negotiated the
treaty, eventually proved its worth but, as a result of the interruption of the civil
war, the South Pacific Railroad project did not get off the ground until 1865).
Indeed, now that America’s continental acquisitions were completed, the next half
century was given over to filling out the infrastructure and population of their vast
new empire.
Railroads and Territorial Consolidation
Less well known than other aspects of the 1787 American Constitution, the banning of interstate tariffs formed a backbone to the economic advance of the fledgling
nation. As the nation advanced its empire westward, the business and economic
attractions to the building of transport and communications structure were selfevident.
At first the Pony Express and subsequently Wells Fargo provided the key communication linkages with the new territories, but the invention of an electric telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1837 and subsequent chartering of the Western Union
Telegraph Company in 1856 transformed the technology of communication. Even
more significant was the rapid improvement being made in railway technology.
Rivers and canals, such as the Erie, which linked the Atlantic Ocean with the Great
Lakes of Illinois, had provided the earliest transportation links ferrying homesteaders to the virgin lands of the Midwest, but it was only the railroad that could overcome the mountain barriers that stood in the way of linking the markets of east
and west.
However, while railroads linking the East Coast to the Mississippi River were
largely completed by the 1840s, it was not until 1869 that the first transcontinental
railway was completed in Utah at the juncture of the Union Pacific coming from
Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific Railroad coming from Sacramento, California. The railway brought people as well as trade to America’s continental empire. The building of up to eight miles of track per day needed as many as 20,000
labourers (many of them Chinese); it was a vast logistical task which brought infrastructure and habitation in its wake.
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The importance of the railroad was foretold by Leland Stanford, the founder
of Central Pacific, who envisaged,
railroads bearing to and fro the produce and merchandise of each extreme. I shall look
out through the Golden Gate and I shall see there fleets of ocean steamers bearing the
trade of India, the commerce of Asia, the traffic of the islands of the ocean. . . .28
Stanford’s vision, however, did not extend to regulating the near-monopolistic position enjoyed by his railroad. In one recorded instance, a Central Pacific official,
having doubled the transport costs of sending ore from a prospering mine, suggested that the mining company submit its account books for inspection so that
they could determine what the company could afford.
However, Central Pacific’s monopoly was short-lived; four more transcontinental routes soon followed: the Southern Pacific (enabled by the Gadsden Purchase), the Northern Pacific, the Santa Fe and the Great Northern. Before 1865
America had built 35,000 miles of railroad; eight years later that mileage had more
than doubled, and by 1900 there were some 200,000 miles of track, more than the
whole of Europe combined. The results were dramatic; the journey from east to
west now took just one week compared to four months previously.
Genocide: The Destruction of the American Indian
In the course of America’s headlong rush for empire at the expense of its European competitors, the rights of the indigenous tribes, the American Indians, were
barely considered by any of the incomers. Although land purchase was favoured by
the earlier settlers, force of arms soon became an expedient alternative. However,
the extermination of the Indians began in earnest after the 1812–14 war against
Britain, in which many of the tribes were armed by the British to fight America.
The lead was taken by then Major General Jackson, who revenged an Indian massacre by surrounding and destroying the Creek settlement at Talushatchee; Davie
Crockett, the noted Tennessee sharpshooter, later recorded that ‘We shot them
like dogs.’29
The subsequent ‘burnt earth policy’, whereby all villages and crops were destroyed and the Indian tribes massacred, brought about the capitulation of the main
Creek chief, Red Eagle, on 14 April 1814. Jackson, the land speculator, was delighted with a deal which ceded to America half of the Creek lands. To a business
partner Jackson wrote, ‘I finished the convention with the Creeks . . . [which] cedes
to the United States 20 million acres of the cream of the Creek Country, opening a
communication from Georgia to Mobile.’30
Jackson embarked on Indian policies, which by today’s standards would be
considered genocidal; between 1816 and 1850 the Indian tribes located between
the original 13 colonies and the Mississippi were effectively wiped out or removed.
In some 40 treaties the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks and Seminoles were
forced to sign away their lands to the American government. Becoming president
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in 1829, Andrew Jackson outlined a policy that would relocate all of the Indian
nations from the east. The 1830 Indian Removal Act sanctioned the transfer of
100,000 Indians to the west; in theory the removals were voluntary, but in practice
enormous pressure was put on Indian tribes to get out.
Notwithstanding ineffectual federal laws on Indian policy passed in the 1790s,
the US actions towards its indigenous population, which would have been considered barbaric in the latter twentieth century, were completely normal in a society
which had come into existence through territorial conquest and subjugation; for
Americans the destruction of the Indians, while never a conscious policy, was the
natural outcome of economic and military superiority. Nevertheless, it caused one
of the earliest recorded genocides by a modern nation state, a genocide for which
many American presidents have subsequently apologised.
The Cherokee tribes of Georgia were particularly harshly treated. Although the
Cherokees had increasingly adopted western ways of agriculture and settlement,
even intermarrying with Scottish traders to create an ‘intellectual’ subset of the
Cherokee nation, they had by 1819 lost 90 per cent of their tribal lands. The finding
of gold in Georgia in 1828, followed two years later by President Jackson’s signing
of the Indian Removal Act, sealed their fate. Lotteries were held to offer Cherokee land and its gold rights to American pioneers; meanwhile, Georgian state laws
were passed to prevent Cherokees from entering business contracts, from testifying
in court and from mining gold even on their own land.
When these laws were successfully challenged in the Supreme Court, President Jackson reportedly declared that ‘[Chief Justice] John Marshall has made his
decision; let him enforce it now if he can.’31 The Cherokee nation was finally coerced
into ceding their lands at the Treaty of New Echota in 1835. In 1838 the Cherokee
tribes were rounded up in stockades and families separated while their farmsteads
were looted. Some were transported by boat, rail or wagon, but 12,000 Cherokees
were split into groups of 1,000 and were forced to march westward on what became known as the ‘Trail of Tears’. The poorly provisioned Indians died from lack
of water and food. The dire conditions also brought fatal diseases. Some simply
died from cold in the harsh winter conditions. By the time the bedraggled groups
arrived in the west by spring of 1839, one-third, accounting for about 20 per cent
of the Cherokee nation, had died.
California’s Indians were next to be decimated. Prior to the 1849 California
Gold Rush, the number of Indians in the territory was estimated at over 100,000;
within a decade that number was reduced to just 35,000. Diseases, particularly
smallpox, cholera and venereal ailments, wiped out swathes of the native population; conditions and life expectancy may have been harsh for the American settlers but, unlike the Indians, their replacements were pouring into the port of
New York.
The treatment of the Eastern Indians and the collapse of California’s Indian
population provided a foretaste of what was to come in the newly acquired west-
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October 20, 2009
9:41
EMPIRES AT WAR
ern territories. In the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains the pioneering settlers
were confronted by Sioux, Blackfeet, Crow, Cheyenne and Arapahoe in the north and by
the Comanche, Kiowa, Ute, Apache and Southern Arapahoe in the south. The unending
oncoming rush of the settlers could not be halted. Within a generation the buffalo
herds, on which the tribes of the Great Plains had fed, were exterminated and with
it an ancient way of life. The structure of Indian life was destroyed; the ancient nomadic, hunter-gatherer societies could not survive the population onslaught from
the east. New technologies including railways, farming and ranching with fences,
property rights, the Colt repeater pistol and the Winchester rifle overwhelmed
the indigenous populations of the west.
The era was marked by notable atrocities. In 1864 the Cheyenne confined to
an ‘Indian post’ at Sand Creek were murdered en masse by Colonel Chivington.
A former Methodist preacher, Chivington, and his militiamen were recruited by
Governor John Evans of Colorado to eradicate the Cheyenne and Arapahoe tribes
after they refused to either sell their land or agree to settlement on Indian reservations. On the pretext of a few violent incidents, Chivington attacked Indian villages
and raised them to the ground.
At Sand Creek, a peaceable tribal chieftain called Black Kettle and his encampment were attacked with canon and rifles. Fleeing men, women and children were
butchered. Robert Bent witnessed the slaughter; he later recounted that
they sent out a little girl about six years old with a white flag on a stick; she had not
proceeded but a few steps when she was shot and killed. . . . The squaws offered no
resistance. Every one I saw dead was scalped. I saw one squaw cut open with an unborn
child. . . . I saw the body of White Antelope with the privates cut off, and I heard a
soldier say he was going to make a tobacco pouch out of them. . . .’32
Given these events, Black Kettle was remarkably restrained when he complained
that ‘I once thought that I was the only man that persevered to be the friend of the
White man, but since they came and cleaned out our lodges, horses and everything
else, it is hard for me to believe white men any more.’33
The unrelenting march of the Westerners may have suffered a famed reverse
when General Custer and his troop of 264 men were killed by the Sioux at Little Big
Horn in 1876, but by this date the end game of Indian extermination was already
in sight. Gold had been found in the Black Hills belonging to the Sioux, and the
miners could pay for protection whatever the niceties of law. The Sioux warrior
Crazy Horse was captured and then murdered, while Chief Sitting Bull was put
into an Indian reservation before being ‘rescued’ to appear in Buffalo Bill’s ‘Wild
West Show’ in Europe.
With the removal of the Indian threat, commercial development of the Great
Plains could begin. Between 1866 and 1888, cowboys drove some 6 million head
of cattle from Texas for wintering on the high plains of Colorado. Competition
came from sheep farmers and settlers, who under the 1862 Homesteader Act were
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American Empire and Its Competitors America: 1621–1945
23
granted 160 acres of land as long as it was farmed for five years. Competition for
land and water resources spurred numbers of range wars and became the bedrock
of the Hollywood ‘Western’. The Lincoln County War of 1878 spawned the career
of legendary gunfighter William Bonney, alias Billy the Kid, while competition
between cattle barons and homesteaders resulted in the 1892 Johnson County War,
sometimes known as the Wyoming Civil War; this episode was reprised in Michael
Cimino’s epic ‘western’ Heaven’s Gate (1980). The short-lived life of the open range
came to an end after a series of harsh winters in the late 1880s and was gradually
replaced by fenced-in ranches.
It was only with the completion of the destruction of the American Indian,
involving, over the course of a century, more than 1,250 military engagements with
the indigenous tribes, that the government in Washington was spurred into action
to define an Indian policy. Although the East Coast establishment may frequently
have been appalled by the numerous atrocities committed against the Indians, it
was unlikely that the animal spirits of the frontiersmen could have been restrained
even if they had tried.
When the 1887 Dawes Act arrived, it was designed more to civilise and incorporate the Indians into American life than to defend their ancient rights. It took
another 14 years before the five so-called civilised tribes of Oklahoma were offered
American citizenship. Remarkably, it was only in 1924 that citizenship of America
was granted to all Indians; there can be no more telling indication that the Indian
natives were a conquered and largely eradicated race and victims of the astonishing
advance of the American Empire. Even after the Dawes Act, Indian land holdings
declined from 138 million acres in 1887 to 48 million acres in 1937.
Population, Gold and the Pioneer Spirit
The American Empire, which so imbuded, was made possible, not so much by the
grand designs of government but by the pioneering spirit which so imbued America’s early inhabitants. De facto, those who were prepared to uproot themselves
from their European abodes to make the hazardous journey to the New World were
inevitably pioneers by nature. A British observer noted that Americans venture
as their avidity and restlessness incite them. They acquire no attachment to place; but
wandering about seems engrafted in their nature; and it is weakness incident to it that
they should forever imagine the land further off, are still better than those upon which
they are already settled.34
Nothing typified this spirit more than the 1849 California Gold Rush; the goldhunter and writer James Hutchings wrote,
Never, since the Roman legionary shadowed the earth with their eagles, in search of
spoil not even when Spain ravished the wealth of a world, or England devastated
the Indies for its treasures never has such a gorgeous treasury been opened to the
astonished world.35
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24
EMPIRES AT WAR
Another speculator succumbing to the lure of gold wrote,
Piles of Gold rose up before me at every step; castles of marble, dazzling the eye with
their rich appliances; thousands of slaves bowing to my beck and call; myriads of fair
virgins contending with each other for my love were among the fancies of my fevered
imagination. The Rothschilds, Girards, and Astors appeared to me but poor people.
In short, I had a violent attack of gold fever.36
The California Gold Fever initiated one of the greatest human transmigrations.
Few were made wealthy, but the Gold Rush enabled the rapid population of the
states of the Western seaboard; the potato famine in Ireland contributed a sizeable
contingent, but in truth, gold fever spread the globe over. From South America,
Australia, Europe and China, the speculators endured the hardships of passage and
poured into San Francisco. By 1853 California’s gold-hunters numbered more than
250,000; indeed, immigration into America as a whole reached a peak of 427,833
in 1854.
California was not the only new state to be populated by gold and mining generally. George Hearst, the most successful of the miners, went to the Black Hills of
Dakota where he found ore which could be quarried rather than mined; he bought
some 250 claims covering 2,600 acres. Albeit relatively low grade, the ‘Homestake’ mine became profitable in 1879 and in the next 20 years yielded profits of
US$ 80 million. The Hearst fortune would later be turned into a vast media empire by William Randolph Hearst. Another great gold fortune was made by Leland
Stanford, a New Yorker, who became a lawyer in Wisconsin before being lured to
California to start a grocery and general store business; by taking shares in exchange for provisions, he became a prodigiously rich citizen of Sacramento which
would lead to his chartering of the Leland Stanford Junior University in 1885 and
its construction at a horse farm that he owned at Palo Alto.
Gold discovered in the Rocky Mountains near Pike’s Peak, named after the military explorer Montgomery Zuberon Pike, brought thousands to Colorado and
populated the cities of Denver and Boulder. The discovery of telluride (a compound of gold with the very rare metallic element tellurium: Te) provided the
name of a booming Colorado mining town, spawning a wealthy bank which provided the first target for ‘The Hole in the Wall Gang’, whose leaders were immortalised in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (the 1969 film starring Robert Redford
and Paul Newman). By 1880, however, it was Leadville which had become Colorado’s second largest city. In Montana and Arizona it was the discovery of copper
which provided the initial lure for pioneers. In Arizona the discovery of the famed
Anaconda Mine allowed its owner Phelps-Dodge to dominate the economy and
politics of the entire state. In 1896 the discovery of gold along the River Klondike
brought an estimated 30,000 fortune hunters to Alaska.
America could not have expanded without people; perversely its growth was
enabled by the industrialisation of Europe, which saw the continent’s population
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American Empire and Its Competitors America: 1621–1945
25
rise from 150 million in 1750 to over 400 million by 1900. Emigration to America proved a natural outlet for this flow of humanity. When famine intermittently
struck Europe, America with its vast and inexpensive stock of land now beckoned.
From 1815 onwards, what had been a trickle of settlers turned into a flood, and
some 100,000 people a year landed in America, without having to show any identification papers. Land was sold cheaply to the new setters in Georgia and Ohio.
The ‘American dream’ was made possible by acquisition of land, and many of its
leaders were prime beneficiaries. Both President Jackson and his Secretary of State
Martin Van Buren became multi-millionaires on the back of land speculation.
Legends of the Conquest of America
The conquest of America was patriotically recalled in How the West Was won, a 1962
Hollywood epic; the movie traces the story of a single family, over four generations, who, starting in New York state, make their way westward to find land
and fortune, ending up at the Pacific Ocean. This collaborative epic, directed by
John Ford and other Hollywood titans, had a Hollywood ensemble star cast which
included Spencer Tracy, Gregory Peck, James Stewart, Debbie Reynolds, John
Wayne, Richard Widmark, George Peppard, Henry Fonda, Van Heflin, Lee Van
Cleef and many others; it was a sentimental and unabashed glorification of American expansionism.
If the film glossed over some of the rougher and more unsavoury aspects of the
great settler expansion across the American continent, the breadth of its story and
thrust of its narrative truly reflected the extraordinary transformation wrought by
the pioneering American families. Wyatt Earp, the US Marshall who became most
famous for a gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, was a typical product of this generation of Americans. Ultimately, Earp’s legendary career merged
with the fictional world of Hollywood. He ended his life working as a consultant
on ‘Western’ movies in Hollywood, sometimes appearing in them as an ‘extra’.
He befriended Hollywood actors. John Wayne recalled that his famed portrayals
of cowboys were imbued with knowledge gleaned from meeting Wyatt Earp. The
veteran gunslinger died at the age of 81 in Los Angeles and was buried in his wife’s
family’s plot at the Little Hills of Eternity, a Jewish cemetery in Colma.
Earp’s family history can be traced to the East Coast in 1787 when his paternal grandfather, later a school teacher and Methodist preacher, was born in Montgomery County, Maryland. They are thought to have been of Irish decent possibly
arriving as indentured servants in the seventeenth century from Ireland with the
name, Harp. They moved to North Carolina where Wyatt Earp’s father, Nicholas
Earp, was born, and later to Kentucky. Nicholas Earp served in the American army
and named his son Wyatt after his commanding officer in the Illinois Mounted
Volunteers with whom he fought in the Mexican–American War, which secured
California and other territories for the rapidly expanding USA.
Pike-5480004
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October 20, 2009
12:10
Index
4th June Incident see Tiananmen Square
Abas, Salleh, 537
Abdullah, Farooq, 363, 612, 618
Abdullah, Sheik Muhammad, 290, 363
Abe Haruhiko, 327
ABRI see Armed Forces of the Republic
of Indonesia
Aceh Merdeka see Free Aceh Movement
Acheson, Dean, 297, 753
Bretton Woods, 731
Chiang Kai Shek, 176, 421
Cold War, 106, 108, 114, 197, 259,
282, 422
France, 730
India, 292
Indonesia, 214
Japan, 133, 138
Mao, 118–119, 282, 707
McCarthy, 120
Philippines, 175
UN Atomic Commission, 64, 105
Vietnam, 154
Adams, Brooks, 32
Adams, Eddie, 446
Adams, John (playwright), 431
Adams, John Quincy, 13, 16, 30, 54, 55
Adams-Onis Treaty see Treaty of Florida
Adie, Kate, 631
Adjie, Major General, 545
Affonco, Denise, 514
Afghanistan, 113, 427, 503, 594, 608,
694–697, 699–702, 720, 721, 735,
742, 744, 745, 746
Agency for International Development
(AID), 281
Agnew, Spiro, 451, 463, 479
Ah Feng see Jenny Chen
Ahmed, Fakhruddin, 723
Ahmed, Iajuddin, 723
Ahmed, Mushtaque, 570, 751
Ahsan, Syed, 299, 300
AIADMK see All India Anna Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam
Aidit, Dipa Nusantara, 378, 381, 382–386
Ailing Soong, 123
Ainu people, 45
Akali Dal Party, 364, 617
Akihito, Emperor, 82
Al-Qaeda, 702, 720, 746
Alam, Runa, xii, 436, 575
Alamo, The, 15, 16
Alaska, 3, 24, 27, 43
Albar, Syed Jaafar, 238, 239, 241
Albright, Madeleine, 557, 566, 567,
610, 701
Aldrin, Edwin, 451
Aletzhauser, Albert, 636
Alexander I, Emperor, 43
Alexander II, Emperor, 43
Alexander, A.V., 248
Alexander the Great, 509
Ali, Ameer, 300
Ali, Chaudri Mohammad, 303
Ali, Choudhary Rahmat, 182
Ali, Shahed, 304
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam, 719
All India Congress, 299
All India Muslim League, 95, 182–183,
186, 190–191, 299–302, 304, 306,
439, 722
Allen, Ethan, 12
Allen, Woody, 445
Allied Council for Japan (ACJ), 131
Alling, Paul, 300
All-Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference
see National Conference (NC)
Almond, General, 260, 263
Pike-5480004
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October 20, 2009
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822
Alton, Clyde, 260
Amanpour, Christiane, xix
Ambedkar, Dr., 289
America, United States of, xviii, Chapter 1
(American Empire and Its Competitors,
3–61)
Afghanistan, 720
Asia, 660, 661
Bangladesh, 437,
Bretton Woods, 731, 748
Burma, 606, 608
Cambodia, Chapter 37 (The Bombing of
Cambodia, 456–466)
Chiang Kai Shek, 123, 124, 127
China, 78, 108, 114, 116, 117, 120, 197,
258, 267, 403, Chapter 34 (Nixon in
China, 420–432), 469, 476, 586,
707, 742
constitution, 12, 19
Deng Xiaoping, 585–588, 632
domino theory, 108
drugs, 609, 610
economy, 32, 35, 748, 752
empire, xix, xx, xxi, 30, 34, 39, 43, 48,
52, 53, 55, 56, 101, 110, 179, 728,
747, 755
European Union, 751
foreign aid, 109, 293, 732
founding of, 3, 10,
France, 154, 157
Free trade, 54, 733
Gandhi, Indira, 353, 354
Gandhi, Rajiv, 614
geopolitical objectives, 114
global supremacy, 746, 749
gold rush, 18, 21, 23–24
Great Britain, 14, 244, 47
Great Depression, 731
Hitler, Adolph, 727
Ho Chi Minh, 144
Hong Kong, 248, 250, 251,
human rights, 739
independence, 10, 11
India, 291, 292, 293, 656, 658
Indonesia, 213, 214, 215, 379, 387, 548,
555, 717
industry and trade, 102, 137, 138, 731
Index
international law, 738–739
isolationism, 40, 50, 109
Japan, xvi, 40, 44, 49, 50, Chapter 2
(Potsdam, Hiroshima and the Atom Bomb,
61–69), 87, 90, 93, 138, 332, 333,
336, 337, 338, 636, 639, 642, 643,
646, 727, 731, 732
Korea, North, 323, 324, 325, 565, 567
Korea, South, 156, 192, 193, 197, 257,
258, 267, 268, 280
Mahathir, Dr., 540
Malaysia, 219, 231
Marshall Plan, 112
McCarthyite witchhunt, 111
migration, 4, 7–9, 24, 25
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation), 730
navy, 4, 30, 39
Nehru, 287, 292, 293, 307
nuclear arms, 620
Pakistan, 300, 304, 308, 358, 502, 694,
695, 698, 700, 702, 721
Philippines, 33, 157, 170–172, 174,
175, 178, 479–481, 483, 486, 487,
576, 580
power, 105, 111
railroads, 19–20
SEATO (South East Asia Treaty
Organisation), 156, 225, 731
self determinism, 733, 754
slaves, 9, 13
Sri Lanka, 408, 723
Soviet Union, 106, 107, 729, 740, 753
Stalin, 127, 198
Taiwan, 280, 281, 283, 684, 685–687,
692, 707
Thailand, 159, 163, 164, 166, 488,
UN (United Nations), 105, 726, 745
Vietnam, 141, 147, 148, 153, Chapter 30
(Kennedy: Vietnam and the Vienna Summit,
366–374), 391, Chapter 32 (LBJ and
the Vietnam Quagmire, 391–405),
Chapter 36 (Tet Offensive: Lost Victories,
441–455), 732, 735, 736, 737
World War II, 108
American Indians, 7, 9–11, 18, 20–23,
26–29, 33, 43, 45, 54
Pike-5480004
pike5480004_ind
October 20, 2009
12:10
823
Index
American State Department, 65, 78, 87,
106, 110–111, 113, 119–120, 127,
154, 164, 174, 175, 177, 198, 215,
219, 239, 259, 264, 282, 306, 373,
424, 425, 426, 429, 430, 435, 436,
478, 479, 481–482, 500, 552, 610,
636, 693, 697, 701, 722
Amery, Leo, 220, 224
Amethyst, HMS, 247
Amin, Samir, 515
Amity, Treaty of (1855), 45
Amnesty International, 416, 480, 547
Anami, Korechika, 67–69
Anderson, Benedict, 383
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, 211
Anglo-Malaysian Defence Agreement, 229
Anhua Gao, 271
Annan, Kofi, 543
Annan, Kojo, 595
Anne, Princess Royal, 364
Anslinger, Harry, 610
Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABM), 426, 428
Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League
(AFPFL)(Burma), 203, 204–208,
600, 602
Anwar Ibrahim, 536, 541–543, 714
Aphaiwond, Khuang, 164
Aquino, Benigno, Chapter 39, 476, 477, 578
Aquino, Corazon ‘Cory’, 483–485, 486,
Chapter 49, 716
Araki, General, 48
Ari Sigit, 550
Arif, Khalid Mahmud, 695
Arizona, USS, xvii
Armacost, Michael, 485, 697
Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia
(ABRI), 212, 553, 554, 556
Armed Forces Strategic Intelligence Agency
(Bais ABRI), 547
Armstrong, Neil, 451
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN),
373, 400, 444, 445, 449, 452, 453,
462, 463
Arroyo, Joker, 577, 578
Arunachalam, Dr. V.S., 655
Asaka, Prince, 82, 86, 91
ASEM, 540
Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation
(APEC), 540
Asia Watch, 527, 547
Asiatic Ordinance Bill, 97
Asquith, H.H., 101
Assam (State), 199, 287, 617–618
Association of South East Asia (ASA), see
Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN), 225, 229, 230, 537, 533,
609, 610, 611, 662, 670, 713
Atlantic Charter (1941), 50
Attlee, Clement, 62, 63, 68, 100, 109, 184,
185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 204,
205, 206, 259, 407, 600
Attygalle, General, 410
Aubrac, Raymond, 402
Auchinleck, Sir Claude, 186
Auden, W.H., 352
Augusta, USS, 62, 179
Aung Gyi, 602
Aung San Suu Kyi, xviii, xix, Chapter 15,
600, 601, 611, 718
Awami (People’s) League, 302, 309,
434–436, 499, 501, 569, 572–574,
722, 723
Axis Powers (WWII), 51, 56, 104, 141,
142, 181, 353
Aye San, 606
Aye Saung, 603
Ayub, Gauhar, 433
Aziz, 226
Ba Maw, 201
Ba Nyein, 603
Ba Pa, 207
Ba Swe, 602
Baba, Ghafar, 229, 536, 537, 541
Babar, Moghul Emperor, 621
Babar, Naseerullah, 594, 701
Babel, Isaak, 728, 729
Bachchan, Amitabh, 616
Badawi, Abdullah, 714
Bai Chongxi, 72
Bais ABRI see Armed Forces Strategic
Intelligence Agency
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October 20, 2009
12:10
824
Baker, George, 634
Baker, James, 637
BAKSAL, 569–570
Balasingham, Anton, 413
Baldwin, Reverend James, 204, 208
Baldwin, Stanley, 100
Balfour, Arthur, 46, 47
Banchongsak, Chippensuk, 165
Bandaranaike, Anura, 412
Bandaranaike, Chandrika, 411, 418–419,
723–724
Bandaranaike, S.W.R.D. (Solomon),
407–408, 412
Bandaranaike, Sirima, 296
Bandaranaike, Sirimavo (Ratwatte),
408–413, 418
Bandung Conference (1955), 379
Bangkok International Banking Facility
(BIBF), 663
Bangladesh, xviii, 199, 358, Chapter 35,
499, 500, Chapter 48, 592, 598, 610,
617, 719, 722–723, 732
Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), 572,
573, 574, 722–723
Bank Bumiputra, 226, 539
Bank for International Settlements
(BIS), 640
Bao Dai, 142, 151, 152, 155, 369
Barber, Stephen 250
Barisan Nasional (United Front), 227, 229
Barre, Jean, 561
Barthes, Roland, 515
Bartlett, Charles, 374
Baruch, Bernard, 215
Bataan Death March, The, 86, 131, 171
Battenberg, Louis see Mountbatten, Louis
Battle, Jimmy, 207
Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC)
(Hong Kong), 676
Bastian, Father (Tamil Catholic Priest), 415
Baxter, Craig, 723, 724
Beaton, Cecil, 355
Beaverbrook, Lord, 124
Beg, Aslam, 594, 698
Bell Trade Act, 174, 177
Belonogov, Alexander, 734
Benda, H.J., 389
Index
Bengal (Region), 94, 180, 181, 186–189,
199, 302, 309, 359, 433–436, 440,
569, 571, 658 Bay of Bengal, 359, 575
Bent, Robert, 22
Berger, Sandy, 52
Bernard, Henri, 92
Bernstein, Carl, 451
Besant, Annie, 95, 98, 353, 720
Bevan, Ernest, 63
Beveridge, Albert, 33
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 361, 597, 621,
622, 718, 719
Bhave, Vinoba, 181, 286, 359
Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh, 364
Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand,
xviii, 160, 165, 166, 491, 494, 495,
497, 713
Bhutto, Benazir, xviii, 500, Chapter 51
(Benazir and Sharif: The Rise and Fall of
the Demagogues, 592–599), 700, 701,
721, 722
Bhutto, Murtaza, 592, 595
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, xviii, 304, 307, 308,
362, 434, 435, 437, 438, Chapter 41
(Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Mohammed Zia
ul-Haq, 498–505), 592, 594, 598, 599,
693, 694
Bhutto-Zardari, Bilawal, 722
Bianco, Lucien, 278
Biddle, James, 32
Bin Laden, Osama, 696, 701, 720, 744
Bingham, Hiram, 28
Binh Xuyen, 369–370
Birch, John, 126, 331
Birla, G.D., 96
Bismarck, 7, 423
BJP see Bharatiya Janata Party
Black Kettle, 22
Black, Lord Conrad, 51, 374, 425,
456, 737
Black, Sir Robert, 249, 672, 675
Blackett, P.M.S., 64
Blake, George, 267
Blair, Neville, 189
Blair, Tony, 650, 681, 682
Blavatsky, Madame, 95
Blum, Leon, 144, 150
Pike-5480004
pike5480004_ind
October 20, 2009
12:10
Index
Blum, William, 461
Bogra, Mohammad Ali, 302
Bohlen, Charles, 65, 113, 259, 753
Bolivar, Simon, 6
Bonaparte, Charles-Louis-Napoleon
(Napolean III), 7, 148
Bonaparte, Joseph, 6
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 5, 6, 13, 14, 86, 131,
158, 424, 509, 592
Bonney, William ‘Billy the Kid’, 23
Borden, Sir Richard, 39
Borodin, Mikhail, 122, 145
Bose, Subhas Chandra, 92, 98, 103,
181, 286,
Boston Tea Party, 11
Boun Oum, 372
Bowie, Jim, 16
Bowles, Chester, 306, 354
Boworadet, Prince, 161
Boxer Rebellion, 31
Boyle, Danny, 652
Buchan, John, 104
Buchanan, James, 30
Buchanan, Pat, 446, 463
Buffalo Bill, 22
Bullough, Mark, 658
Bumiputra Malaysia Finance (BMF), 539
Bundy, George, 306, 396,
Burgess, Guy, 118
Burgoyne, General, 11
Burma, xviii, 50, 62, 63, 86, 102, 142, 163,
164, 168, Chapter 15 (Aung San:
Revolutionary and Turncoat, 199–209),
235, 289, 427, 457, 490, 496, Chapter
52 (The Narcotic State, 600–611), 697,
699, 706, 718, 747, 751
Burma Act, Government of, 200
Burma Defense Army see Burma
National Army
Burmese Independence Army (BIA),
201–202
Burma National Army (BNA), 203–206
Burma National Defence Alliance Army, 607
Buscayno, Dante, 477
Bush, George (Senior), 338, 430, 437, 482,
509, 565–567, 578, 592, 593, 634,
641, 687, 698, 699, 741–744
825
Bush, George W., 566, 567, 592, 698, 707,
708, 710, 714, 720, 721, 722
Bush, Prescott, 641
Bradley, Omar, 110, 264, 265
Brahmachari, Dhirendra, 352
Bremridge, Sir John, 674
Bretton Woods, 51, 52, 315, 333–334, 338,
491, 731–732, 747–748, 752, 754
Brezhnev, Leonid, xviii, 230, 318, 319, 323,
427–429, 450, 525, 734, 735, 755
Brezhnev Doctrine, The, 427, 585
Briggs, Sir Harold, 223
Briggs Plan, The, 223
Brines, Russell, 83
Brinkley, David, 374, 485
British Military Administration (BMA),
219, 220,
Brown, Malcolm, 448
Brown, Ron, 744
Bruce, David, 430
Bryan, William Jennings, 37
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 586, 685, 739
Buu Dang, Father, 443
Byrnes, James, 64, 66–68, 81, 88
Byroade, Henry, 478
C. Turner Joy, USS, 395
Cabot Lodge Jr., Henry, 33, 371, 395, 405,
Callaghan, James, 68, 364
Calley, William, 446–447
Cambodia, xvii, 148, 154, 155, 162, 163,
165, 167, 169, 230, 321, 367, 368,
371, 375, 387, 397, 399–404, 424,
427, 445, 448, 452, Chapter 37 (The
Bombing of Cambodia, 456–466), 493,
Chapter 42 (Pol Pot: Deconstructionism
and Genocide, 506–517), 619, 705,
724–725, 732, 736, 737, 739
Cambon, Jules, 55
Camdessus, Michel, 556, 666, 667
Camil, Scott, 447
Camp David, 346
Canada, 13, 14, 18–19, 30, 156, 267,
300, 662
Canavan, Dennis, 562
Cao dai (religion), 369
Cao Diqiu, 342
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Capone, Al, 91
Caribbean, 15, 29–30, 33, 35,
Caribbean War, 33, 37
Carnegie, Andrew, 36
Carson, Kit, 18
Carter, Jimmy, 314, 480–482, 493,
501–503, 528, 564, 565, 585, 586,
685, 686, 689, 694–695, 739, 740
Carter, John, 373
Carter, Tom, 701
Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 127
Cartland, Barbara, 185
Carr, E.H., 44
Carrian Group, The, 539
Carron, Robert, 62
Casey, William, 483, 696
Cassel, Sir Ernest, 185,
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, 5, 14, 423
Castro, Fidel, 375
Ceausescu, Nikolai, 425
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 117,
306, 451
Afghanistan, 695, 696
Burma, 602
drugs, 168, 605
founding, 113
Indochina, 167, 461, 462,
Indonesia, 387, 550
Iran, 177
Hong Kong, 247
Japan, 88
Kuomintang, 604
methods, 168, 176, 247
mythology, xxi, 752
Korea, South, 196
Korea, North, 258, 262, 565
Pakistan, 303, 697, 698, 699
Philippines, 175, 176, 178, 476, 478, 483
role, 113, 114, 732
Soviet Union, 120
Central Office South Vietnam
(COSVN), 463
Central Organisation of the Indonesian
Socialist Employees (SOKSI), 380
Cercle Marxiste, 507
Ceylon see Sri Lanka
Ceylon Workers Congress (CWC), 412
Index
Chaebol (Korean Business Conglomerates)
531, 533, 665
Chai Ling, 631
Chang Chun Hong, 691
Chang Fa Kwei, 146
Chang, Iris, 70
Chang Myon, 311, 312, 314
Charles, Prince of Wales, 682
Charney, Joel, 510
Charusathian, Praphas, 490, 491, 495
Chatichai Choonhavan, 496
Chatwin, Bruce, 362
Chaudhry, Cecil, 503
Chaudhry, Iftikhar Muhammad, 721
Cheju, Island of, 312
Chen Boda, 347, 349, 470
Chen Cheng, 129, 281–282
Chen Duxiu, 74,
Chen Hang Seng, 275
Chen I, 282
Chen, Jenny (Ah Feng), 122, 123
Chen Shui Bian, 707
Chen Wei Chen, 604
Chen Yanghao, 279
Chen Yi, 128, 129, 248, 471
Chen Yun, 275, 526, 587, 626, 627, 629
Cheney, Dick, 580
Chennault, Clair, 604
Chenvidyakam, Montri, 488
Cheong Yip Seng, 237
Chiang Ching Kuo, 129, 278, 280, 687–689
Chiang Hsiao Wu, 688
Chiang Kai Shek, xviii, 75, 80, 129, 145,
176, 431
American support (or lack of), 108, 118,
119, 120, 121, 126, 127, 282, 283,
284
character, 77, 123, 124
civil war, 72, 75, 77, 116, 126, 138
defeat, xix, 110, 151, 421, 671
Japan, 88, 125, 142, 194, 243
Hong Kong, 245, 247
Kuomintang, 77, 279
Meiling, (wife) 123, 124, 168
Military conduct, 70, 77, 125
Son, Chiang Ching Kuo, 278, 280
Soviet Union, 72, 116, 117, 127
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Index
Taiwan, flight to, Chapter 8 (Chiang Kai
Shek and the Flight to Taiwan, 122– 129),
79, 116, 128, 604
Taiwan rule, 128, 129
Vietnam, 148
World War II, 71
Chiang Meiling (Madame Chiang), 123, 124,
168
Chidambaram, P.V., 651, 656, 657, 720
Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA)
(Bangladesh), 571
Chik, Rahim Tamby, 541
Chin Kee Onn, 219
Chin Peng, 222, 235
China, xii, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, 3, 24,
28, 32, 68, Chapter 3 (Mao and the
Chinese Revolution, 70–80), 115, 120,
138, 155, 175, 192, Chapter 21 (The
Great Leap Forward, 269–276), 288,
Chapter 28 (The Cultural Revolution,
340–350), 367, 378, Chapter 34 (Nixon
in China, 420–432), Chapter 38
(Revolution’s End: The Deaths of Mao, Zhou
Enlai and Lin Biao, 467–474), Chapter
43 (The Gang of Four, 521–526),
Chapter 54 (The Tiananmen Square
Massacre, 624–635), 668, 696, 705,
706, 746, 747, 749, 751
agriculture, 78, 80, 273, 275
America, 39, 47, 48, 108, 110, 114, 118,
119, 121, 124, 125, 147, 156, 176,
258, 261, 420–432, 689, 707, 730,
732, 740, 742, 743, 745, 755
Bangladesh, 569
Burma, 199, 201,202, 600, 604–606,
609–611
Cambodia, 461, 464, 515–517
Chiang Kai Shek, 71, 72, 128, 151
Deng Xiaoping, 584–587, 591, 627, 628,
630, 673, 691, 719, 739
economy, 588, 589, 626, 634, 662, 670,
743, 748, 752
government, 29
Great Britain, 124
Hong Kong, 243–245, 247–250, 252,
253, Chapter 58 (A Bungled Surrender,
671–683)
827
India, 292, 294, 295, 296, 307, 619, 651,
659
Indonesia, 210, 211, 381, 554
Japan, 46, 50, 70, 83, 84, 86, 88, 92, 93,
122, 125, 132, 330, 335, 338, 709
Korea, 192, 194, 197, 262, 265–268,
312, 314, 319, 320, 322–324, 529,
558, 562, 564, 566, 567, 710
Kuomintang, 127, 278
Lee Kuan Yew, 232, 240
Lin Biao, 76, 467, 471
Malaysia, 217, 222, 223, 229
Mao, 73, 74, 75, 106, 269, 344, 347,
350, 625
nuclear weapons, 112
Pakistan, 306, 358, 434, 436–438, 498,
597, 699
population, 269, 270
Russia, 43
Singapore, 715
Soviet Union, 57, 113, 116, 117, 126,
346, 391, 687, 688
Sun Yat Sen, 279
Taiwan, 277, 280–284, Chapter 59 (One
China or Two?, 684–692), 707
Thailand, 159, 165–168, 455, 490, 491,
493
United Nations, 728, 746
Vietnam, 146–148, 151, 154, 157, 366,
374, 395–397, 399, 400, 403–405,
448, 449, 451, 724
China Aid Act (1948), 119, 280
Chindits, the, 203
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 272–274,
467–468, 673
Chinese Nationalist Party see Kutomintang
(KMT)
Chirac, Jacques, 694, 746
Chistiakov, Vladimir, 195
Chivington, John, 22
Choi Kyu Hah, 527
Chollima (Flying Horse) Movement,
319, 367
Chomanand, Kriangsak, 493
Chomsky, Noam, 47, 48, 53, 454,
735, 737
Chongkittavorn, Kavi, 668
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828
Chowdhury, Abdul Fazal Muhammad
Ahsanuddin, 573
Chowdhury, Abu Sayeed, 569
Chua, Ferdinand, 475
Chuang Tse-tung, 429
Chulalongkorn the Great,
King, 159
Chun Doo Hwan, 527–532
Chun Yen, 625
Chung Ju Yung, 531–532
Chung Seung-Hwa, 527
Chung Tae Soo, 665
Chundrigar I.I., 302, 304
Churchill, Winston, 108, 184, 285,
297, 369
America, 106
China, 124
Hong Kong, 243, 244, 248
India, 96, 97, 101, 179, 180, 181,
183, 187
Japan, 194
Malaysia, 219
Mountbatten, Lord, 185, 204
Potsdam, 62, 63, 64, 115
Roosevelt, 50, 51
SEATO, 156
Soviet Union, 105
Christie, Agatha, 185
Christison, Lieutenant General, 214
Christopher, Warren, 566, 609,
610, 699
CIA see Central Intelligence Agency
Clancy, Tom, 535
Clark Air Base (Clark Field), 174, 175, 379,
479, 486, 580
Clark, Clifford, 371
Clark, William Smith, 45
Clemenceau, Georges, 47, 154
Cleveland, Grover, 29–30
Clinton, William ‘Bill’, 29, 52, 556,
565–566, 596–597, 609–610, 660,
698–702, 706, 711, 736,
743–745, 752
Cobbold Commission, 224
Cockburn, George, 14
Coercive Acts, The, 11
Cojuangco, Eduardo, 476, 578, 581
Index
Cojuangco, Maria Corazon see Aquino, Cory
Colby, William, 462
COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance), 558
Comintern, The, xxi, 44, 116, 122, 145,
146, 171, 330,
Committee of Good Offices (CGO), 214
Committee to Re-Elect the President
(CRP), 451
Communist Party of Burma (CPB), 600,
602, 603, 605–607, 609, 611
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP),
474, 477, 487, 725
Communities Liaison Committee, 221
Condron, Andrew, 266
Connally, John, 242
Conquest, Robert, 114, 728
Constable, Peter, 693
Cook, James, 27, 28
Cook, Robin, 682
Coolidge, Calvin, 39
Coppola, Francis Ford, 397
Cornell, Erik, 558, 559, 560
Courtis, Dr. Ken, 670
Cowan, Glenn, 429
Coward, Noel, 452
Cowperthwaite, John, 250–251
Craddock, Sir Percy, 674, 679, 680
Cranborne, Robert, 220
Cripps, Sir Stafford, 181,
183, 184
Crockett, David
Crook, David and Isabel, 76
Crouch, Bernard, 551
Crowe, William J., 482–483
Cuba, 3, 6, 28–30, 33, 37, 41, 319,
744, 751
Cuban Revolution, The, 30
Cuban War see Caribbean War
Cultural Revolution, The, 162, 248, 249,
270, 320, 322, 338, Chapter 28 (The
Cultural Revolution, 340–350), 387,
467, 469, 470–474, 508, 509, 513,
517, 523–525, 584, 586, 624–626,
630–631, 633
Curtis, Gerlad, 650
Curzon, George, 46–47
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Custer, George, 22, 260
Cyane, USS, 31
D’Argenlieu, Georges, 149,
D’Estaing, Giscard, 694
Da Chen, 342
Dalai Lama, The, 295, 687
Dalam, Jusuf Muda, 389
Dalim, Major, 572
Dana, Richard, 17
Dang Xuan Khu, 150
Daoud, Sardar Mohammed, 694
Davies, John Paton, 119, 373
Dawes Act, 23
De Castries, Christian, 154
De Cuellar, Perez, 725
De Gaulle, Charles,127, 142, 149, 154,
157, 374, 421, 730
De Jonge, Bonifacius, 212
De Lattre de Tassigny, Jean, 152
De Silva, K.M., 411
De Silva, Mervyn, 619
De Silva, Nimal, 415
De Tocqueville, Alexis, 3
Dean, John Gunther, 509
Dear Leader, The see Kim Jong Il
Decoux, Jean, 141, 142
Deepthroat, see Mark Felt
Defence Services Institute (DSI)(Burma),
601, 603
Delfs, Robert, 641
Delian League, xx, 732
Delors, Jacques, 585
Demilitarised Zone (DMZ)(Korea),
321, 323
Demilitarised Zone (DMZ)(Vietnam), 450
Deming, William Edward, 332
Democratic Action Party (DAP), 226
Democratic Liberal Party (DLP)(Korea),
531–534
Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ), 709
Democratic Progressive Party
(DPP)(Taiwan), 688–691
Democratic Socialist Party
(DSP)(Japan), 330
Deng Xiaoping, xviii, xix, 79, 275, 346,
Chapter 50 (Deng Xiaoping: ‘Capitalist
829
Roader No.2’, 583–591), 583, 584, 585,
659, 751
America, 586, 587, 588, 624, 686, 739
Cambodia, 517
character, 585
economics, 274, 276, 281, 472, 525,
558, 587, 589, 626, 691, 719, 743
Hong Kong, 682, 672–676, 682
Korea, 324, 529
Mao, 471, 472, 523, 625
military commissar, 72, 77, 584
pragmatism, 76, 526, 746
purging of, 341, 521, 522
socialism, 590, 591, 625
Taiwan, 685
Tiananmen Square Massacre,
627–635, 706
Deng Yingzhao, 526
DePuy, William, 398
Derian, Patricia ‘Pat’, 480–481
Derrida, Jacques, 515
Desai, Morarji, 354, 356, 359–362
Dev, Arjan, 364
Devaud, Daniel, 595
Dhani, Omar, 380, 383, 389
Dharmasakti, Dr. Sanya, 491
Dhawan, R.K., 621
Diah, B.M., 380, 553
Dickens, Charles, 9, 655
Dien Bien Phu, Battle of, xviii, Chapter 10
(Ho Chi Minh and the Battle of Dien Bien
Phu, 141–157), 442, 443, 458, 730
Diet, The (Japan), 46, 82, 138, 328–329,
331, 337, 646, 647, 649, 650
Dili, Massacre of Timorese at (1991), 553
Dillon, Douglas, 281
Diponegoro, Prince, 211
Diponegoro Division, The, 383, 384, 545
Dixit, J.N., 355
Dixon, Sir Owen, 291
Dobbs-Higginson, Michael, 96
Dobrynin, Anatol, 450
Doc Lap Dong Minh Hot see League for the
Independence of Vietnam
Dodge, Joseph, 138–139
Dohini, Robert, 91
Dole, Sanford B., 29
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Dole, Robert ‘Bob’, 685, 702
Domenach, Jean-Luc, 273, 276
Dominican Republic, 29, 35–36, 41
Dongeui University (Pusan), 531
Donoughmore, Lord, 406
Donovan, William ‘Wild Bill’, 168
Dorman-Smith, Governor, 205, 206, 208
Dornbusch, Rudiger, 663
Doronila, Amando, 576
Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 454
Doyle, James, 260
Driberg, Tom, 204, 208, 258
Drinan, Robert, 465
Drucker, Peter, 332
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)(USA),
605, 611
Dulles, John Foster, 110, 111, 155, 168,
177, 223, 267, 293, 303, 313, 421,
424, 431, 730
Du Yuesheng (Big Eared Du), 123
Duong Hoa, Dr., 442
Dutch see Netherlands
Dutch East India Company, 7, 10, 11, 101,
277, 285, 287
Dutch United India Company (VOC;
Verentgde Oost-Indische Compagnte), 211
Dutt, Nargis, 498
Dyer, General, 364
Eagleton, Thomas, 465
Earp, James, 26
Earp, Morgan, 26
Earp, Newton, 26
Earp, Nicholas, 25
Earp, Urilla, 26
Earp, Virgil, 26
Earp, Wyatt, 25–27
East Asian Economic Group (EAEG), 540
East Pakistan see Bangladesh
Ecole Normal, 327, 507
Economist, The, 314, 387, 450, 467, 486,
579, 620, 717
Eden, Antony, 186
Edhy, Sarwo, 386–387
Edington, John, 219
Edralin, Fructusoso, 475
Edralin, Josefa, 475
Index
Edwards, Corwin, 138
Eisenhower, Dwight, 111, 140, 264,
441, 730
CIA, 113
Cambodia, 460, 466
China, 422
Cold War, 168
Great Britain, 248
India, 293
Japan, 89
NATO, 109
nuclear weapons, 112, 424, 735
Pakistan, 303, 304, 305
SEATO, 156
Soviet Union, 177, 421
Vietnam, 154, 155, 371, 397, 403, 404,
452, 454, 456
Einstein, Albert, 94, 292, 293
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 5
Elizabeth II, Queen of England, 585
Elsey, George, 113
Enola Gay, 61–63
Enrile, Juan Ponce, 478, 480, 482, 486,
577, 578, 581
Enron, 655
Eriksson, Sven-Göran, 713
Ershad, Hussein Muhammad, 572–574
Escoffier, Auguste, 144
Estrada, Joseph, 581, 716
Evans, John, 22
Evans, Richard, 77
EXCO (Executive Committee) (HK), 679
Faering, Esther, 96
Fairbank, John King, 77
Falklands Islands, 540, 673, 741
Fallaci, Oriana, 625
Fan Yew Teng, 221
Fang Lizhi, 627, 628
Fanon, Frantz, 515
Far East Economic Review, The, 249, 488, 496,
497, 537, 538, 548, 619, 649
Farland, Joseph S., 435–436
Faruk, Major (Bangladesh), 572
Fat Pang see Patten, Christopher
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),
446, 451
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Federal Reserve Act, 37
Federal Reserve Bank, 37, 52, 748
Fedorenko, N.T., 117
Feleo, Juan, 175
Fellers, Bonner, 88, 90, 92
Felt, Mark, 451
Fenn, Charles, 145
Ferguson, Niall, xx, 52
Fifield, Russell, 277
Fillmore, Millard, 31
Filo, John, 446
Fisher, Nigel, 246
Fisher, Sir Warren, 40
Fitzsimmons, Bob, 27
Five Power Defence Agreement, 229, 230
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, The
see Panchsheel
Five Year Plan, the First (China), 273, 275
Five Year Plan, the First (India), 294
Five Year Plan, the Second (China), 271, 274
Five Year Plan, the Second (India), 294
Five Year Plan, the Third (India), 294
Fletcher, Ted, 562
Florida, Treaty of, 16
Flying Horse Movement see Chollima
Fonda, Henry, 25
Fonda, Jane, 736
Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO)
see United Nations
Foot, Michael, 258
Foote, Andrew Hull, 31
Ford, Gerald, 492, 693, 694, 696, 739
Foreign Affairs, 107,176, 358, 421, 424, 662
Foreign Exchange Regulations Act
(1973), 359
Formosa see Taiwan
Forrestal, James, 107, 374
Foster, William, 754
Forsythe, Frederick, 622
Foucault, Michel, 515
Four Power Pacific Treaty, 39
Fotedar, Makhan Lal, 355
France, xvi, xix, 3, 5, 11, 14, 18, 28,
34–37, 47, 49, 55, 92, 113, 127, 222,
261, 264, 278, 291, 341, 349, 351,
369, 374, 424, 442–443, 461, 502,
507, 509, 511, 515, 525, 561, 584,
831
587, 655, 667, 694, 721, 728, 740,
746
America, 13, 17, 36, 109, 421
Cambodia, 457–8, 461, 506, 516
China, 283, 583
Germany, 39, 162
Indonesia, 214
Japan, 50, 62, 92, 327, 637
Korea, 267
Malaysia, 540
NATO, 730
Pakistan, 438, 502
Soviet Union, 734
Thailand, 158, 159, 164
Vietnam, Chapter 10 (Ho Chi Minh and the
Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 141–157 ), 367,
372
Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 425
Franco-British Invasion of Egypt, 303
Franco-Prussian War (1870), 7
Franklin, Benjamin, 10, 34
Franks, Oliver, 259
Frederick the Great of Prussia, 5, 7, 63, 86
Free Aceh Movement (Aceh Merdeka), 547,
548, 555
Free Papua Movement, 547
Freeman, Paul, 260, 263
Fremont, John, 17–18
Fretilin see Timorese Liberation Army
Friend, Theodore, 215, 387
Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance,
Treaty of (Sino-Soviet), 120
Friendship and Mutual Non-aggression,
Treaty of (China-Burma), 427
Front Uni National pour un Cambodge
Independant, Neutre, Pacifique,
et Cooperatif (FUNCINPEC), 725
Frost, David, 448
Frum, David, 566
Fukuyama, Francis, 746
Fulbright, William, 401, 478, 736,
Fulton, USS, 31
FUNCINPEC see Front Uni National pour un
Cambodge Independant, Neutre, Pacifique,
et Cooperatif
Fussell, Paul, 62
Futaki, Hideo, 91
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Galbraith, J.K., 293, 374
Gallucci, Ambassador, 566
Gandhi, Feroze, 352, 612
Gandhi, Indira, xvi, xviii, xix, 285, 292,
309, Chapter 29 (Indira Gandhi: A Study
in Nepotism, 351–365), 437, 438, 499,
550, 613, 614, 615, 617, 618, 651,
654, 655, 659, 719, 720
Gandhi, Mahatma, xviii, 94, Chapter 5
(Mahatma Gandhi: Passive Agression,
94–103), 150, 179–183, 186, 189,
200, 210, 285, 286, 287, 288, 291,
294–297, 299, 300, 352, 359, 360,
413, 620, 621
Gandhi, Maneka, 352, 362
Gandhi, Rajiv, 416, 419, Chapter 53 (Rajiv
Gandhi: The Reluctant Pilot, 612–613),
655, 656, 657, 719, 720
Gandhi, Sanjay, 352, 357, 361, 550, 613
Ganshi, Sonia, 719, 720
Gang of Four, The, 275, 472, 517, Chapter
43, 625
Gao Gang, 79
Garcia, Carlos P., 178, 476
Garten, Jeffrey, 745
Gauhar, Altaf, 308
Gayn, Mark, 134, 135
Geithner, Tim, 748
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), 52
Geneva Conference, The (1954), 86,
155–157, 168, 367, 369, 371–373,
404, 431, 448, 456, 458, 566
George, Lloyd, 39, 47
Germany, 13, 449, 740
America, 746
Bangladesh, 570, 571
economy, 35, 74, 102, 162, 637, 643,
729, 746
emmigration, 8, 9
empire, 29, 33, 36, 40, 56, 65, 105
government, 204
India, 352
Japan, 336
Korea, 324
Prussia, 5, 7
World War I, 39
Index
World War II, xvii, 49, 50, 85, 93,104,
105, 119, 137, 162, 179, 184, 353
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 324
Ghosn, Carl, 645
GHQ (General Headquarters)(Japan), 130,
134, 137
Ghent, Treaty of, 14, 18
Gilbert, Felix, 53
Gimson, Franklin, 245
Gingrich, Newt, 744
Giri, V.V., 356
Goa, 291
Godber, Peter, 249
Goh Chok Tong, 715
Goh Keng Swee, 233–235, 239
Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 97
Golden Temple, The, 364, 617
Golden Triangle, The, 167, 489, 605–607
Goldsmith, Sir James, 425
Goldsmith, ‘Teddy’, 511
Goldwater, Barry, 373, 394, 396, 426, 685
GOLKAR see Sebkar-Golkar
Goode, Sir William, 237
Goonesinha, 406
Gopal, Sarvepalli, 190
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 43, 562, 629–630,
687, 696, 697, 699, 729, 742
Gorbachev, Raisa, 629
Gracey, Douglas, 142–143
Graham, Katherine, 689
Grand National Party (GNP) (Korea), 534
Grant, Ulysses S., 28
Grantham, Sir Alexander, 246–249
Great Asia Association, 48
Great Britain, 3, 14, 19, 32, 39–40
Great Depression, The, xviii, 4, 40, 132,
170, 731
Great Leader, The see Kim Il Sung
Great Leap Forward, The, xviii, Chapter 21
(The Great Leap Forward, 269–276), 319,
343–346, 350, 367, 387, 422, 516,
524, 526, 587, 590, 626, 633, 651
Great Powers Meeting (1941), 292, 684
Green Berets, 460
Green, Marshall, 387
Green Cross, 91
Green Faction, The, 554, 556
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Index
Green Gang, The, 79
Green Tigers, The, 418
Greene, Graham, 151, 176
Greeneville, USS, 708
Greenstreet, Sydney, 67
Greenwood, John, 674
Grew, Joseph, 66, 68
Gromyko, Andrei, 117, 431, 734
Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of, 18
Guam, 63, 174
Guang Mei, 341
Guerrero, President, 16
Gujarat (Province), 95, 307, 359–360
Gul, Hamid, 698, 702
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, 696
Gulf Crisis, First, 338
Gulf of Mexico, The, 26, 31
Gulf War, First, 540, 656, 741
Gurney, Sir Henry, 223
Gus Dur see Wahid, Abdurrahman
Gutfreund, John, 642
Guthrie, Sir Charles, 682
Gyohten, Toyoo, 660
H.S. Lee, 221
Habib, Philip, 315
Habibie, Dr. Ir Bucharuddin, 551, 556, 557,
716
Haddon-Cave, Philip, 251
Haig, Alexander, 267, 430, 454, 686, 695,
741, 742
Haiti, 29, 41
Haksar, Narain, 352, 355, 358
Haldeman, H.R. (Bob), 424, 425, 445
Hamilton, Alexander, 13, 31, 36, 53, 55
Hamoodur Rahman Commission, 435–436
Hamza, Tengku Razaleigh bin, 227, 229,
536, 539
Han Kyu Sul, 193
Hanamura Nihachiro, 328
Hanbo Iron and Steel Company, 532,
554, 665
Hanke, Steve, 667
Hanoi, 141, 142, 145, 146, 149, 150, 354,
381, 397, 442, 444, 448, 450, 452,
457, 491, 736
Hau Peitsun, 690
833
Hapsburg Empire, 5, 425
Haq, Sheikh Fazlul, 568
Harcourt, Cecil, 245
Harding, Warren, 39
Harjono, General, 383
Harkins, Paul D., 371, 397
Hartono Dharsono, 553
Harriman, Averell, 104, 106, 422, 423, 753
Harrison, William Henry, 29
Hashim, Harun, 537
Hashim, Mohammed Ali, 542
Hashim, Mohamed Suffian, 537
Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 336, 644,
647, 649
Haskins, Lewis, 194
Hassan, Bob, 550–551,
556–557
Hata, Tsutomu, 647–648
Hatoyama, Kazuo, 136–137
Hatoyama, Yukio, 650, 708
Hatta, Mohammed, 213, 215–216, 293,
335, 376, 546
Hawaii, 3, 27–29, 399, 638
Hay-Paunceforte Treaty, 35
Hayes, Richard, 11
He Long, 427
Head, Anthony, 239, 241
Hearst, George, 24
Hearst, William Randolph, 24
Heath, Edward, 110, 585, 681
Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia
(HICOM), 538–539
Heidegger, Martin, 515
Helfin, Van, 25
Helliwell, Paul, 147
Henry VIII, King, 4
Hermes, HMS, 620
Herring, Joanne, 695
Hilsman, Roger W., 371
Hindu Succession Act (1956), 294
Hiranuma Kiichiro, 65, 82
Hirohito, Emperor, xviii, xix, 62, 66–68,
Chapter 4 (Hirohito and the Tokyo War
Crimes Trial, 81–93), 133, 140, 203,
336, 593, 708, 709
Hiroshima, Chapter 2, 57, 81, 112,
138, 336,
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834
Hiss, Alger, 111, 119, 258
Hitam, Musa, 227, 535–537
Hitchens, Christopher, 437
Hitler, Adolf, 49, 50, 84, 90, 93, 103, 106,
149, 161, 168, 176, 180, 207, 284,
344, 450, 488, 509, 652, 727, 737
Ho Chi Minh, xviii, xxi, Chapter 10 (Ho Chi
Minh and the Battle of Dien Bien Phu,
141–157), 350, 367–369, 371, 372,
375, 397–400, 402, 404, 445, 448,
452, 456, 458, 513, 724, 730, 735,
739, 745
Ho Ching, 715
Ho Chong, 311
Ho Si Khoach, 724
Ho Yong Chung, 641
Hoare, George, 34
Hobbs, Leland, 175
Hobsbawm, Eric, 197
Hodge, John R., 196
Hofstadter, R., 48
Hoge, Warren, 576
Hokkaido, 45, 135
Holbrooke, Richard C., 480, 528, 668, 685
Holiday, Doc, 26, 27
Holman, Dr., 28
Holy Roman Empire, 4
Home, Douglas, 241
Honasan, Gregorio, 578, 582
Honda (Company), 332
Honda, Katuiti, 515
Honecker, Erich, 324
Honey, P.J., 373
Hong Ying, 270
Hoover, Herbert, 171
Hoover, J. Edgar, 446
Horowitz, David, 446
Hosokawa Morihiro, 647–648
Hossain, Kamal, 572
Hou Youn, 507, 508
Howe, Geoffrey, 675
Hoxha, Enver, 427
Hu Feng, 124, 274
Hu Jintao, 706
Hu Nim, 507, 513
Hu Qili, 626, 630
Hu Yaobang, 526, 585, 626–629
Index
Hua Guofeng, 348, 473, 474, 521, 522,
525, 526, 585, 586, 624, 625
Huai-Hai Campaign, The, 72, 77
Hubbard, Thomas, 608
Huda, Mirza Nurul, 572
Hughes, Billy, 46
Hughes, John, 210, 378
Hugo, Victor, 369
Hukbong Bayan Laban, the (Huks), 171–177
Hull, Cordell, 148, 731
Humphrey, Herbert, 369, 392, 442
Hun Sen, 725
Hurd, Douglas, 679, 680
Hurley, Patrick, 118, 125, 126, 127
Hussain, Altaf, 599
Hussein, Saddam, 258, 575, 656, 744
Hutchings, James, 23
Hutomo Mandala Putra Suharto ‘Tommy’,
383, 550, 556
Hyderabad, 187, 289–291, 655, 658
Hyundai (company), 530–532, 540,
550, 665
Iacocca, Lee, 589
Ibu Tien, 549, 550
Ibuka, Masaru, 332
ICBM (Inter-Continental Ballistic
Missile), 112
Ickes, Harold, 172–173
Idris, Kemal, 385, 388
Ieng Sary, 507, 508, 511, 516, 517
Ignatiev, Colonel, 195–197
Ikeda, Hayato, 337–338
Ileto, Rafael, 578
Illustrious, HMS, 185
Inchon, Battle of, xviii, 130, 193, 260–262,
264, 265
Inderfurth, Karl, 702
India, xviii, 49, 50, 148, 210, 212, 214,
260, 387, 514, 535, 718–720, 732,
734, 743, 745, 746, 748, 751
America, 108, 292–294, 358, 656
Britain, 94–96, 98, 100–103, 157,
Chapter 13 (Lord Mountbatten and the
Partition of India, 179–191), 287–289
Bangladesh, 568
Burma, 199–200, 202–204, 289, 609
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Index
China, 295–296, 346
Gandhi, Indira, 285, 292, Chapter 29
(Indira Gandhi: A Study in Nepotism,
351–365), 612–614, 651, 655
Gandhi, Mahatma, Chapter 5 (Mahatma
Gandhi: Passive Agression, 94–103),
180–183, 210, 287–288, 294, 295,
297, 299
Gandhi, Rajiv, Chapter 53 (Rajiv Gandhi:
The Reluctant Pilot, 612–623), 655–656
Geneva Conference, 155–156
Indonesia, 378, 548
Japan, 92
Kashmir, 187, 290–291, 293, 309, 352,
358–359, 363–365, 612, 618
Malaysia, 217–218, 220–222, 229
Mountbatten, Lord, 94, Chapter 13 (Lord
Mountbatten and the Partition of India,
179–191), 204, 290, 682
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 100, 103, 182–184,
186, 190–191, 210, 216, Chapter 23
(Nehru: The Fashioning of a Legend,
285–298), 299, 351–353, 612,
614, 655
Nixon, 353, 355, 359
North Korea, 322
Pakistan, Chapter 13 (Lord Mountbatten and
the Partition of India, 179–191), 287,
299–303, 305–309, 358–359, 363,
433, 436–440, 498–500, 596–599,
693–695, 698, 700–702, 720
Rao, Narasimha, Chapter 56 (Narasimha
Rao and the Quiet Revolution, 651–659)
Russia, 108
Singapore, 233, 239
Soviet Union, 294, 352, 358, 615,
656, 659
Sri Lanka, 406–408, 410, 412–414,
416–419, 619, 622
Tibet, 295
India, Government Act of, 100
Indian Administrative Service (IAS),
102–103, 289, 294
Indian Civil Service (ICS) see Indian
Administrative Service (IAS)
Indian Ambulance Corps, 97
Indian National Army (INA), 181
835
Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF),
416–416
Indian Removal Act, 21
Indianapolis, USS, 65
Indochina, 49–50, 62, 141, 146, 148–150,
152, 154, 156–157, 164, 168, 223,
371–375, 391, 404–405, 452, 454,
456–460, 466, 489–490, 513, 725
Indonesia, xii, xvi, xviii, 50, Chapter 16
(Sukarno: Founding Father, 210–216),
223, 230, 232, 238, 292, 293, 320,
342, Chapter 31 (‘The Year of Living
Dangerously’, 376–390), 500, 543,
Chapter 46 (Suharto: Rule of the
Kleptocrats, 544–557), 579, 602, 660,
662, 717
America, 214, 215, 379, 380, 387
China, 403, 427
corruption, 551, 555, 666
economy, 549, 556, 667, 669, 718
Foreign aid, 548, 732
Islam, 213, 546, 554
Malaysia, 224, 225, 544
Mao, 108
origins, 211, 212, 217
Sukarno, 210, 390
Indonesia Democratic Party Struggle (PDI),
554
Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), 215,
376, 378–389, 545, 547, 548, 554
Inouye, Daniel, 478
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 504, 594,
695–700, 702
International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA), 565
International Central and Supervision
Committee (ICC), 156
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 52,
533, 542, 548, 551, 552, 556, 557,
579, 663, 665–668, 731, 747–748
Iqbal, Sir Muhammad, 182
Irie, Akira, 336
Isaacson, Walter, 424
Ishihara, Shintaro, 747
Ishii, Shiro, 91
Ishii, Susumi, 641
Islamic Bank (Malaysia), 542
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836
Islamic Development Foundation (Malaysia),
542
Islamic Insurance Company (Malaysia), 542
Islamic Sharia Law, 305, 438, 504, 573, 621
Islamic Society, The see Jamaat-e-Islami
Isogai Rensuke, 244
Israel, 415, 496, 501, 503, 566, 693
Issarak, The, 513
Isshiki, Yuri, 88
Isuzu, 333
Iturbide, 6
Ivan III, Tsar, 41
Ivan IV ‘Ivan the Terrible’, 41–42
Jackson, Andrew, 14–16, 20–21, 25, 54
Jackson, Michael, 702
Jackson, Samuel L., 623
Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 585, 742
Jacob, Satish, 364
Jacomet, Andre, 694
Jain, Dalmia, 102
Jain, Girilal, 615
Jaleel, Nasreen, 599
Jamaat-e-Islami (the Islamic Society), 438,
504, 618
James, Sir Morrice, 503
Jana Dal (People’s Party), later Jatiya Party
(National Party) (Bangladesh), 573
Janata Dal (India), 618, 622
Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP),
410–412, 418, 419, 724
Japan, xvii, xviii, xix, 33, 39, 40, 74, 103,
105, 119, 159, 262, 266, Chapter 27
(The Todai Oligarchs, 326–339), 357,
491, Chapter 55 (Property Crash and the
Lost Decade, 636–649), 660, 664,
667–670, 678, 708–709, 727, 732,
734, 743, 747, 748, 751
America, 29, 31, 32, 47–51, 55–57,
Chapter 2 (Potsdam, Hiroshima and the
Atom Bomb, 61–69), 81, 87–91, 93,
120, Chapter 9 (MacArthur, Yoshida and
the American Occupation of Japan,
130–140), 326, 333, 432, 638,
643–644, 731, 737
Britain, 39, 63–64, 131, 643
Burma, 201–206, 209
Index
Cambodia, 457, 465
China, 70–72, 76–77, 80, 86, 120,
122–123, 125, 126, 127–128, 161,
192, 243–246, 250, 324, 338,
468, 588
Hirohito, Emperor, 67, Chapter 4
(Emperor Hirohito and the Tokyo War
Crimes, Trial 81–93), 134
Hiroshima, Chapter 2 (Potsdam, Hiroshima
and the Atom Bomb, 61–69),
India, 181–182, 286
Indochina, 50
Indonesia, 212–215, 544, 548
Korea, 192–196, 257, 259, 310,
312–315, 317, 338, 528, 529
Korea, North, 192–196, 257, 259, 319,
320, 561–562, 566, 567, 710
Malaysia, 217, 219, 538
Manchuria, 44–49, 67, 70, 684
Perry, Mathew, 3
Philippines, 170–176, 475, 483
Singapore, 233–235
Soviet Union, 36, 45–49, 64, 120,
127, 131
Taiwan, 277–278, 280
Thailand, 162–164, 166
Vietnam, 141–150, 152
Japan Communist Party (JCP), 330
Japan Socialist Party (JSP), 136, 330,
337, 646
Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers
(JUSE), 332
Jardine Fleming (Bank), 658
Jatiya Party see Jana Dal
Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (JSD) (Bangladesh),
569–571
Jayalalitha, Jayaram, 655
Jayewardene, Junius Richard (J.R.), 407,
411–418, 618, 619
Jefferson, Thomas, 13, 14, 32, 34, 141,
369, 567, 696
Jenkins, David, 188, 189, 555
Ji Dengkui, 348
Jiang Qing, 341, 343, 346, 347, 470, 472,
521–523, 584, 587, 625
Jiang Zemin, 123, 681, 682,
705, 706
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Index
Jin Wiying, 584
Jinnah, Fatima, 305
Jinnah, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali, xviii,
95, 99, 181–184, 186, 187, 190, 191,
Chapter 24, 439, 440, 498, 598
Joan of Arc (Jeanne D’Arc), 154, 369
John, King of England, 8
Johnson, Chalmers, 327
Johnson, Lyndon B. (LBJ), xviii, 111, 283,
293, 306, 308, 309, 327, 354, 366,
371, 375, Chapter 32, 422, 423, 441,
444, 448, 450, 454, 460, 466, 733,
736, 737
Johnson, Paul, 4, 420, 753
Johnson, Sir William, 10
Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups see
Sebkar-Golkar
Jong Pil, 533
Joseph II of Austria, 8
JSD see Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal
Juche, 198, 322, 324, 516, 558, 559, 560,
561, 562
Julio Nalundasan, 475
Junejo, Mohammed Khan, 503, 504
Jung Chang, 474, 524
Kaahumanu, 28
Kachin (people), 199, 202, 203, 206, 601,
602, 607
Kachin Defence Army, 607
Kadoorie, L., 675
Kagan, Robert, 730, 733, 751
Kaifu, Toshiki, 337, 338, 646, 648
Kampuchea, 493, 511–514,
516, 724
Kan Naoto, 650
Kanemaru Shin, 646, 647
Kang Kek Iew ‘Duch’, 513, 725
Kang Sheng, 342, 344, 345,
348, 473
Kant, Immanuel, 515, 738
Kaplan, George, 177
Karamat, Jehangir, 596, 597
Karen (people), 199, 202–204, 206, 207,
600–602
Karen National Defence Organisation
(KNDO), 601
837
Karnow, Stanley, 442
Karo, Eturo, 135
Kashiwahara, Ken, 484
Kashmir, 187, 285, 290–291, 293, 296,
297, 307–309, 352, 354, 355, 358,
359, 362–365, 440, 499, 594, 597,
599, 612, 618, 699, 700, 702
Katayama, Tetsu, 136, 648
Kato, Eturo, 135
Kato, Kanji, 40
Katura Taro, 192
Kaul, B.M., 296
Kaur, Amrit, 96
Kaunda, Dr. Kenneth, 103
Kaunitz, Prince, 8
Kawai, Michi, 88
Keating, Paul, 540
KEDO see Korean Peninsula Energy
Development Organisation
Keenan, Joseph, 90–91, 131
Keidanren (Federation of Economic
Organisations), 327–328, 642
Keiretsu (share crossholding system),
639, 644
Kelley, Hall J., 18
Kempeitai (Japanese Secret Police), 134, 234,
244
Kennan, George, 106, 107, 108, 113, 118,
119, 120, 131, 134, 154, 157, 174,
198, 259, 403, 729, 753
Kennedy, Edward, 436, 465, 686
Kennedy, Jacqueline Onassis ‘‘Jackie’’, 306,
352, 374, 401
Kennedy, John F., xviii, xix, 110, 112,
119, 124, 249, 262, 293, 306, 307,
313, 319, Chapter 30 (Kennedy:
Vietnam and the Vienna Summit,
366–375), 379, 391, 393, 394, 403,
421, 422, 423, 424, 432, 441, 452,
454, 456, 462, 466, 729, 730, 736,
737, 754
Kennedy, Joseph, 375
Kennedy, Robert ‘Bobby’, 394, 401
Kent State (University), 445, 446, 463
Kenyatta, Jomo, 292
Kermode, D.W., 196
Kerry, John, 448, 483, 736
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838
Keynes, John Maynard, 46, 51, 56, 138,
644, 669, 730
Khalistan, 364
Khan, Dr. Abdul Qadeer, 565, 694
Khan, Aga, 95, 100, 182
Khan, Ayub, 304–309, 354, 433, 438, 440,
498, 598
Khan, Khan Abdul Qayyum, 304, 504, 689,
698, 699
Khan, Genghis, 156, 431
Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, 505, 594, 698
Khan, Imran, 594
Khan, Liaquat Ali, 289, 301, 302, 439
Khan, Munir Ahmad, 697
Khan, Nawab Akbar Bugti, 500
Khan of Crimea, The, 41–42
Khan of Siberia, 42
Khan, Sher Ali, 425
Khan, Sir Sikander Hyat, 183
Khan, Tikka, 308
Khan, Yahya, 358, 425, 430, 433–438, 499
Khan, Yaqub, 698
Khemayothin, Net, 162, 165
Khieu Ponnary, 507
Khieu Samphan, 507, 508, 510, 516, 725
Khieu Thirith, 507
Khmer Rouge, 147, 230, 457–458, 462,
464–465, 493, 506, 508–511, 514,
516–517, 725
Khmer Serei, 461
Khoman, Thanat, 489, 491
Khomenei, Ayatollah, 502
Khoy, Saukam, 509
Khrushchev, Nikita, xviii, 197, 271, 318,
320, 346, 350, 368, 372, 422, 426,
427, 457, 526, 584, 625, 729
Khun Sa, 605–609
Khun Thong Daeng, 494
Khurho, Dr. Hamida, 593
Kia Motors, 550, 665
Kido, Koichi, 67, 86, 89
Kiernan, Ben, 516
Kim Chae Gyu, 316
Kim Dae Jung, 315, 316, 527–534, 567,
668, 710
Kim Dong Ha, 312
Kim Hyun Chul, 665
Index
Kim Il Sung (The Great Leader), xviii, 110,
113, 193, 195–198, 248, 257,258,
260, 268, 282, 310, 316, Chapter 26,
430, 516, 558, 561–566, 615, 735
Kim Jong Il (The Dear Leader), 319, 322,
323, 534, 558, 560, 564, 566, 567,
710, 711
Kim Young Sam, 316, 527, 529–533, 665
Kimura, Heitaro, 203
King, Charles, 32
King, Martin Luther, 402
Kintanar, Romulo, 582
Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 481
Kishi, Nobusuke, 326, 332, 336, 337
Kissinger, Henry, xviii, 109, 117, 121, 197,
292, 358, 365, 399, 402, 420,
423–425, 428–432, 434, 436,
448–452, 460–466, 471, 479, 481,
492, 509, 583, 586, 590, 685, 693,
737, 754
Kissinger, Louis, 423
Kissinger, Paula, 423
Kitano, Masaji, 91
Kittikachorn, Thanom, 489–492,
495, 496
Kittu (of the Tamil Tigers), 414, 416
Knight, Hal, 460
KMT see Kuomintang
Kobbekaduwa, Hector, 411
Kocher, Eric, 231
Kohl, Helmut, 746
Koizumi, Junichiro, 708–709
Kokutai, 65, 68, 82, 85
Komer, Robert, 306, 398
Kong Le, 372
Kong Yong Wook, 196
Konoe, Fumimaro, 85, 87, 91, 93, 133, 134
Kopkamtib, 545, 553
Korea, North, xvi, xviii, 110, 156, 167,
195, 197, Chapter 20 (The Korean War,
257–268), 310, 315, 316, Chapter 26
(Kim Il Sung: The Great Leader,
318–325), 367, 410, 503, 516, 530,
534, Chapter 47 (Rogue State,
558–567), 615, 629, 668, 673, 684,
705, 710–711, 718, 731, 744, 746,
747, 751, 752
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Index
Korea, South, xviii, 113, 196–198, 248,
Chapter 20 (The Korean War, 257–268),
282, 305, Chapter 25 (Fall of Rhee and
Park’s ‘Economic Miracle’, 310–317), 321,
324, 325, 404, 487, 528, 534, 556,
559, 562, 565, 566, 614, 648, 660,
693, 709, 710, 711, 734
Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA),
315, 316, 532, 533
Korean Peninsula Energy Development
Organisation (KEDO), 710
Korean Worker’s Party (KWP), 318,
322, 323
KOSTRAD, (Army Strategic Reserve
Command)(Indonesia), 314, 545, 556
Kosygin, Soviet Prime Minister, 354, 402,
428, 450, 461
Kotelawala, Sir John, 407, 412
Krainick, Dr. Horst Gunther, 443
Kraivichien, Thanin, 492–493
Kremlin, The, xvi, 63, 106, 113, 423, 442
Kristol, William, 692
Kropotkin, Petr, 507
Krugman, Paul, 662, 667
Kuang Sheng Liao, 432
Kubrik, Stanley, 112
Kumaratunga, Chandrika see Bandaranaike,
Chandrika
Kung, HH, 123
Kuomintang (KMT) or Chinese Nationalist
Party, 71, 72, 75–80, 116–120,
122–129, 146, 151, 243–248,
274–275, 278–279, 281–282, 467,
470, 604–606, 611, 671, 686, 688,
690, 691, 707
Kurosawa, Akira, 69
Kwa Geok Choo, 233
Kwangju (city), 527–528
Kyaw Nyein, 207–208, 602
Lady Bird (Johnson) see Caludia Alta Taylor
Lahore Declaration, 719
Laird, Melvin, 445, 460
Lake, Anthony, 445, 463, 744
Lal, Bansi, 357
Lall, Arthur, 180, 184
Land, Carl, 480
839
Land Reform Act (1949), 310
Land Reform Law (1950), 78
Laniel, Joseph, 152, 155, 157
Lansdale, Edward, 175–177
Laski, Harold, 287
Latief, Abdul, 384, 386
Laurel, Jose P., 171, 175, 178, 475,
482, 483
Laurel, Salvador, 482, 577, 578, 581
Lao She, 340
Laos, 148, 153, 154, 155, 162, 167, 199,
368, 371–375, 398, 399, 401–404,
445, 448, 452, 456, 462, 466, 490,
608, 610, 725, 729, 732, 736,
737, 739
Laxalt, Paul, 486
Laxman, R.K., 362
Le Duan, 150, 368, 442, 452, 604
Le Duc Tho, 368, 381, 449–451, 462
Le Kha Phieu, 745
League for the Independence of Vietnam
(Doc Lap Dong Minh Hot), 146
League of Nations, 40, 41, 48, 84
Lebedev, Dimitri, 195
Leclerc, Charles, 14
Leclerc, Jacques-Philippe, 143, 149
Lee, Andre, 662
Lee Chul Seung, 316
Lee, H.S., 221
Lee Hoi Chang, 533–534
Lee Hsien Loong, 705, 715
Lee Kuan Yew, xviii, 224, 226, Chapter 18
(Lee Kuan Yew: Pocket Giant, 232–242),
336, 404, 421, 454, 540, 582,
692, 715
Lee, Martin, 677
Lee Myung-Bak, 710
Lee, Robert E., 18
Lee Teng Hui, 689–691, 707
Leese, General, 204
Lefever, Ernest, 481
LEGCO (Legislative Council) (Hong Kong),
676, 677, 679–682
Leghari, Farooq, 595–596
Lei Yang, 420
Lenin, Vladimir, 44, 80, 94, 145, 341, 345,
349, 606, 652, 625, 627
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840
Leningrad, 120, 428
Leninism, 80, 145 see also Marxist-Leninism
Lennox-Boyd, Alan, 235
Leonowens, Anna T., 160
Leung, Francis, 662
Levine, Michael, 611
Li Ka Shing, 252
Li Lisan, 75
Li Peng, 628–631, 682, 706
Li Ruihuan, 706
Li Weihan, 584
Li Xiannian, 471, 522, 588, 625
Liang Heng, 524
Liao Chengzhi, 673
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP; Minshu
Jiyuto), 136, 327–330, 333, 335, 336,
339, 643, 646–650, 708–709
Liem Sioe Liong, 550, 551, 556
Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 28–29
Lim Chin Siong, 235, 237
Lim Danilo, 716
Lim Yew Hock, 235, 236
Lin Biao, 72, 76, 79, 116, 341, 344, 347,
349, Chapter 38 (Revolution’s End: The
Deaths of Mao, Zhou Enlai and Lin Biao,
467–474), 523
Lin Chiang Mai, 128
Lin Doudou, 471
Lin Liguo, 469
Lin Mingxian, 608
Linlithgow, Lord (Victor A.J. Hope), 96,
102, 179, 180, 182
Lippman, Walter, 118
Lisbon Treaty, 751
Little Red Books (Mao Zedong), 468
Litvinenko, Alexander, 749
Litvinov, Maxim, 104, 729
Liu Bocheng, 72
Liu, Henry, 688
Liu Shaoqi, 79, 80, 116–118, 296,
340–341, 344, 346–349, 467, 469,
524, 584, 587
Liu Shi-Kun, 524
Lo Hsing Han, 604–606, 608–609
Lobanov-Rostovsky, Dimitri, 43
Lon Nol, 461, 462, 464, 465, 506,
508–509, 515–516
Index
London, Jack, 27
London, Treaty of, 40
Long March, The, 75, 124, 308, 344,
367, 583
Lopez, Fernando, 476
Lott, Trent, 667
Louis XIV, 5
Louisiana Purchase, 12–14, 34
Lovett, Paul, 110
Lovett, Robert, 753
Lowenstein, James, 464
Lu Dingyi, 347
Lucas, Edward, 751
Luce, Clare Booth, 424
Luce, Henry,118, 124, 424
Lucknow Pact, The, 299
Lukas, Anthony, 352
Lugar, Richard, 483
Lumis, Trevor, 28
Lung Wichit, 162
Luo Ruiqing, 347
Lushan Conference (Lushan Plenum)
(1959), 343–345, 468, 470, 526
Lusitania, The (passenger liner), 37
Luther, Martin, 388
Ly Thuy see Ho Chi Minh
Ma Wei, 270
Ma Xuefu, 605
Ma Ying-jeou, 707
Ma Zhengwen, 607
Macapagal-Arroyo, Gloria, 716
Macapagal, Diodado, 178, 225, 476, 481,
MacArthur, General, xviii, 62, 82, 87–93,
119, Chapter 9 (MacArthur, Yoshida and
the American Occupation of Japan,
130–140), 170–174, 177, 197, 198,
213, 257, 260–265, 267, 335, 336,
399, 480, 708, 709
Macartney, Lord, 431
Macdonald, Malcolm, 221
Macdonald, Ramsey, 100–101
MacDougall, Brigadier, 245
Macfarquhar, Rocerick, 343
Maclaine, Shirley, 445
MacLehose, Murray, 251, 672,
673, 682
Pike-5480004
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Index
Macmillan, Harold, 241, 740
Mada, Gadja, 210
Maddox, USS, 395
Madison, James, 13, 14, 53
Madjid, Nurcholish, 546
Madoc, Guy, 223
Madonna, 702
Maeda Takashi, 193
Magna Carta, 8, 723
Magsaysay, 176–178
Maharaja of Kashmir, The, 290
Mahalanobis, P.C., 287, 294
Maharani of Jaipur, 355
Mahathir bin Mohamad, Dr., xvi, xviii,
227, 229, 230, 240, Chapter 45
(Dr Mahathir: The Acerbic Autocrat,
535–543), 663, 664, 667, 713, 714
Mahidol, Ananda, 161, 165
Mahmud, A.G., 571
Maine, USS, 30
Major, John, 664, 678–679, 682
Makiguchi Tsunesaburo, 330, 331
Makino, Nobuaki, 136
Malay Administrative Service (MAS),
218
Malayan Chinese Association (MCA),
221–222, 224, 226–229, 237, 238,
240, 638
Malayan Communist Party (MCP), 219,
222–223, 230
Malayan Indian Congress (MIC),
222, 227
Malayan Industrial Development Finance
Corporation (MIDF), 225
Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Army
(MPAJA), 219, 235
Malaysia, xvi, xviii, 141, 157, 163, Chapter
17 (Independence and the Racial Contract,
217–231), 235, 239, 240, 241, 379,
380, 318, 389, 404, 438, 457, Chapter
45 (Dr Mahathir: The Acerbic Autocrat,
535–543), 544, 610, 660, 662–664,
669, 713–715, 730
Malik, Adam, 380, 389, 548
Malinovsky, Marshall, 427
Man Kam Lo, Sir, 246
Manchuko Military Academy, 312
841
Manchuria, 44, 55, 67, 70–72, 78–79, 84,
119, 126–127, 193–195, 335–336,
684
Manhattan Project, The, 63
Manila Pact, The, 156
Mano, Praha, 161
Mann, Mey, 506
Manning, Henry, 95
Manser, Bruno, 539
Mansergh, Sir Robert, 264
Mansfield, Mike, 464, 492
Manzur, Muhammad, 572
Mao Zedong, xviii, xix, Chapter 3 (Mao and
the Chinese Revolution, 70–80), 94, 110,
120, 294, 429, 469, 473, 587, 590,
606, 630, 753
agriculture, 77, 80, 271, 588
America, 114, 119, 121, 197, 323, 373,
394, 431, 467
Cambodia, 508
Chiang Kai Shek, 126, 138, 284
Cultural Revolution, Chapter 28 (The
Cultural Revolution, 340–350), 524
economy, 272, 274, 275, 276
foreign aid, 108, 427
Great Leap Forward, Chapter 21, (The
Great Leap Forward, 269–276)
Hong Kong, 247, 248, 249, 671, 675
India, 358
Japan, 125, 338
Korea, 198, 257, 262, 267, 319,
320, 322
Kuomintang, 151
legacy, 421, 474, 521, 524–526, 583,
625–627, 633, 651, 742
Malaysia, 229, 230
military tactics, 72, 398
party tactics, 195, 345, 346, 347, 348,
349, 431, 468, 470, 624
personal tastes, 270, 297, 343, 489, 585
revolutionary philosophy, 74, 75, 78, 79,
106, 113, 117, 147, 428
Soviet Union, 115, 116, 118, 123, 275,
426, 427, 432, 584
succession, Chapter 38 (Revolution’s End:
The Deaths of Mao, Zhou Enlai and Lin
Biao, 467–474), 522, 523
Pike-5480004
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842
Mao Zedong (Continued)
Taiwan, 278, 282, 684
Thailand, 162
threats, 343, 344, 350, 471, 472
upbringing, 73
Vietnam, 450, 455
Marcos, Amy, 577
Marcos, Ferdinand, xviii, 178, Chapter 39
(The Murder of Aquino: The Disgrace of
Ferdinand Marcos, 476–487), 576–581,
716
Marcos, Imelda, 476, 581
Marcos, Mariano, 475
Marcus, Josie, 27
Margolis, Eric, 595
Maring, Henk Sneevilet, 116
Marquis of Lothian, The, 352
Marshall, David, 235
Marshall, George, 66, 67, 71, 106, 119,
126, 127, 215, 267, 753
Marshall, John, 21
Marshall Plan, The, 108, 113, 119, 731
Marshall, Toni, 701
Martadinata, Eddy, 381, 385
Martin, Henry, 28
Martin, Joseph, 265
Martin, Justin, 444
Martin, San, 6
Maruti Heavy Vehicles see Maruti Udyog
Maruti Udyog, 357
Marxism, 44, 74, 107, 145, 146, 201, 235,
286, 355, 378, 383, 388, 390,409,
410, 415, 481, 507, 590, 603, 626, see
also Marxist-Leninism
Marxist-Leninism, 56, 74, 78, 94, 98, 100,
106, 107, 114, 116, 145, 198, 210,
236, 274, 294, 297, 322, 345, 361,
365, 411, 413, 449, 469, 508, 509,
515, 624, 706, 711, 718, 723, 724,
729, 730, 734, 735, 740, 746, 747,
751–753 see also Marxism
Marxist Eelam People’s Revolutionary
Liberation Front (EPRLF), 415
Marxist People’s Liberation Organisation
(PLOTE) (Sri Lanka), 415, 418
MASH see Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
Mashbir, Sidney, 87
Index
Mass Transit Railway (MTR), 252
Massie, Colonel, 221
Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 701
Masterson, Bat, 26
Mathai, M.O., 352
Matheson, Jardine, 252
Matskevich, Vladimir, 437
Matsui, Iwane, 86, 91
Matsumoto, Joji, 134
Matsushita (electronics), 332, 638
Mau Khem Nuon, 516
Maududi, Maulana, 438
Maugham, Derek, 636
Maung Maung, 204, 602
Maung Shu, 201
Maximillian, Emperor of Mexico, 26
May, Dr. Simon, 585, 625
Mayer, Rene, 152
Mayflower, The, xix, 9–10
Mboya, Tom, 559
McCarthy, Joseph, 111, 119–120, 267, 373,
729
McCord Jr., James, 451
McCloy, John, 753
McGovern, Geroge, 450, 454
McKinley, President, 29, 30, 33
McNamara, Robert, 370, 317, 373, 374,
391, 397–404, 423, 453, 548
McNutt, Paul, 173, 174
McVey, Ruth, 383
Meckel, Klemens, 46
Megawati Sukarnoputri, 554, 716–718
Mehta, Ved, 619
Meiji Resoration, 45, 82–83, 134–135, 192,
315, 332, 648
Meiling Soong see Chiang Meiling
Mekong Delta, The, 148, 152, 366, 367
Melchor, Alejandro, 478
Mendes-France, Pierre, 155, 157, 291
Mendis, G.C., 408
Menen, Aubrey, 359
Menon, V.K. Krishna, 155, 287, 296,
306, 355
Menon, V.P., 186, 190, 288
Merchant, Livingstone, 176
Merkel, Angela, 746
Merrill’s Marauders, 202, 203, 604
Pike-5480004
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October 20, 2009
12:10
Index
Messance, Louis, 34
Metternich, Klemens Wenzel von, 358, 423,
425, 738
Mexico, 6, 16, 18, 19, 31, 321, 665
Michaelis, John, 260
Mikasa, Takahito, 87
Miki, Takeo, 329, 336, 337
Mikoyan, Anastas, 117
Military Affairs Committee (MAC)(China),
625, 627, 633
Military Assistance Command Vietnam
(MACV), 397
Milken, Mike, 662
Miller, Jeffrey, 446
Millett, Kate, 592
Min Huang Hua, 686
Ministry of International Trade and Industry
(MITI), 139, 331–333, 639
Miranda, Francisco de, General, 6, 11–12
Mirza, Iskander, 301–304, 498
Mirzan bin Mahathir, 541
Mishima, Yukio, 68
Missile Technology Control Regime
(MTCR), 699
Mississippi, USS, 32
Missouri, USS, 131
Mitchell, Margaret, 12
Mitra, Ramon, 581
Mitsubishi Group, 91, 331, 538, 638, 645
Mitsui (electronics), 331
Mitterrand, Francois, 746
Miyazawa, Kiichi, 331, 646, 647, 650
Mizota, Shuichi, 88, 90
Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
(MASH), 268
Mobilisation to End the War (MOBE), 445
Moh Heng, 605
Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM), 599
Molotov, 106
Moltke, Von, 7
Mondale, Walter, 556, 585
Mongolia, 46, 85, 427, 468
Monjo, John, 701
Monroe Doctrine, 15, 16, 30, 35, 36, 40,
47, 54, 109, 726–727
Monroe, James, 15, 16
Monroe, Marilyn, 266, 375
843
Montgomery, Bernard, 185, 264
Moorer, Thomas, 478
Moose, Richard, 464
Moraes, Dom, 351, 356, 365
Morgan, J.P., 36
Mori, Yoshiro, 708
Morita, Akio, 332, 334, 747
Morliere, Louis, 150
Moro National Liberation Front, 577
Morris (company), 357
Morris, Nigel, 234
Morris, Roger, 463
Morris, William, 288
Morrison, Norman, 402
Morse, Samuel, 19
Mossadegh, Mohammed, 177
Mountbatten, Edwina, 186, 190,
208, 286
Mountbatten, Lord Louis, xviii, xix, 94,
103, 164, 172, Chapter 13 (Lord
Mountbatten and the Partition of India,
179–191), 204–206, 208, 213, 235,
286, 290, 301, 600, 610, 682
Moynihan, Daniel, 697
Muhammad, Ghulam, 302, 438
Muhammadiyah, 212, 554
Muhammed, Ishak Haji, 220
Muir, Kenneth, 261
Mujahedin, 695–699, 701
Mujibad (The Four Tenets of Sheikh
Mujib), 568
Mukhtar, Omar, 415
Muller, Max, 288
Mumford, Lewis, 352
Munty, Dith, 512
Murakami, Haruki, 709
Murayama, Tomiichi, 648–649
Murdani, Benyamin, 547, 553–554
Murdoch, Iris, 351
Murtopo, Ali, 546, 553
Murphy, Richard, 481
Musharraf, Khalid, 570, 597, 719–722
Muskie, Edward, 686
Muslim League, The see All India Muslim
League
Muslim United Front (MUF), 618
Musso, 215
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844
Mussolini, Benito, 49, 100, 161, 168, 180,
215, 284
Mutsuhito (Emperor Meiji), 82, 83
Mutual Defence Treaty (1954), 282
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), 112,
620
Muzaffar, Chandra, 541
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance
Army, 606, 607, 609
Myanmar National Solidarity Party, 607
Mydans, Seth, 576
Nach, James, 482
Nagano, Shigeto, 335
Nagpur Congress, 99
Nahdlatul Ulama (NH) (Indonesia), 554, 716
Naidu, Padmaja, 296
Naidu, Sarojini, 98
Naito Ryuichi, 91
Najibullah, Mohammad, 699
Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 331, 333, 338, 650
Nanking, xix, 70, 71, 77, 82, 86, 91, 117,
125, 247, 279, 335, 521, 672
Narain, Raj, 360
Narayan, Jayaprakash, 359–360
NASAKOM, 378, 382, 546
Nasir, Mohammad, 229
Nasution, Abdul Haris, 376–388, 545, 552
Nation, Richard, 497
National Conference (NC), 290
National Democratic Alliance (NDA)(India),
719
National Equity Corporation, 230
National Liberation Army (Algeria), 155
National Liberation Front (NLF), (Vietnam),
368, 379, 442
National Operations Council (NOC), 227
National Press Club, 177, 197
National Security Act of 1947, 113
National United Front (NUF of racial
minorities)(Burma), 602
NATO see North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Navaratnam, V., 413
Navarre, Henri, 152–155
Nawab of Junagadh, The, 289
Nawab of Kalabagh, The, 433
Index
Nazimuddin, Khwaja, 302, 438, 439
Ne Win, 204, 208, 602–603, 605–606,
609–610
Nehru, Arun, 355
Nehru, Indira see Gandhi, Indira
Nehru, Jawaharlal, xvi, xviii, xix, 94,
98–100, 102, 103, 180–184, 186–187,
191,
Nehru, Kamala, 351–352
Nehru, Motilal, 100, 285, 286, 353
Nerchinsk, Treaty of, 43
Netherlands, The, 5, 7, 8, 9, 32, 50,
210–212, 214–215, 218, 233, 377,
378, 379, 389, 406, 544, 545,
551, 694
Neutrality Act (1937), 41, 49, 50, 56
New Amsterdam, 7
New Deal, The, 51, 87, 88, 136, 137, 138,
173, 394
New Democratic Party (NDP), 316
New Echota, Treaty of, 21
New Economic Policy (NEP), 228, 536,
538, 540
New Hampshire, Treaty of, 192
New Korea Democratic Party (NKDP), 529
New People Army (NPA) (Philippines), 477,
478, 577, 582
Newman, Henry, (Cardinal), 95
Newman, Paul, 24
Ngo Dinh Diem, 369, 391, 462, 543
Ngo Dinh Nhu, 370
Ngo Van Chieu, 369
Nguyen Ai Quoc see Ho Chi Minh
Nguyen Chin Thanh, 442
Nguyen Khac Vien, 459
Nguyen Khanh, 395
Nguyen Ngoc Loan, 395, 446
Nguyen O Phap see Ho Chi Minh
Nguyen Sinh Chin see Ho Chi Minh
Nguyen Sinh Cung see Ho Chi Minh
Nguyen Tat Thanh see Ho Chi Minh
Nguyen Thi Minh Kai, 146
Nguyen Thi Nganh, 513
Nguyen Van Lem, 446
Nguyen Van Thieu, 465
Nichiren Shoshu (Buddhism), 331
Nie Yuanzi, 342, 347
Pike-5480004
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October 20, 2009
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Index
Nimitz, Chester W., 291
Nin, Anais, 352
Nine Power Treaty, 39
Nippon Telephone and Telegraph
(NTT), 637
Nissan (Motor), 331, 332, 645
Nitze, Paul, 110
Nixon, Richard, xvi, xviii 114, 242, 372,
375, 391, 456, 696, 721, 726, 739
Bangladesh, 436
Bretton Woods, 315, 491
Cambodia, Chapter 37 (The Bombing of
Cambodia, 457–466)
China, 283, 323, Chapter 34 (Nixon in
China, 420–432), 467, 471, 634, 684
'containment', 119, 283, 732
Gandhi, Indira, 353
Indochina, 490, 492
Japan, 313
Jiang Qing, 522
Kissinger, 424–425, 430–431
Korea, 313–314
Mao, 431–432, 467, 523, 585
Nehru, 285, 291
Pakistan, 358–359, 434, 436–437
Philippines, 478–479
Shanghai Communique, 586, 685
Soviet Union, 323
Vietnam, 441, 443, 444–446, 448–454,
736, 737
'Vietnamisation', 428, 444
Watergate, 283–284, 432, 586, 694
Nizam of Hyderabad, The, 289–290
Njoto, 378, 386
Noble, Alexander, 578
Noda, Seiko, 650
Non-Proliferation Treaty (India),
620, 694
Non-Proliferation Treaty (North
Korea), 565
Non-Proliferation Treaty (USA
Vietnam), 425
Noon, Feroz Khan, 302, 304
Noor, Rahim, 542
Norman, Dorothy, 352
Norodom Ranariddh, 725
Norodom Shiamoni, 457, 725
845
Norodom Sihanouk, 321, 457–459,
461–462, 465, 471, 507–509,
516, 725
Norodom Sisowath, 457
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 109, 156, 225, 304, 428,
706, 721, 730, 731, 736, 750
North Korean Communist Party, 195
North, Robert, 604
Nosavan, Phoumi, 490
Novak, Robert, 624
Nozawa, Shohei, 664
Nuclear Power (and Weapons), 63, 424,
565, Chapter 60
Nuon Chea, 725
Nuremburg War Crimes Trials, 90 210,
213, 216, 221, Chapter 23 (Nehru: The
Fashioning of a Legend, 285–298), 299,
300, 306, 307, 351–355, 357, 360,
365, 412, 439, 612–614, 616, 619,
620, 621, 623, 651, 654–657, 659,
720
Obaidullah, Maulana, 300
Obuchi, Keizo, 645, 647, 649, 650, 708
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 88, 112,
126, 147, 164, 168, 604, 696, see also
Central Intelligence Agency
Official Language Act (1963),
295, 407
Ohio National Guard, 445–446
Ohira, Masayoshi, 588
Oil Crisis, First, 228, 315, 329, 334, 409,
454, 491, 548
Oil Crisis, Second, 316, 334, 495, 528, 549
Okinawa, 62, 65, 82, 87, 139, 174, 217,
649, 734
Okochi, Kiyoteru, 645
Olds, Robin, 397
Olney, Richard, 30
O’Hara, Scarlett, 12
O’Higgins, Bernardo, 6
O’Neill, Tip, 465
O’Sullivan, John L., 17
Ojetti, Ugo, 55
Onn, Tun Hussein, 229–230, 536
Onoue Nui, 640
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846
Operation Blue Star, 364
Operation Linebacker, 450
Operation Linebacker II, 450
Operation Petrus, 547
Operation Ripper, 265
Opium War, First, The, 671
Opium War, Second, The, 671
Oregon Treaty, The, 16
Organic Act of 1902, 34
Orwell, George, 537, 561, 728
Osmany, Mohammad Ataul Ghani, 569, 572
Osmena, Sergio, 171–173
Ottoman Empire, 41
Ouane Rattikone, 605–606
Owen, David, 672
Ozaki, Hotsumi, 93
Ozawa, Ichiro, 646–650, 708
Pak Chang Ok, 318
Pak Harto see Suharto
Pakistan, xvi, xviii, 156, 229, 425, 429,
430, 514, 575, 608, 618, 619, 705,
719, 720–722
Afghanistan, 700–702
America, 291, 300, 303, 304, 306–309,
358, 434, 436–437, 500, 501, 595,
596, 693–702, 732
Bangladesh, 358–359, Chapter 35 (The
Night of the Intellectuals, 433–440), 499,
568–571, 598
Bhutto, Benazir, Chapter 51 (Benazir and
Sharif: Rise and Fall of the Demigogues,
592–599), 721–722
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, Chapter 41 (Zulfikar
Ali Bhutto and General Mohammed Zia
Ul-Haq, 498–505), 599
Britain, Chapter 13 (Lord Mountbatten and
the Partition of India, 179–191), 291
CIA, 113, 303, 695–699
India, Chapter 13 (Lord Mountbatten and the
Partition of India, 179–191), 289–291,
299–300, 306–307, 354, 358–359,
363, 438, 597
Jinnah, Chapter 13 (Lord Mountbatten and
the Partition of India, 179–191), 287,
Chapter 24 (Jinnah and Pakistan’s Failed
Constitution, 299–309), 439, 440
Index
Kashmir, 308, 354, 362–363, 499, 597
Manila Pact, 156
Mirza, 303
Mountbatten, Lord, Chapter 13 (Lord
Mountbatten and the Partition of India,
179–191)
nuclear programme, 565, Chapter 60
(Nukes and Mullahs, 693–702)
South Asia Free Trade Agreement, 719
Zia Ul-Haq, Mohammed, Chapter 41
(Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and General
Mohammed Zia Ul-Haq, 498–505)
Pakistan International Airlines (PIA),
430, 597
Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) 501
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), 309, 434,
435, 499, 502, 592, 593
Pakistan Planning Commission, 433
Pal, Radhabinod, 92
Palaung State Liberation Front, 607
Palestine, 329, 496, 501, 566, 693, 697
Pan-American Centennial Congress
(1926), 6
Pan Fuesheng, 342
Pan Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), 226, 229,
535
Panama Canal, 29, 34–35, 727
Panay, USS, 727
Pancasila, 212–213, 377, 546
Panchsheel (The Five Principles of Peaceful
Coexistence), 292, 295
Pandjaitan, Donald, 383
Pangkor, Treaty of, 217
Panyarachun, Anand, 497
Pao Yochang, 608
Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI), 210, 212,
376–377, 379, 380, 382
Partai Sosial Indonesia (PSI), 376
Paris Commune, The, 525
Paris Group, The, 507–510, 513, 515–516
Paris, Treaty of, (1898), 33, 451
Park Chung-hee, xix, Chapter 25, 487,
527–531, 533
Parks, Rosa, 259
Parman, Siswondo, 383
Pascal, Father, 202
Pasternak, Boris, 729
Pike-5480004
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Index
Patel, Sardar, 100, 103, 186, 187, 286–289,
291, 294, 295, 297
Pathe, Pierre-Charles, 734
Pathet Lao, 371, 372, 490
Patten, Christopher, 250, 678–682
Pau National Organisation, 607
Paulsen, Friedrich, 344
Paw Tun, Sir, 205
Pax Britannica, 39, 243
Peace and Friendship Treaty (India), 619
Pearl Harbor, xvii, 28, 50, 51, 56, 62,
87–90, 92, 93, 170, 219–243
Peck, Gregory, 25
Pedro, Prince of Portugal, 6
Pen Boun, 512
Peng Dehuai, 79, 343, 346, 348, 349, 468,
526, 590
Peng Kya Shen, 606
Peng Zhen, 346–348, 627
People Progressive Party (PPP)
(Malaysia), 227
People’s Action Party (PAP), 235–241
People’s Alliance for Democracy
(PAD)(Thailand), 712–713
People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN), 442,
443, 449
People’s Liberation Army (PLA)(China), 72,
79, 263, 282, 307, 347, 349, 467, 468,
472, 522, 523
People’s Power Party (PPP)(Thailand),
712–713
People’s Republic of China (PRC) see China
People’s Revolutionary Army (Hukbong
Magpagpalaya ng Payan), 173
People’s Volunteer Organisation (PVO;
Pyithu Yebaw Ahphwe), 205–208, 601
Peppard, George, 25
Perry, Matthew, Commodore, 3, 31–32, 45
Perry, William, 565
Pertamina, 551–552, 555
Pescadores Islands, 277, 684
Peter the Great, 43, 120
Petroleum Development Act of 1974, 230
Phan Boi Chau, 144
Phanomyong, Pridi, 160
Phahon (Phahonphonphayuhasena),
Phraya, 161
847
Pheby, Paul, 564
Phibun (Phibunsongkhram), Luang, (General),
Chapter 11 (General Phibun, National
Socialist Dictator), 488, 490, 494–496
Philadelphia Convention (1787), 13
Philippine Communist Party (Partido
Komunista ng Philipinas) (PKP), 171,
175, 477
Philippines, The, 3, 37, 56, 87, 88, 130,
157, 217, 230, 267, 660, 662,
697, 716
America, 3, 27, 32–34, 49, 55, 148,
Chapter 12 (From Independence to
Dependency, 170–178), 192, 223, 379,
478–487, 577, 579–580, 734
Aquino, Benigno, Chapter 39 (The Murder
of Aquino: The Disgrace of Ferdinand
Marcos, 475–487)
Aquino, Corazon, Chapter 49 (Cory Aquino
and the Rocky Path to Democracy,
576–582)
ASEAN, 225
CIA, 113, 177, 257
Indonesia, 210, 225
Manila Pact, 156
Marcos, Ferdinand, Chapter 39 (The
Murder of Aquino: The Disgrace of
Ferdinand Marcos, 475–487)
Tydings-McDuffie Act, 41
Phin Choonhavan, 496
Phillips, Warren, 300
Phnom Penh, 381, 457, 459, 461, 462, 464,
493, 506–514, 516, 553
Phouma, Prince Souvanna, 372
Pickering, Thomas, 702
Picq, Laurence, 511
Pike, Montgomery Zuberon, 24
Pike, John, 484–485
Pierce, Shanghai, 26
Pilger, John, 737
Pilgrim Fathers, The, xix, 4, 9
Pin Yahtay, 512, 514
Pinter, Harold, 737
Piroth, Charles, 153
Pitroda, Sam, 614
PKB (National Awakening Party),
716–717
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848
Plaek Khittasangkha see Phibun, Luang
Platt Amendment, 41
Plymouth, USS, 32
Podgorny, Nikolai, 450
Pol Pot, 230, 456, 458, 493, Chapter 42 (Pol
Pot: Deconstruction and Genocide,
506–517), 583, 725
Politburo (JVP / Sri Lanka), 418, 419
Politburo (Soviet), 734
Politburo of the Communist Party of China,
75, 79, 269, 340–341, 343, 346, 349,
427, 467, 471, 472, 473, 521, 522,
526, 586, 625, 627, 629
Politburo of the Communist Party of North
Korea, 318, 320, 322
Politburo of the Communist Party of
Vietnam, 441, 444, 451–452
Politkovskaya, Anna, 749
Polk, James Knox, 17–19
Pomeroy, William J., 177
Pompidou, President, 283, 449
Ponchaud, Father (Priest), 510, 511
Port and Airport Development Strategy
(PADS), 677
Port Arthur, 126, 193
Porter, Michael, 669
Portsmouth, USS, 31
Portsmouth, Treaty of, 36
Potsdam Conference (Potsdam Summit),
Chapter 2 (Potsdam, Hiroshima and the
Bomb, 61–69), 81, 92, 104, 134, 142,
194, 245
Pou Kombo, 457
Powers, Gary, 303
Prabhakaran, Velupillai, 413, 416,
619, 724
Prabowo Subianto, 554, 556
Prajadhipok, King of Thailand, 159–161,
163, 494
Prajogo Pangestu, 551
Pramoj, Kukrit, 162, 491
Pramoj, Seni, 164, 491
Pran, Dith, 509
Pranato, S., 384–386
Prapanca, Mpu, 210–211
PRC (People’s Republic of China) see China
Premadasa, Ranasinghe, 417–419
Index
Preservation of Sukarnoism Body, The
(BPS), 380
President, USS, 31
Prestowitz, Clyde, 326
Prieto, ‘Peachy’, 485
Prince of Wales, HMS, 141
Prodi, Romano, 738
Protestant Church (Reformation), 5
Proxmire, William, 461
Prussia, 5, 7
Public Security Bureau (PSB) (China), 348
Pueblo, USS, 321
Punjab, 179, 183, 186–190, 290, 305, 308,
354, 357, 364, 439, 502, 592, 594,
599, 617–618, 656, 693
Punjab Boundary Force (PBF), 188–189
Putin, Vladimir, 635, 749–750
Pye, Lucian, 484
Pyongyang, 192, 195, 196, 198, 263, 322,
381, 558–561, 563, 567
Qaddafi, (Colonel), 415
Qayyum, Abdul, 504
Qian Qichen, 681
Qiao Guanhua, 583
Qiao Shi, 630
Qing Dynasty, 71, 73, 79, 80, 277, 278, 427
Qu Yuan, 340
Quemoy Crisis, The (1955),
248, 282
Quezon, Manuel, 170–172
Quinn, Anthony, 415
Quinn-Judge, Sophie, xxi
Quintero, Eduardo, 477
Quirino, Elpidio, 175–177
Qureshi, Moin, 594, 595
RAA (Recreation and Amusement
Association; Tokushu Ian Shisetsu Kyodai),
133
Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 701
Radcliffe, Sir Cyril, 187
Rae Bareilly, 355, 361
Rahman, Akhtar, 504
Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur (Sheikh Mujib),
xviii, 309, 358, 434, 435, 437,
568–571, 572
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Index
Rahman, Ziaur (Zia), 570–573
Rajagopalachari, C., 286
Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 724
Rajasunharan, R., 414
Ram, Jagjivan, 361, 362
Rama IV, King, 160
Ramesh, Jairam, 657
Ramli, Tajudin, 538
Ramoowalia, Balwant Singh, 617
Ramos, Fidel, 486, 577, 581–582
Rance, Sir Hubert, 206, 208
Rand, Ayn, 287
Rand Corporation, The, 478
Rann of Kutch, The, 307
Rao, N.T. Rama, 363, 617
Rao, Narasimha, xix, Chapter 56 (Narasimha
Rao and the Quiet Revolution, 652–659),
718, 720
Rao Shushi, 79
Rashid, Major, 572
Ray, A.N., 357
Razak, Najib Tun, 714
Razak, Tun Abdul Hussein, 224, 227–229,
239, 241, 389, 536
Reagan, Ronald, xviii, 62, 338, 415, 426,
445, 481, 486, 487, 558, 579, 615,
639, 644, 660–661, 733, 739,
743, 747
‘bellicose’, 735
Burma, 606
China, 588, 740, 742
Korean War, 267
Indonesia, 555
Japan, 338, 637
Pakistan, 695–699
Philippines, 482–483, 486, 487, 576, 579
Soviet Union, 114, 686, 695, 697,
741, 755
Sri Lanka, 415
START, (Stratregic Arms Reduction
Treaty), 112
Taiwan, 686, 688
UNESCO, 620
Vietnam, 741
Realpolitik, 35, 37–38, 45, 192, 437, 459,
685, 695, 738
Red Army, The, xix, 74, 75, 248, 263, 273
849
Red Cross, The, 153, 323
Red Guards, The, 322, 340–343, 348, 350,
467, 468, 523–525, 630
Reddy, Dr. Raj, 655
Reddy, Sanjiva, 356
Redford, Robert, 24
Regan, Donald, 62, 588, 740, 742
Reischauer, Edwin, 148, 326
Renault, 357, 583, 645
Rendel Commission, The, 223–224, 235
Republic of China (ROC) see Taiwan
Repulse, HMS, 141
Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC),
445, 736
Reston, James, 430
Restrictive Trade Practices Act (1970), 359
Reuben James, USS, 50
Reynolds, Debbie, 25
Rhee, Dr. Syngman, 193, 196, 198, 257,
266, Chapter 25 (Fall of Rhee and Park’s
‘Economic Miracle’, 310–317)
Richards, Horace, 392
Ridgway, Matthew, 264–266
Roberts, William L., 198, 257
Robespierre, Maximilien, 349, 507
Robinson, Sherman, 665
ROC (Republic of China) see Taiwan
Rockefeller, Nelson, 430
Rodney, George Brydges, (Admiral), 430
Rogers, John, 31
Rogers, William, 424, 430, 449
Roh Moo-Hyun, 709–710
Roh Tae Woo, 530–532
Romanenko, Major General, 195
Romualdez, Benjamin ‘Kokoy’, 477
Romulo, Carlos, 171–172, 480
Ronnaphakat, Fuen, 166
Roosevelt, Franklin Delanor (FDR), xviii,
41, 49–51, 56, 63, 66, 103, 104, 115,
124, 125, 148, 726
Roosevelt, Theodore, 30, 34–38, 55, 63,
192–193
Rosen, Arthur, 239
Rosenthal, A.M., 576, 634
Rostow, W.W., 314
Rowe, James, 578
Rowell, Milo, 135
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Roxas, 173–175
Roy, Denny, 707
Royal Proclamation (1763), The, 10, 12
Royal Proclamation (1774), The, 10
Rusk, Dean, 248, 259, 262, 306, 423, 490,
493
Ruskin, John, 288
Russell, Bertrand, 753
Russell, Frank, 661
Russia, see Soviet Union
SAARC see South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation
Sabah (province), 224, 227, 240,
379, 538
Sachs, Jeffrey, 663, 668
Sackur, Stephen, 651
Sahib, Mahajarah, 189
Sainteny, Jean, 149, 150
Saito Makato, 85
Sakomizu, Hisatsune, 81
Sakurai, Shin, 335
Saleh, Chaerul, 380, 388
Saleh, Ismael, 384
Salisbury, Harrison, 324
Salonga, Jovito, 480, 581
Saloth Roeung, 506
Saloth Sar see Pol Pot
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks),
112, 425
Sam Seun, 607
Samad, Shahrir Abdul, 536
Samak Sundaravej, 712–713
Samouth, Tou, 508
Samsung (company), 533, 665
Samuel Montagu & Co., 529
San Francisco Peace Treaty, 684
Sananikone, Phoui, 372
Sanchez, ‘Bobbit’, 577
Sanders, Colonel, 91
Sant Chitpatima, 494
Sant Longowal, 617
Santa Anna, de, Antonio de Padua Maria
Saverino Lopez y Perez de Lebron, 16
Santenay, Jean, 142
Santiago, Miriam, 581
Sao Shwe Thaike, 602
Index
Saratoga, USS, 32
Sarawak (Malaysian province of), 217, 224,
227, 237, 240, 379, 539
Sarit, General, 166–169, 488–490, 496
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 746
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 515
Sastroamidjojo, Prime Minister, 376
Sathe, Vasant, 614
Sato Eisaku, 66, 313, 337
Satohishi Sumita, 639
Sattar, Abdus, 572
Saw Po Chit, 207
Saxonhouse, Gary, 313
Sayed, Mufti Mohammed, 618
Sayem, Abu Sadat Muhammad, 570–571
SCAP (Supreme Commander of the Allied
Powers), 81, 82, 87, 90, 92, 130–132,
134–138, 204
Schanberg, Sydney, 509
Scheuer, Sandra, 446
Schlesinger Jr., Arthur, 374, 424
Schmidt, Helmut, 733
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 288
Schroeder, William, 446
Shultz, George, 445, 483, 486, 697
SDF see Self Defense Forces
Seaborg, Glenn, 422
Sebkar-Golkar (GOLKAR; the Joint
Secretariat of Functional Groups), 546,
553, 554, 716–718
SEATO see South East Asia Treaty
Organisation
Seeley, Sir John, 102
Self Defence Forces (SDF)(Japan), 648
Sen, Amartya, 651
Senanayake, D.S., 407
Senanayake, Dudley, 407
Serniabat, Abdur Rab, 568
Service, John Stewart, 373
Sevareid, Eric, 732
Seven Thousand Cadres Conference, 345
Shah, G.M., 363
Shah of Iran, The, 433, 502
Shah, Sajjad Ali, 596
Shahab-ud-din, Ahmed, 305, 574
Shahani, Leticia Ramos, 581
Shahi, Agha, 695
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Index
Shan (States), 167, 199, 202, 206, 496, 602,
604, 605, 607
Shanghai, 47, 122, 124, 127, 146, 243, 249,
252, 283, 323, 341, 342, 346, 349,
432, 471, 521, 522, 585, 590, 628,
685, 705–706
Shaplen, Robert, 151, 174
Sharif, Nawaz, 500, Chapter 51, 699,
721–722
Sharma, Satish, 621
Sharp, Ulysses S. Grant, 399
Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 309, 354
Shawcross, William, 456, 465
Sheehan, Neil, 370
Sheikh Mujib see Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur
Sheldon, Sidney, 535
Shelly, Minazur Rahman, 723
Shen, James, 685
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 687, 697
Shi Ming The, 689
Shigemitsu Mamoru, 89, 139
Shidehara Kijuro, 134
Shimonoseki, Treaty of (1895), 277
Shoaib, Finance Minister, 433
Shohan, Charles J., 222
Shuyler, Brigadier General, 131
Sigit Harjojudanto Suharto, 550
Sikhs, 181, 188–189, 290, 364, 417,
617, 720
Simla Agreement, 362–363
Simla Conference, First, 183
Simon, Sir John, 100,
Simons Jr., Thomas, 596
Sin, Cardinal, 485, 486
Singapore, xviii, 166, 181, 217, 404, 416,
454, 535, 538, 544, 555, 582, 660,
661, 688, 712, 714, 715
America, 235
Britain, 124, 220, 234, 244
Five Power Defence Agreement, 229
Japan, 233–234
Malaya, 224–225, 237–238, 241, 538
Lee Kuan Yew, Chapter 18 (Lee Kuan Yew:
Pocket Giant, 232–242), 540, 582
Singer sewing machines, 281
Singh, Arun, 616
Singh, Beant, 364
851
Singh, Hari, see Maharaja of Kashmir
Singh, Manmohan, 656, 720
Singh, Satwant, 364
Singh, Swaran, 362
Singh, Tara, 189
Singh, Tavleen, 612, 618
Singh, V.P., 615–616, 622
Sinha, Yashwant, 719
Sinhalese Ceylon National Congress, 406
Sinn Fein, 415
Sino-Indian Agreement on Tibet (1954), 295
Sino-Soviet Treaty, 120
Sirikit, Queen of Thailand, 494
Sirohey, Iftikhar Ahmed, 593
Sison, Jose Maria, 477
Sisowath Monivong, King of Cambodia, 457,
506
Sisowath Preah Bat, King of Cambodia, 457,
506
Sisowath Monipang Savethong, 514
Sisowath Sirik Matak, 461, 509
Sisowath Somonopong, 506
Siswomihardji, 383
Sitting Bull, (Indian Chief), 22
Skidelsky, Robert, 56
Slade, Madeline, 96
Slidell, John, 18
Slim, General, 62, 164, 182, 203
Sloat, John D., 18
SLORC see State Law and Order Restoration
Council
Smiley, Xan, 728
Smith, Adam, 250, 657
Smith, Joseph Burkholder, 178
Smith, O.P., (Major General), 263–264
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, 48
Smuts, Jan, 40, 97, 732
Snow, Edgar, 73, 74, 118, 429
So Phim, 513
Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ),
647–649
Soho Tokutomi, 45
Soka Gakkai (Value Creating Academic
Society), 330–331
Solarz, Stephen, 325, 485
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 728
Somchai Wongsarat, 713
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852
Son Ngoc Thanh, 458, 461, 462
Son Sen, 508
Song Man Tcho see Ho Chi Minh
Song (Songsuradet), Phraya, 159, 161
Sony (electronics), 332, 334, 579,
638, 747
Soong, Charlie, 124
Soriano, Andres, 171, 172
Soros, George, 663, 667, 747
South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC), 620
South East Asia Command (SEAC), 213
South East Asia Treaty Organisation
(SEATO), 156, 225, 304, 374,
490, 731
South West Pacific Area (SWPA), 213
Soviet Union xvi, xviii, xix, xx, 6, 31, 37,
40, 64, 68, 80, 116, 145, 155, 157,
160, 192, 195–196, 272–273, 293,
294, 295, 352, 367, 417, 427, 428,
461, 469, 471, 491, 507, 554, 561,
564, 567, 587, 634, 635, 697, 705,
728, 729, 734, 738–741, 743, 744,
746, 749–752
Afghanistan, 700–702, 742
America, 3, 18, 41–44, 53, 65, Chapter 6
(An Iron Curtain Has Descended,
104–114), 177, 184,194, 293, 404,
422, 425, 426, 429, 460, 608, 660,
695, 697, 698, 740
Bangladesh, 569
Britain, 300, 402, 694
Cambodia, 456, 463, 464
Chiang Kai Shek, 72
China, 57, 67, 72, 73, 74–75, 86,
115–120, 122, 126, 138, 139, 271,
272, 273, 275, 280, 282, 292, 320,
322, 346, 348, 391, 396, 399, 403,
421, 422, 423, 427–429, 432, 455,
469, 584–587, 625, 629, 734,
735, 748
Cold War, 64, 104, 441, 580, 594, 687,
726, 728, 729, 754
Hong Kong, 677, 680
India, 294, 295, 353, 354, 358, 430, 615,
620, 651, 657–659
Indonesia, 215, 222, 378, 387
Index
Japan, 36, 45–46, 66, 83, 90, 93, 127,
131,193, 330, 649
Korea, 193–198, 257–259, 267, 268,
314, 318, 319, 562, 563,
565, 566
Malaysia, 230
Manchuria, 71, 127
Pakistan, 303, 306, 307, 309, 313, 359,
437, 502, 693, 694
Philippines, 171, 174
Russian Revolution, 44, 74, 428, 734
Six Party Talks, 710
Soviet Union, 64, Chapter 6 (An Iron
Curtain Has Descended, 104–114),
734, 742
Sri Lanka, 407, 409, 411
Stalin, Joseph, 79
Taiwan, 686
Thailand, 491
Vietnam, 146,155, 283, 324, 368, 369,
372, 395, 397, 400, 401, 426, 448,
449, 450, 454, 458, 459, 481, 493,
517, 695, 724, 735, 736, 737
Spain, 146, 673
Americas, 3, 5–7, 13, 15–16, 18, 23, 29,
30, 172
Cuban War, 33, 37
Philippines, 172, 192
Spanish Civil War, 41
Taiwan, 277
SPDJ see Social Democratic Party of Japan
Special Administration Region (SAR)(Hong
Kong), 675, 676, 677, 681, 682
Special Operations Executive
(SOE)(Burma), 203, 604
Spooner Act, The, 35
Sri Ayudhya (cruiser ship), 166
Sri Lanka, xviii, 296, 353, Chapter 33 (The
Trouble with Tigers, 406–419), 597, 622,
719, 723, 732
China funding, 427
Mao’s economic diplomacy in, 108, xvi
North Korean Diplomats evicted, 321
Tamil Tigers 362, 618, 619, 622
Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), 407,
409–411
Sri Lanka Mahajana Party (SLMP), 418
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Index
Sriyanon, Phao, 165, 166
Stalin, Joseph, xviii, Chapter 7 (Stalin,
Mao and Truman: Post-War Alliances,
115–121), 160, 207, 294, 297,
319, 606
20th Soviet Congress, 346
Atlantic Charter, 50
atom bomb, 105
Churchill and Roosevelt at Tehran, 194
Churchill and Roosevelt at Yalta, 51
Cold War, 106, 107, 156, 198
economic policies, 319, 627, 728
global domination, 110, 113
Japan, 330
Khrushchev repudiation, 426, 526,
625, 729
Korean War, 194, 197–198, 257
Kuomintang, 116, 122, 123, 126
Mao Zedong relationship, 78, 79, 115,
116, 117, 282, 428
personality cult copied, 320
Potsdam Summit, 62–64, 104
purges, 276, 651
rivals, fear of 44
role of party, 345
Stalinism, 90, 142, 195, 207, 215, 318,
688, 753
Stallone, Sylvester, 415, 585
Stanford, Leland, 20, 24
START (Strategic Arms Reduction under
Ronald Reagan), 112
Stark, Harold, 49
Starkey, Tom, 27
State Law and Order Restoration Council
(SLORC), 609, 610
Steel, Ronald, 52–53
Stern, Robert, 719
Stevenson, Adlai, 737
Stevenson, Noel, 206
Stiglitz, Joseph, 667, 747
Stikker, Dirk, 215
Stilwell, ‘Vinegar’ Joe, 124–126,
185, 202
Stimson, Henry, 63, 66–68, 81, 170
Stoessel, Walter, 420, 428
Stonehill, Harry, 476
Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), 741
853
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 748
Strong, Anna Louise, 117, 118, 144
Su Yu, 282
Subagyo Hadi Siswoyo, 556
Subandrio, Foreign Minister, 388–389,
547
Subic Bay, 174–175, 479, 580, 734
Suchinda, Thai Army Leader, 497
Sudharmono, General, 552, 557
Sudomo, Admiral, 545
Sudrajat, Major General, 555
Sufism, 363, 438, 618
Suharto, Siti Hardiyana Rukama Tutut,
(known as Tutut), 549
Suharto, Hediati Herijadi ‘Titiek’, 549
Suharto, Siti Hutami Endang, 550
Suharto (Pak Harto), xviii, 378, 381, 388,
543, Chapter 46 (Suharto: A Study in
Kleptocracy, 544–557)
appointment as acting president, 389
Central Intelligence Board, 547
IMF, 556, 666–667
in his youth, 544–545, 716–717
national economy, 549–552
New Revolutionary Council conspiracy,
383–386
Pancasila, 546
party politics, 546
resignation, 555–557
rift with the army, 553
Sebhar-Golkar, 546
Sukarno, 388–398
Suhardiman, General, 552
Suherman, Colonel, 386
Suhrawardy, Shaheed, 302–304
Sujono, Major, 383
Sukarno (Bung Karno), xviii, Chapter 16
(Sukarno: The Founding Father, 210–216),
224–225, 239, 376–379, 388–389,
390, 500, 544–546, 552, 554, 579,
716
becomes president, 216
China, 381
decline of health, 382–383
education, 210
foreign critics, 382
IMF, 548, 556
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Sukarno (Bung Karno) (Continued)
Nasution, 379–380, 381, 388
PKI, 215, 376, 380, 385
Socialism, 213, 387
USA, 213, 215, 379
Suleiman the Magnificent, 41
Sulzberger, C.L., 167
Sumitro, General, 553
Sun Yat Sen, 73, 122, 123, 145, 159,
278
Kuomintang, 75, 116
Three Principles, 279
United Front with the CCP, 116
Sundarji, Army Chief General, 616
Sunthorn, Thai Army Leader, 497
Supardjo, General, 383
Suprapo, General, 383–384, 386
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
see SCAP
Surjadarma, Surjadi, 381
Susquehanna, USS, 32
Sutedja, Governor, 387
Sutowo, Ibnu, 552, 555
Suzuki (company), 357
Suzuki, Kantaro, 67, 89, 329, 338
Suzuki, Keiji, 201
Swain, John, 416
Sweden, 7, 15, 43–44, 558–559, 616
Syamsuddin, Hamid, 384
Symington, Stuart, 441
T.V. Soong, 123, 125, 168
Table Tennis, 31st World Championship,
429
Tabuchi Yoshihisa, 641, 642
Taft, Robert, 173, 178
Taft, William, 192
Tagore, Rabindranath, 351
Taiwan (Formosa), xviii, 32, 79, 118–121,
132, 181, 660, 670
America, 197, 258, 280, 282, 283, 313,
420–421, 432, 586, 685–686, 707,
732
Chiang Kai Shek, Chapter 8 (Chiang Kai
Shek and the Flight to Taiwan, 122–129),
Chapter 22 (Dictatorship and Prosperity,
277–284), 421, 604, 671
Index
China, 247, 267–268, 278, 282, 427,
429, 432, 586, 673, Chapter 59
(One China or Two?, 684–692), 694, 707
Hua Guofeng, 586
Japan, 171–172, 192, 194
post-war economic development,
280–281, 284, 404, 543, 558,
589, 708
Republic of China (ROC), 115, 282,
684–687, 689, 707
Shanghai Communique, 283, 432
Taipei 101 building, 539
Taiwan Relations Act, 686
Takagi, Takeo, 66
Takashi, Maeda, 193
Takashi, Sakai, 244
Takeshita, Noboru, 331, 637,
646, 650
Talbot, Ian, 305, 597
Talbott, Strobe, 700, 741
Taliban, The, 701–702, 720–722
Tam Kam, 222
Tamil Congress, 406, 412
Tamil Eelam Liberation Organisation
(TELO), 415
Tamil Nadu, (Indian State of), 295, 360,
362, Chapter 33 (The Trouble with Tigers,
406–419), 618, 622, 654
Tamil (language), 287, 619, 654, 719
Tamil Tigers see Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), 412,
413
Tamogami, Toshio, 709
Tamura, Taijiro, 133
Tan Cheng Lock, 221, 222
Tan, George, 539
Tan-gun, 311
Tan Siew Sin, 222, 226, 236–240
Tan Sri Ghazali Shafie, 229
Tanaka, Giichi, 84, 329, 338
Tanaka, Kakutei, 646
Taneja, D.V., 357
Tang Dynasty, 192, 367
Tang Tuyet Minh, 145
Tanzania, 321, 744
Tashkent Declaration, The (1966), 309, 354,
498
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Taubman, William, 729
Tawab, Muhammad Ghulam, 571
Taylor, ‘Lady Bird’ Claudia Alta,
392–393, 395
Taylor, Robert, 523
Tebbit, Norman, 677
Teiwes, Frederick, 80
Telfer-Smollett, (Captain), 214
Teller Amendment, The, 33
Telugu Desam Party (TDP), 719
Templer, Sir Gerland, 186
Ten Mile Inn, 70–71, 76, 78
Terasaki, Hidenari, 88
Terrill, Ross, 755
Test Ban Treaty, The, 346, 422
Tet Offensive, xviii, Chapter 36 (Tet
Offensive: Lost Victories, 441–455), 459
Texas, Republic of, 16–18
Thaddeus (ship), 28
Thahir, Haji, 555
Thai Rak Thai Party (TRT; Thais Love
Thailand Party), 711
Thakin Nu see U Nu
Thaksin Shinawatra, 711–712
Thatcher, Margaret, (later Baroness), 52,
414, 493, 540, 615, 648, 650, 678,
735, 752
Bhutto, Benazir, 593
Britain’s economic reinvention, 253, 558,
660
Hong Kong, 673–674, 676
Indira Gandhi, 352, 362
Reagan, 739–742
Than Shwe, 609
Than Tun, 201
Thapar, Lalit Mohan, 616
Theresa, Maria, 8
Thero, Talduwe Somarama, 408
Thich Quang Duc, 370
Thiounn Chhum, 514
Thirty Years War, 4–5, 7
Thompson, John, 208
Thompson, Virginia, 220
Thorpe, Claude, 92, 171
Thurton, Asa, 28
Tiananmen Square, 48, 252, 348,
522, 525–526, 591, Chapter 54
855
(The Tiananmen Square Massacre,
624–635), 676–677, 681, 687, 706,
742, 743
Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) ‘Tamil
Tigers’, 362, Chapter 33 (The Trouble
with Tigers, 406–419), 618–619, 622,
723–724
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 103
Timor, East, 547–548, 553, 555, 556, 714
Timorese Liberation Army (Fretelin), 547
Tin Oo, 607
Ting Tsuo Shou, 604
Tinsulanonda, Prem, 493–496
Tiwana, Khizr Hyat Khan, 190
Tjokrodiningrat, Sawarno, 381
Todd, Richard, 247
Tojo, General, 62, 63, 67, 89–92, 163, 203,
326
Tokugawa Shogunate, 45
Tokyo University (Todai), 135, 136,
327, 336
Tokyo War Crimes Trial, The, Chapter 4
(Emperor Hirohito and the Tokyo War
Crimes Trial, 81–93), 140, 336
Tolentino, Arturo, 577
Tonkin Bay, 395
Tose, Philip, 662
Toynbee, Arnold, 737
Toyota (motor company), 332–333, 357,
665
Tracy, Spencer, 25
Tran Quoc Hoan, 368
Tran Trong Kim, 142
Tran Van Tra, 444
Treacher, W.H., 218
Treaty of 1862 (Vietnam), 148
Trench, David, 672
Trinder, Tommy, 733
Tron Van Huong, 396
Truman, Harry S., xix, 68, 71, 78, Chapter
7 (Stalin, Mao and Truman: Post-War
Alliances, 115–121), 153, 168, 173
American security, 753
as senator, 104
atom bomb, 62, 64–65, 68, 92
becomes President, 63
Bretton Woods, 747
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856
Truman, Harry S. (Continued)
Chiang Kai Shek, 77–78
China Aid Act of 1948, 119
‘containment’, 107–109, 174,
175, 268
Germany’s invasion of Russia, 104
Macarthur, 130, 261–262, 264–265
Monroe Doctrine, 16, 109
Nehru in Washington, 292
North Korean invasion, 197, 258
post-WWII economic choices, 732
Potsdam with Churchill and Stalin,
63–65, 92, 104
Potsdam Declaration, 66
Roosevelt’s utopian vision, 727
South Korea, 113, 196, 258–259
Stalin, 104, 194
Sukarno, 215
Taiwan, 121, 282, 707
Tokyo War Crimes Trial, 82, 87–91
Truman Doctrine, 109–110
Wake Island, 130, 261
Truong Chinh, 143, 149, 150, 367, 368
Try Sutrisno, 554, 557
Tsang, Steve, 244, 249
Tsubokami, Teiji, 163
Tsuji, Colonel, 233
Tsushima, Battle of (1905), 36, 46, 192–193
Tuchman, Barbara, 7
Tully, Mark, 360, 364–365, 612,
615, 621
Tun Ok, 205
Tung Chee-Hwa, 681, 682
Tunku Abdul Rahman, 227, 229
communal unity, 222, 535
General Macdonald, 221
independence, 223–224
losing-election, 226
Malays, 241
Malaysia, 225–226
UMNO, 220, 221, 237–238, 240, 543
Unification of Malaysia and Singapore,
Sabah and Sarawak, 224–225
separation from Singapore, 242
Singapore Foreign Correspondents
Association, 237, 240
Tydings-McDuffie Act, 41, 170, 174
Index
U Ko Lay, 608
U May Oung, 200
U Nu (Thakin Nu), 200, 208, 600, 601
U Pha, 200
U Pu, 200
U Saw, 208
U Thant, 308, 354, 493
U Thaung, 603
Ueda, Katsuo, 484
Uesugi, Shinkichi, 336
Ul-Haq, Dr. Mahbub, 433
Umezu, Yoshijiro, 67
UNICEF see United Nations
United Development Party (PPP; Partai
Persuatuan Penbangunan) (Indonesia), 554
United Malays National Organisation
(UMNO), 220–222, 224, 226–229,
238, 239–241, 535–539, 541–543,
713–714
United National Party (UNP) (Sri Lanka),
407, 409, 410, 411, 413,
417–419, 723
United Nations, 105, 119, 156, 164, 180,
214, 215, 278, 280, 290, 291, 310,
437, 472, 481, 502, 541, 565, 575,
583, 592, 595, 620, 668, 712,
734, 747
Advance Mission (UNAMIC), 725
Atomic Energy Commission, 64
Bhutto, 437, 498–499
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 717
Burma, 608
Celyon, 407
Commission on Korea (UNCOK), 196
establishment, 728, 730
First Gulf War, 656
Food and Agricultural Organisation
(FAO), 486, 563
‘‘Global federation’’, 727, 738, 745
Indonesia, 215, 389
International Children’s Emergency Fund
(UNICEF), 563
Iraq, 746
Korea, 166, 258, 527, 731
North Korea, 567
Pakistan and India, 354, 437
Pol Pot, 230
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Index
PRC, 282, 432
Sawakah and Sabah, 379
Tamil, 414
Weapons of Mass Destruction, 746
World Food Program (WFP), 563
World Health Organisation (WHO), 563
United People’s Freedom Alliance
(UPFA), 724
United Progressive Alliance
(UPA), 720
United States see America
United States Agency for International
Development (USAID), 509
United Wa State Army, 608
Uno, Sosuke, 331
Untung, Colonel 382–386
Uquali, N.M., 433
Urbain, Father (Priest), 443
Ustinov, Peter, 364
Utojo, Bambang, 377
Uttar Pradesh, 99, 285, 302, 360, 622
Vaidya, Arun Kumar, 617
Vajiralongkorn, Crown Prince of
Thailand, 492
Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 597, 719
Valji, Fatima Ganji, 299
Van Buren, Martin, 25, 54
Van Cleef, Lee, 25
Van Mook, Hubertus, 214
Van Tien Dung, 452
Vance, Cyrus, 493, 501, 586, 685, 689
Vann, John Paul, 370
Vannsak, Keng, 507
Vanzi, Max, 484
Vary, Karlovy, 734
Vecchio, Mary Ann, 446
Veliotes, Nicholas, 695
Ver, Fabian, (General), 477, 482, 484–485
Versailles Peace Conference, 4, 213
Attendance, 46
Attendees’ response to, 47–48
Eastern European states, 5
Ho Chi Minh, 145
Treaty of Versailles, 38–39, 40, 51
Wilson on China, 47
Vienna Summit, The, Chapter 30 (Kennedy:
Vietnam and Vienna Summit, 366–375), 5
857
Viet Cong, 443, 453, 463, 513
America, 446
Cambodia, 461
creation and development of, 368–369
defeat, 442, 459
Giap’s reorganisation of, 372
Laos, 398
LBJ’s plan on, 397
Operation Phoenix, 449
operations against, 370, 398, 445, 447,
448, 449, 462, 739
Phuoc Winh, 373
Saigon, 395–396, 442, 446
South Vietnam, 400
weapons manufacture and supply, 396,
458, 735
Viet Minh (League for the Independence of
Vietnam), 155, 156, 368, 371, 513
Allied Powers, 142
French, 143, 149–152, 154
Viet Minh (League for the Independence
of Vietnam), (Cont.)
Giap’s influence on, 150
Locals’ reaction, 367
Purge of non-communists, 157
Vietnam, xviii, 292, 315, 338, 354, 381,
425–426, 428–429, 476, 704,
724–725, 732
America, 77, 223, 267, 283, 313,
Chapter 30 (Vietnam and the Vienna
Summit, 366–375), 404, 420, 423,
Chapter 36 (Tet Offensive: Lost Victories,
441–455), 460, 463, 481, 491, 730,
735–737. 739, 741, 745
ARVN, 373, 443–445, 453, 462
Bao Dai, 369
Britain, 248
Cambodia, 230, 456–461, 465–466, 510,
513, 515–517
China, 148, 167, 230, 342, 395, 420,
451, 455, 481, 493
CIA, 113, 462, 479
Communism, 145–146, 156, 215, 225,
323, 368, 375, 395, 404, 454, 465,
491, 513, 515
France, 141–144, 148–150, 152,
458, 730
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Vietnam (Continued)
Geneva Conference, 155, 168, 368, 404
Giap, 150, 367, 453
Ho Chi Minh, Chapter 10 (Ho Chi Minh
and the Battle of Dien Bien Phu,
141–157), 367
Kennedy, Chapter 30 (Vietnam and the
Vienna Summitt, 366–375), 454
Laos, 372, 373
Lyndon B. Johnson, Chapter 32 (LBJ and
the Vietnam Quagmire, 391–405)
Malaysia, 230
Soviet Union, 324, 481, 493, 695, 735
Sukarno, 379
Thailand, 493
Viet Cong, 368–369, 372, 396, 398, 400,
442, 448, 461, 463
Viet Minh, 143
Vietnamese Independence, 141, 145
VPLA, 147, 149–152, 367, 456
VVAW, 447
Vietnam War, The, 315, 366, 397, 403,
457, 735, 736
Vietnam Veterans against the War (VVAW),
447
Vietnamese National Liberation Front (NLF)
see Viet Cong
Vietnamese People’s Liberation Army
(VPLA),
Cambodia, 456, 458, 459
Chinese support, 151
Foundation and Rise, 147–150
France, 153
Viravan, Amnuay, 663
Vo Nguyen Giap, 147,149, 152, 153,
368, 372
Massacre in Nghe An, 367
Military strength, 150
Strategy, 398, 401, 442, 443, 453, 466
Tet Offensive, 444
Volkogonov, Dimitri, 116, 198
Voltaire, 5, 144, 278
Volunteer Army of Defenders of the
Fatherland (Peta; Tentuara Sukarela
Pembela Tanah Air) see Armed Forces of
the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI)
Von Goluchowski, Agenor, 55
Index
Wachi, General, 171
Wahid, Abdurrahman (Gus Dur), 554,
716–717
Wajid, Sheikh Hasina, 572–574, 723
Waldheim, Kurt, 502
Walker, Edwin, 260–264
Walker, Martin, 746
Wall Street, Crash of 1929, 40, 633
Wall Street Journal, The, 258, 463, 538
Wallace, Henry, 51, 68, 125
Wang Dan, 631
Wang Dongxing, 348, 522, 526, 625
Wang Fuzhi, 74
Wang Hongwen, 471–472, 473, 522, 523
Wang Jingwei, 122
Wang Meng, 274
Wang Ming, 116
Wang Renzhong, 269
Wang Shouhua, 122
Wang, Y.C., 281
Wang Zhen, 526
War of Independence, American, 11
War Powers Act, 492
Ward, Angus, 119
Ward-Perkins, Bryan, 53
Washington, George, 10, 11, 73
Washington Naval Treaty (1922), 4,
39, 40
Wasson, Herbert, 504
Watanabe Michio, 335
Watergate, 284, 323, 432, 451–452, 454,
465–466, 479, 586, 694, 732, 739
Watts, William, 463
Wavell, Archibald Percival, 180, 182–184,
186–188, 205
Wayne, John, 25
Weaver, Mary Anne, 592
Weaver, Sigourney, 387
Webb, Beatrice, 285
Webb, Sir William, 92
Wedemeyer, Albert, 126, 245
Wei Jingsheng, 625, 628
Weinberger, Casper, 445, 483
Weiner, Tim, xxi, 752
Weir, Peter, 387
Wells Fargo, 19, 26
Wells, H.G., 727
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Index
Westmoreland, General, 397–400, 402,
442–443, 453, 463
West, Julian, 419
Westphalia, Treaty of, (1648), 4–5, 7–8, 42
Wheeler, Earle, 399
White, Harry Dexter, 51
Whitehead, John, 34
Whitney, George, 134
Widmark, Richard, 25
Wijeratne, Ranjan, 418
Wijeweera, Rohana, 409–410, 412,
418–419
Williams, A.A., 188
Williams, William Appleman, 52
Williamson, Ellis, 265
Willkie, Wendell, 49
Willoughby, General,
Wilson, Charlie, 695, 696
Wilson, Sir David, 677, 679
Wilson, Dick, 249
Wilson, Harold, 241–242, 248, 402
Wilson, William, 562
Wilson, Woodrow, 36, 193
self-determination, 213
Treaty of Versailles, 5, 40, 47, 48
Wilsonian idealism, 49, 55, 109, 744
WWI, 3–4, 37–38
Wingate, Orde, 203
Winters, Jeffrey, 661, 668
Wirahadikusumah, Umar, 557
Wiranto, General, 556
Wolfe, James, 261
Wolfensohn, James, 543
Wolff, Lester, 611
Wood, Christopher, 747
Woodcock, Leonard, 686
Woodward, Bob, 451
Worker’s Party of Korea (WPK), 320
World Bank, 52, 294, 402, 433, 481, 486,
543, 548, 555, 594, 666–668, 731,
747–748
World Food Program (WFP) see
United Nations
World Health Organisation (WHO) see
United Nations
World War I, 16, 37, 40, 46, 101, 102, 108,
144, 184, 186, 268, 726, 746
World War II, 16, 29, 32, 39, 44, 51, 52,
55–57, 62, 71, 82, 83, 103, 106, 115,
140, 142, 149, 152, 179, 198, 202,
230, 259, 264, 266, 267, 324, 330,
332, 335, 336, 338, 406, 445, 447,
643, 671, 707, 711, 721, 730, 732,
733, 738, 746, 753–755
Wu De, 625
Wu’er Kaixi, 631
Wu Faxian, 347, 470
Wu Han, 346
Xu Jiatun, 676
Xu Shiyou, 521
Y.K. Pao, Sir, 252
Yakuza, 133, 641–642, 646
Yalta, Treaty of, 51, 106, 108, 111, 126, 194
Yamagata, Aritomo, 45, 46
Yamamoto, Isoroku, xvii, 62–63
Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 173
Yamin, Mohammad, 211
Yan Jiaqi, 630
Yang Chien Hua, 632
Yang Kaihui, 74
Yang, Olive, 604
Yang Sen, 583
Yang Shangkun, 347, 627, 629, 632
Yangtze River, 72, 117, 247, 347, 524, 727
Yani, Achmad, 377, 379–384, 545, 549, 552
Yao Wenyuan, 471–472
Yao Yilin, 630
Ye Jianying, 522, 526
Ye Qun, 468, 470
Yeltsin, Boris, 525, 742, 749, 750
Yi Ki-bung, 311
Yonai, Mitsumasa, 66, 90
Yongchaiyudh, Chavalit, 496, 663
Yoshida, Shigeru, xix, Chapter 9 (MacArthur,
Yoshida and the American Occupation of
Japan 131–140), 326, 331
Yoshihito, Emperor (Taisho), 82–83
Youde, Sir Edward, 674
Young, Sir Mark, 244, 245
Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 717
Yun Posun, 312, 315
Yusul, Ramzi, 700
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Zardari, Asif Ali, 593, 595, 700, 722
Zahid, Datuk, 542
Zainuddin, Daim, 538, 541
Zhang Chunqiao, 349, 469, 471–472,
474, 522
Zhang Linzhi, 342
Zhang Qifu see Khun Sa
Zhang Wannian, 682
Zhang Yufeng, 473
Zhang Xueliang, 122–123
Zhao Ziyang, 627–631, 673–674, 706
Zheng Bijian, 707
Zheng Chenggong, 277
Zhisui Li, 271, 340, 346, 468
Zhongnanhai, 342, 343, 584
Zhou, Duke of, 472
Zhou Enlai, xviii, 79, 80, 292, 296, 297,
340, 342, 349, Chapter 38 (The Deaths
of Mao, Zhou Enlai, Lin Biao, 467–474)
American Table Tennis Team to
China, 430
Agricultural output, 275
Ayub, 308
Chaing, 123
Co-management system, 272
Cultural Revolution, 471–472
death, 472, 473, 516, 521, 628
Index
Deng, 341, 584
description of, 117
Dulles, 155
Haig, 454
Hong Kong, 248–249
Kissinger, 358, 428, 430, 685
Nixon, 323, Chapter 34
Peng, 344, 347
Sukarno, 381
Tanaka, 338
UN warning not to cross 38th
parallel, 262
USA, 118
Vietnam, 145, 155
Zhou Nan, 674, 680
Zhu De, 74, 75, 79, 468, 471
Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad (Mohammed)
‘General Zia’, Chapter 41, 592–594,
599, 694, 695, 696, 697–698
Zia, Begum Khaleda, 573–575, 722–723
Ziaur (Zia) Rahman, see Rahman, Ziaur
Zinn, Howard, 401–402, 442, 454,
736, 737
Ziring, Lawrence, 500
Zoellick, Robert, 745
Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality
(ZOPFAN), 229, 230