ANTI-SEMITIC
HATE CRIMES AND
INCIDENTS REPORT
May 2015
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary
Action and Protection Foundation
Brussels Institute
Unity
About the Report
Methodology
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
Hate speech
Further Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents
Community news and responses
Official and civil reasponses
News and opinions about anti-Semitism in Hungary
Other news
Action and Protection Foundation legal actions
The Month’s Chronicle
Contact and Support
References
Contributors and publisher information
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
O
ne of the most important requirements for
the struggle against anti-Semitism is an investigation of the actual prevalence of anti-Semitism.
One of the aims of Action and Protection Foundation is to eliminate ignorance of this issue. Instrumental in achieving this objective is the continuous professional monitoring of hate crimes
that occur public life. The community cannot really be protected unless current information on
anti-Semitic acts and other hate crimes are collected and analyzed. Results of the monitoring are
published, monthly by the Foundation.
The reports deal with two forms of behavior: anti-Semitic hate crimes, and hate-motivated incidents. The report refers to both types of behavior
as “ hate incidents”. An anti-Semitic hate crime is
distinguished from other hate crime by possessing
an anti-Semitic motive. Anti-Semitic hate crime
is a violation of criminal law, not all hate-motivated acts are regarded as criminal. Nevertheless, a
record of both types of hate incidents is necessary
in order to gain a general overview.
For the monitoring to have the widest possible
scope, it is required that a variety of sources are
used simultaneously. Apart from registering the
incidents, it is important to record their particular characteristics. Date recorded includes the in-
cident’s location, perpetrator, victim, consequences. Also the types of the various incidents are differentiated.
Action and Protection Foundation identified
three incidents of anti-Semitic hate crimes over the
course of its monitoring activities in the month of
May. All three incidents fall into the category of
hate speech: one incident involved a man speaking
Hebrew, who was threatened and called a Jew; the
second was the case of anti-Semitic comments from
university students in connection with an obligatory course on the Holocaust; the third incident was
when rapper Young G posted on his Facebook profile that, in his opinion, there was a connection between receiving the Hungarian Music Awards and
Jewish origins. There were three other incidents,
which we did not take into account when compiling our most recent statistics, as it is impossible to
verify the times that those hate crimes were committed or to prove their anti-Semitic intent. Therefore, these incidents are included in the section titled Further Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents. We also
report on a number of events in connection with
the Holocaust in Hungary, as well as a number of
incidents related to anti-Semitism.
Action and Protection Foundation filed no charges in May 2015.
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ACTION AND PROTECTION FOUNDATION
T
he phenomenon of anti-Semitism is by no
means new to Hungary. The hate speech encountered earlier has however become increasingly
dominant in public life. The situation is further
aggravated by the Jobbik Party, which openly declares anti-Semitic and racist views, having fortythree members of parliament making hate speech
far more ever-present in both Parliament and other organized events. These circumstances brought
Action and Protection Foundation into being.
Among the forms of civil association offered by
Hungarian law, Action and Protection Foundation chose the form of foundation; it was registered in November 2012. The Foundation seeks
to provide an alternative to the ineffectual legal
steps taken against deteriorating standards of
public discourse, exclusion, and the ignorance in
which anti-Semitism is rooted, as well as atrocities
and hate crimes.
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
The Brussels Institute, founded by Action and Protection Foundation, carries out monitoring of anti-Semitic hate crime in accordance with methods worked out and proposed by
the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). In monitoring anti-Semitic phenomena the Institute records and analyzes them on the basis of information delivered by various standardized sources. The monitoring process, which categorizes incidents
into seven different groups, relies on the following sources: the sources of the Institute’s
own Research and Incident Monitoring Group, information available in the press and public media, and relevant data to be found in judicial, criminal and other state administrative
records in the framework of an agreement with these branches of government. The institute
has set up a now operational HOTLINE that can be reached by dialing the number (+36 1)
51 00 000, where incidents of anti-Semitic and anti-Jewish behavior can be reported.
Beyond regular publication of the monthly monitoring reports the Brussels Institute’s research plan incorporates a comprehensive research project related to Jewry—using both
quantitative and qualitative methods—, as well as a survey on the current situation concerning anti-Semitism that encompasses society as a whole. Furthermore, the program includes development of a differentiated training program that prepares different levels and
participants of state administration for action and appropriate procedure on racist and antiSemitic phenomena, in the form of teaching materials for the educational system and further training.
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Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
Unity
Action and Protection Foundation is a registered
civil organization. Among those actively participating in the work of the Foundation are statusquo/Chabad EMIH, the reform oriented Sim
Shalom Progressive Jewish Congregation, as well
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
as socially recognized emblematic personalities
independent of these movements. Trustees of the
Foundation represent the most important Jewish
religious and cultural movements in Hungary, a
symbolic expression of the fact that action on anti-Semitism is a cause shared by all.
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ABOUT THE REPORT
G
eneral opinion on, and treatment of Hungarian anti-Semitism is often unusually extreme.
Voices are heard on the one hand, that belittle the
importance of such offences and manifestations.
On the other hand, on occasion it may be the case
that in relation to one-off incidents the image registered is of a public life deluged by such incidents.
Knowledge of the actual situation is an indispensable condition for treatment of the real problems,
which is why Action and Protection Foundation
considers it its duty to provide as comprehensive
an overview of the scale of anti-Semitism in Hungary as possible. Monitoring of anti-Semitic hate
crimes and incidents1 is one of the tools of achieving this objective. The monitoring results are
published by the Foundation on a monthly basis.
Apart from the monthly report, an annual summary review including more detailed analyses on
the offences committed in the course of the year
is also prepared.
The fight against hate crimes bears exceptional
importance, because they differ from other forms
of criminal conduct. These crimes may be considered messages of a kind, and thus point beyond
private actions. This additional import becomes
manifest in various social realms: on the level of
the individual, the group attacked, and of society
as a whole. The victims may suffer a greater psychological and emotional trauma. In the case of
these crimes not “only” the property, or physical
integrity of victims is endangered, but also their
self-respect. These offences question the right of
1 See detailed definitions in the Methodology section.
8
the individual to equality, even of belonging to society itself. It is important that in the course of
such crimes the victims are the target of attacks
because of some unchangeable characteristic, and
for this reason may well feel more defenseless. The
victims are often afraid that they may again become victims of further atrocities. Inappropriate
handling of such incidents can easily lead to a secondary victimization of the targeted person. This
type of criminal act also has a strong effect on the
group to which the victim belongs. The victims
of such crimes are often interchangeable, because
in countless cases the attack does not target a certain individual, but anyone who, in the given instance, is a member of the group under attack. In
the event, members of the group also become involved emotionally, and might live in fear of the
future when they themselves may become the target of such prejudice-motivated crimes. This is especially true of groups, which have been exposed
to prejudice for a long time. There is no need to
justify at length that Jewry belongs among such
groups. These crimes violate the norm that holds
the members of society equal. Inadequate handling of such incidents can have grave consequences for the whole of society. It may on the one
hand, encourage the perpetrators, or even others
to commit further crimes in the same mold. On
the other, it significantly diminishes the cohesive
power of society (Levin and McDevitt 1999, 92–
93; OSCE/ODIHR 2009a, 19–21; OSCE/ODIHR 2009b, 17–18; Perry 2001, 10).
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
It may be stated in general that fewer hate crimes
are reported, and in the event documented, than
are committed. Victims often do not report them
to the police. A number of reasons may cause
this implicitly. Firstly, many do not feel assured
that the authorities will treat these incidents adequately, either because they are not sufficiently
prepared, or due to prejudice. Certainly there are
many victims who are not clear about the applicable legal regulations. Victims may feel shame,
or fear that one of their concealed traits will be
exposed. Lesser categorizations of the crimes are
also frequent, where official authorities do not establish the hate-crime motivation. It is civil or-
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
ganizations that can help remedy these problems.
Cooperation with state organs—such as the police, or the Public Prosecutor’s office—may be
particularly beneficial.2 Reports prepared by civil
organizations can be expedient in alerting the official authorities to hate motivated crimes in the
country. Long-term tendencies can be outlined on
the basis of the collected data. Civil organizations
can help in setting particular cases on track for legal process, may provide legal defense for the victims, and give various other forms of aid. These
organizations may also serve as intermediaries between the victims and the police (OSCE/ODIHR 2009b, 34–36).
2 A great example of the above can be found in the Community Security Trust (CST) and cooperation between the London
and the Manchester police forces. (CST 2013)
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METHODOLOGY
T
he report deals with two types of offence:
hate crimes and hate motivated incidents. These
are defined by EBESZ as follows3 (OSCE/ODIHR 2009b, 15–16):
hate crime: a crime as defined by the criminal
code, which has been motivated by prejudice
against a certain group of people4
hate-motivated incident: an offence, also based
on prejudice against a certain group of people,
but not reaching the level of criminal conduct.
The heightened importance of individual hate
crimes is indicated by the fact that the criminal
code of numerous countries deals with these cases
separately. Hungarian criminal legislation identifies two forms of hate crime: violent offences
committed against the member of a group, and
incitement to hatred of a community. The recently adopted Criminal Code (Act C of 2012)
deals with these in Chapter XXI, Paragraph 216,
on crimes against human dignity and certain basic rights, as well as Chapter XXXII, Paragraph
332, on crimes against public peace. The crime of
violence against a member of a group may be established if the perpetrator assaults or otherwise
coerces the victim, because they belong to a pro-
tected group. Additionally, this is also the case if
the perpetrator demonstrates provocative behavior against a community that is apt to cause alarm.
The crime is only affected if there is a concrete
victim. Incitement against a community most
often means hate speech, and it can only be defined as such on the condition that it is committed in public. Incitement to hate crimes does not
target concrete individuals but a group of people.
It is important to add that other crimes may also
be categorized as having been committed on racist motives. In such cases the courts must pass a
heavier sentence5 (TASZ 2012, 3–4). Apart from
these, Paragraph 333 of the Criminal Code also
describes the crime of denial of the crimes of the
National Socialist regime. Furthermore, Paragraph 335 bans the distribution and use in wide
public, or public display of the symbols of various
autocratic regimes (among them the swastika, the
SS insignia, arrow-cross).
Detailed descriptions of approaches to, and recent
tendencies in the definition of hate incidents can
be found in our May Report. The report also cites
the findings of literature in this field internationally. The present report presents hate crimes and
hate incidents motivated by anti-Semitism, wherever perpetrator, target, means or message of a case
3 The scientific definition of hate crimes is extremely contradictory and divergent (for more on this, see Chakraborti and
Garland 2009, 4–7). These definitions can serve as important addenda to an understanding of these crimes, however they
are difficult to apply in practice. This is what made the creation of simpler, more practical definitions necessary.
4 For example, on these grounds the OSCE does not consider hate speech a hate crime, since the given behavior would not
count as criminal without the motive of prejudice (OSCE/ODIHR 2009a, 24). For our approach in dealing with this, see
below.
5 The Criminal Code does not include racist motives verbatim, but for example the case of “contemptible motive” is fulfilled,
if someone commits a crime out of such a motivation.
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Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
suggest it. The target may be a person, a group, an
event, a building, a monument or other property.
It is important however, that anti-Semitic motivation can only be spoken of if the perpetrator chose
the given target expressly because it was assumed
to belong to Jewry. In this context it is not finally
relevant whether the assumption is correct: the belief of the target’s connection to Jewry is sufficient.
In the course of monitoring, on one hand, all incidents that fall in the category of hate crime are considered hate incidents. These may be crimes identified as such by the Criminal Code (violent assault
of a member of a community, incitement to hatred
of a community, denial of the crimes of the national socialist regime, use of symbols of autocratic regimes), but can also include other acts mentioned
in the Criminal Code, if prejudice can be proven
as a motivating factor. When identifying hate incidents, various indicators recorded during the monitoring period6 are used as the basis for examining
whether the given action could have been motivated by anti-Semitism.
For the widest possible scope in monitoring antiSemitic hate incidents the simultaneous use of a
variety of sources is required. The victims’ filed
reports are of especially great importance to this
study. If the victim cannot, or does not want to
file a report with the Brussels Institute, the involvement of an intermediary may be facilitated
to gain information. Such an intermediary may
be a family member, acquaintance of the victim, a
witness of the incident or another civil organization. The earlier mentioned 24-hours-a-day Hotline operated by the Foundation serves to ease
the passage of reports. Additionally there are op-
tions for online filing of reports, which allow even
greater anonymity for the person placing the report.
It is a declared objective of the Foundation to
keep in touch with the authorities, since they are
the most likely to be first approached by victims
or witnesses.
A variety of media channels also represent important sources: television, radio, as well as the printed and online versions of the press. An essential
segment of the report is composed of monitoring
the expressions of, so called, online hatred, which
seems currently to have become an ever-increasing
threat.
Monitoring of these media channels is covered in
part by a paid team of experts within a professional framework, while volunteers are involved additionally in the media watch, sending information
gained on to the Brussels Institute for processing. It is an aim to cover an increasingly large segment of the media with continuous monitoring.
Monitoring extends to roughly all receivable TV
and radio stations, all the printed press with high
print-runs, as well as online material not only on
news portals, but the social networking pages and
extreme, hate inciting websites. The monitoring
process is carried through systematically, according to precisely prepared standards.
Among the monitored hate incidents there are
some that are considered a part of the statistics,
but there are also some that are recorded, though
not counted as part of the statistics.7
6 These are described in the Methods section.
7 The following were used to develop these criteria: ADL 2012, CST 2013
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Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
The criteria for hate incidents that are included
in the statistics follow:
• Only hate incidents that occurred in Hungary;
no matter whether the victim is a Hungarian
citizen or not
• Any action, incident, atrocity that is aimed at
Jewish individuals, organizations or property
where an anti-Semitic intent or content can be
proven, or if the victim was attacked for being
Jewish or due to an assumed Jewish identity
• Deliberate and wanton impairment of any
Jewish institution or building (even if no
further, explicit anti-Semitic message was
paired with the vandalism [for example, a
Jewish synagogue’s window is broken with a
stone])
• Anti-Semitic comments that have been
reported to Action and Protection Foundation
appearing on blogs, fora, community pages
• Anti-Semitic and neo-Nazi material delivered
to particular Jewish individuals, Jewish
organizations, institutions
• Anti-Semitic and neo-Nazi material
deposited at Jewish-owned property, Jewish
organizations, institutions
• Criticism related to Israel and Zionism, if they
go beyond a political statement and serve to
recall traditional anti-Jewish stereotypes
• Events apt to raise fear among Jews.
Hate incidents that are not accounted for in the
statistics:
• Anti-Semitic hate incidents that are related
to Hungary and Hungarian Jewry, but for
some reason do not belong to the scope of the
statistics (e.g., they did not occur in Hungary)
• Expressions of hate that appear regularly on
homepages, in comments and online fora, and
have not been personally reported to Action
and Protection Foundation.
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BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
A number of the aspects of the registered incidents are recorded. The indicators that help decide whether a given incident was motivated by
prejudice have been mentioned earlier. These indicators pertain to various characteristics of the
perpetrator, data concerning the victim, the time
and location of the incident. These are recorded
in the course of collection of data. Tabs are kept
on whether incidents had any, and if so, what sort
of—possibly legal—consequences.
Apart from registering incidents, it is also important to capture the qualitative differentials between them. The typification of cases is carried out
in two ways. According to one of the systems of categorization the following types are differentiated:
incitement against members of a community, violence against members of a community, use of symbols of autocratic regimes, and Holocaust denial.
Based on the Facing Facts! Guidelines, seven types
of incidents are differentiated as follows (CEJI
2012, 10–12):
• Homicide: any attack on a person that causes
loss of life
• Extreme physical violence
- Any attack on a person that potentially causes
serious bodily harm
- Any attack involving weapons, or other tools
that can cause bodily harm
- Any attack on property, where there is
a potential for the people occupying the
property to be killed
- Bombs and letter bombs
- Kidnapping
• Assault
- Any physical attack against a person or
people, which does not pose a threat to their
life and is not serious
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
•
•
•
•
- Attempted assault, which fails due to selfdefense, or if the victim runs away
- Throwing objects at a person or people,
including where the object misses its target
Damage to property
- Any physical attack directed against property,
which is not life-threatening
Desecration of property
- Arson attacks on property where there is not
threat to life, failed attempts at arson
Threats
- Any clear and specific threat, whether verbal
or written
- Any “bomb” which is assessed to be a hoax
- Stalking
- Defamation
Hate speech
- Public hate speech
- Hate speech channeled via the internet and
social media
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- Abusive behavior
- Abusive literature sent to more than one
person
- In literature and music
• Discriminatory incidents
Placing hate incidents in context is also a priority.
These actions do not exist in empty space and are
by no means independent of the social and cultural environs in which they occur. The dynamics of
these incidents is also of importance: often processes, rather than separately occurring events can
be spoken of (Perry 2001, 8). Apart from the static data, short descriptions of each event are also
published, which aid understanding of the environment surrounding the incident.8 In presenting
time lines, attention will always be given to showing the dynamics of the events.
8 These descriptions in particular are held to be a most positive aspect of the Anti-Defamation League reports by Perry
(2001, 18).
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ANTI-SEMITIC HATE INCIDENTS
MAY 2015
A
ction and Protection Foundation identified
three incidents of anti-Semitic hate crimes, all of
which fall into the category of hate speech.
Anti-Semitic comments about a course on the
Holocaust
Budapest
Source: Index
Hate speech
Israeli consul called a Jew
Budapest, Pozsonyi street
Source: Jerusalem Post, Yediot Aharonot
On 25 May, two men speaking Hebrew while
waiting in front of Dunapark Restaurant and
Café were called “ dirty Jews” by a 62-year-old local
man who then also told that “ it is a shame Hitler
did not finish the job. If I had a gun, I would shoot
you”. One of the two men was Israeli consul Motti
Rave of Hungarian descent. He was waiting with
his son. The Israeli diplomat understood what
they had been told, he turned to the local man
and asked him to stop using anti-Semitic speech,
otherwise he would call the police. The man’s response was: “I wish I had a gun to shoot every one
of you.” The consul then called the Security Officer of the Israeli Embassy who noticed the police.
The man was arrested.
Further information in the section titled Official
and Civil Responses.
We report in the section titled Other News that
Pázmány Péter Catholic University has created a
course called »The Holocaust and its memory«,
which is obligatory for all students to attend beginning in September 2015.
Index news portal published an article on 26 May,
in which they stated that a vs.hu article about the
new compulsory course was shared in one of the
university’s Facebook groups for students. The
following comments appeared under the post9:
“There is nothing more important than this, a 628
commemorations per year and listening to that all
Hungarians are accomplices are not enough, we
need an OBLIGATORY course as well! Well done
Pázmány! No, not…” (verbatim quote)
“And if a teacher denies completion of the course… is
that Holocaust denial?” (verbatim quote)
“Europe and the Middle East are before a second
holocaust.. The first is, by the way, done by the currently ruling, completely anti-democratic Israeli
government that could be classified into the Putinlike regimes…” (verbatim quote)
9 For reasons of anonymity, Index made the profile pictures and usernames unrecognizable.
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Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
“I hope the course will detail how many Palestinians were killed!” (verbatim quote)
“I am not sure whether the honourable decision
makers realize that anti-Semitism has been growing since the Holocaust is rammed down people’s
throats and there are numerous commemorations
around the year… It was a terrible thing indeed,
but on one side, from a historical aspect, it was not
at all more important than any other tragedies of
mankind (like the Armenian genocide, the killing
of Native Americans, the victims of the communist
regime, unfortunately there has been plenty…)”
“Awful that 70 years later, monster regimes behind
the mask of democracy could still make a business
of the Holocaust victims’ souls…” (verbatim quote)
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
Is Jewish religion necessary?
Budapest
Source: !!444!!!
This year’s Fonogram Awards — the Hungarian
Music Awards10 — were given out on 26 May. On
27 May, a !!444!!! article drew attention to Young
G11’s congratulations. On 27 May, Young G posted a video on Facebook that showed him speculating about how one could win the Fonogram
Awards. His post, edited once after publishing,
said the followings: “I would like to hereby congratulate to fonogram’s »winners«! Who knows
how one can convert to Judaism????? [new line]
Such a vicious circle…. [new line] Good day” (verbatim quote)
10 Hungarian Music Awards is designed to acknowledge the activity of those musicians and record companies that contribute to the success of sound recording and music publishing as well recognizing the activities required for the production
of sound recording – and the people behind them – that make our musical scene. Sound recording and music publishing
develop and create new and original products which qualify as outstanding in the eyes of the representatives of the profession and the public. (Source: http://www.fonogram.hu/).
11 Birth name Béla Rácz. He first gained notice in 2010 and 2011 when he appeared on RTL Klub’s reality show called Való
Világ for a few months. He started his music career after the show and then chose Young G as his stage name. (Source: https://starity.hu/sztarok/racz-bela/eletrajz/) RTL Klub is one of Hungary’s main commercial TV channels.
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FURTHER ANTI-SEMITIC HATE INCIDENTS
A
ction and Protection Foundation identified
three incidents of anti-Semitic hate crimes during
its monitoring activities in May of 2015, which
we did not take into account when compiling our
most recent statistics, as it is impossible to verify
the times those hate crimes were committed or to
prove their anti-Semitic intent.
Stars of David on underground carriage and at
station
Budapest, Deák Ferenc square
Source: Fórum az antiszemitizmus ellen (Forum
against anti-Semitism)
On 4 May, Forum against anti-Semitism posted
images on their Facebook profile showing Stars
of David. One photo depicts a post at Deák Ferenc Square underground station (line M3) with
a hanged Star of David drawn on it. The other
photo is of an M3 underground carriage, there is
a hanged Star of David drawn on one of its doors.
Hanged Star of David at Deák Ferenc Square
underground station, Source: Forum against antiSemitism
Hanged Star of David on an M3 underground
carriage, Source: Forum against anti-Semitism
Next film should be about the Battle of
Pressburg
Budapest
Source: Fórum az antiszemitizmus ellen (Forum
against anti-Semitism), HírTV, Index, Rubicon
On 24 May, Son of Saul, the first film directed by
László Nemes won the Grand Prix at the Cannes
Film Festival. The film is set in 1944 in Auschwitz where, as a member of the Sonderkommando12 , Saul is engaged in burning corpses. He discovers the corpse of a boy he believes is his son and
does everything in order to pay the last honours
to him.
On 24 May, György Dörner congratulated László Nemes in a programme called »Civil kaszinó« (Civil casino) on HírTV but also expressed
his hopes that Nemes’ next film will be about the
Battle of Pressburg. The Battle of Pressburg was
supposedly fought between 4–6 July 907, and it
12 Sonderkommandos were work teams in Nazi concentration camps, nearly all of their members were Jewish captives. Their
main task was burning the dead.
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Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
was one of the most important victories in Hungarian military history as it strengthened the tribal confederation and concluded the Hungarian
conquest of the Carpathian Basin.
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
Kispest public transpott hub. An unknown culprit scribbled a swastika on the schedule board.
Swastika at Köki
Budapest, Kőbánya-Kispest (Köki) bus station
Source: Facebook profile of Tolerancia csoport
(Tolerance group)
On 31 May, Tolerance group posted an image
on their Facebook profile showing the schedule board of night bus No. 968 at the Kőbánya-
Swastika on the schedule board, Source: Tolerance
Group Facebook profile
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COMMUNITY NEWS AND RESPONSES
House of Fates
Budapest
Source: 168 Óra, Népszabadság
On 14 May, 168 Óra — a political news magazine in Hungary — published an interview with
Mária Schmidt, Director-General of the Sorsok
Háza (House of Fates) Museum. In the interview,
Mária Schmidt blamed János Lázár for the delayed opening of the institution. According to her,
János Lázár is in a crisis as “one who operates without principles and fellowship, and changing their
sets of values every sixth months, will soon drop out
of politics”.
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At his 14 May press conference, János Lázár said
that he was not in a crisis and he deemed he was
governed by one single principle: if the government sets up a Holocaust memorial in a reasonable time and manner, it should be done by discussion and agreement with the representatives
of Hungarian Jewry. He added that he highly appreciated Mária Schmidt’s work, but the House of
Fates would only be established if it enjoyed the
support of Hungarian Jewry.
OFFICIAL AND CIVIL REASPONSES
“Holokamu” (Holohoax) subpage of kuruc.info
to be temporarily inaccessible
Budapest
Source: MTI, ATV, Action and Protection
Foundation
Bettina Bagoly, spokesperson for the Office of
Prosecutor General of Budapest, told MTI on 27
May that the Prosecutor’s Office of Budapest District 5 and 8 called for the final block of the subpage titled “Holokamu” (Holohoax) on kuruc.info
for public denial of the crimes committed by the
Nazi regime. Bettina Bagoly said that the page in
question has been available since January 2014 and
it collects articles and texts that deny the Holocaust
ever having occurred, doubt it is fact, trivialize it, or
attempt to justify it.
The spokesperson noted that no court orders
were received at the district prosecution office.
Action and Protection Foundation pressed charges against the subpage on 1 September 2014 at the
Office of Prosecutor General of Budapest, which
transferred the case to the Budapest 5th District
Police Department. An investigation into the
case was ordered, but suspended with a decision
on 16 December 2014, claiming that no perpetrator could be identified. The decision received by
APF also detailed that the Budapest 5th District
Police Department called for the Prosecutor’s Office of Budapest District 5 and 8 to order to make
offending contents temporarily inaccessible.
Proceedings against a man Jew-baiting
Budapest
Source: !!444!!!
We reported in the section titled Anti-Semitic
Hate Incidents that a 62 year-old man Jew-baited
and threatened to shoot two men speaking Hebrew on 25 May. One of the two men, an Israeli consul who is fluent in Hungarian, asked the
62-year-old to stop but he threatened them again.
The police officer arriving on the scene took
the elderly man into custody; the consul pressed
charges.
In an article dated 29 May, !!444!!! wrote that
when asking the Budapest Police Department
(BRFK) about the incident, its press officer said
that the BRFK’s Crime Detention Department
initiated proceedings against the perpetrator for
reasonable suspicion on violence against a member of a community. The perpetrator has the right
to defend himself on parole.
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NEWS AND OPINIONS ABOUT ANTI-SEMITISM
IN HUNGARY
GFCA held in Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel
Source: MTI, Action and Protection Foundation
th
Between 12-14 May, the 5 Global Forum for
Combating Anti-Semitism (GFCA) took place in
Jerusalem.
The Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu, said at the opening of the conference that
the growing anti-Israel sentiments of past years
are the manifestations of resurgent anti-Semitism.
Minister of State for EU Affairs at the Prime
Minister’s Office and Ministerial Commissioner for the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) Chairmanship, Szabolcs
Takács, described the activities of the IHRA as a
sort of “purgatory” to MTI: participating countries must face their own past through Holocaust
education; even though this might be difficult, it
is the only way they can shape an acceptable future. He said that since 2000, Hungarian governments have continuously sought to engage in
this fight, in the recognition of past events, and
in the creation and implementation of legislation
against present manifestations of anti-Semitism,
radicalism, extremism, and racism.
The global forum focused on two main themes
this year: the connection between the advance
of global communications and the rise of antiSemitism throughout the world; and government
engagement in the fight against anti-Semitism,
20
the need to formulate new forms of government
response.
Action and Protection Foundation also participated in the conference as expert contributors on
behalf of Hungary, represented by Chairman of
the Board of Trustees, Dániel Bodnár, and Executive Director of the research institute of the Foundation, Kálmán Szalai. The Foundation’s »AntiSemitic Hate Crimes and Incidents in Hungary«
annual report and »Anti-Semitic prejudice in contemporary Hugarian society« research report were
presented at the conference.
Simonyi: Viktor Orbán is not an anti-Semite
Washington DC, Egyesült Államok
Source: MTI
On 19 May, the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia and Emerging Threats of the House Foreign
Affairs Committee held a hearing on the future
of US-Hungarian relations. All participants of
the hearing agreed that Hungary and the US were
allies and they needed to openly discuss disputes
that arise between them.
Vice President of Human Rights First, Ted
Stahnke, suggested that Washington use international organizations to apply pressure on the
Hungarian government to take action against anti-Semitism, racism, and revisionism.
Managing Director of the Center for Transatlantic Relations at John Hopkins University and
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
former Hungarian ambassador to the US, András
Simonyi, expressed his sorrow that Hungary is
no longer treated as a developed democracy. He
stated that Viktor Orbán is not an anti-Semite,
yet he does not take enough actions against antiSemitism.
Is Hungary suitable to assume the
chairmanship of the IHRA?
London, United Kingdom
Source: Népszabadság
Népszabadság published an article on 28 May in
which they wrote that the Wiener Library13 in
London hosted an event about the Hungarian
chairmanship of the IHRA. The invitation read:
“In recent years, (…) serious concerns have emerged
about the politics of Holocaust commemoration in
Hungary. This raises the question: is it possible for
Hungary to provide the moral leadership in Holocaust commemoration that is demanded by the
IHRA Chairmanship?”
The main speaker, Paul Shapiro — director of the
Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum — explained that
the murder of the Hungarian Jews is well documented and there is no doubt about the Hungarian state’s responsibility. However, Fidesz governments have been trivializing and distorting the
Holocaust, allowing anti-Semitic speech in public
and rehabilitating the perpetrators of Holocaust
since 2010. He highlighted that Horthy could
not be excused as an ally to Hitler and his complicity in the murder of the Hungarian Jews is
fact. Hoping to rehabilitate the Horthy regime is
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
merely to legitimize an autocratic power. Besides,
the House of Terror serves an excellent example
on how Hungarian history is distorted, while the
Holocaust Documentation Center and Memorial Collection on Páva Street that is true to history is being crumbled away. Although discussions
concerning the House of Fates are held again, it is
worrying that no new director has been officially
named. It is impossible to face the past because of
the fog curtain that myths create. For example the
Hungarian government had been protecting Jews
before the German invasion, that Horthy had no
power to influence deportation, or that military
loss on the Eastern front was the equivalent of
the Holocaust. The memory of the victims of the
Holocaust is still in danger.
Minister Deputy Head of Mission at the Embassy of Hungary in London, Mária Vass-Salazar,
voiced that the Hungarian government is determined to fight anti-Semitism and Hungarian PM
Viktor Orbán promotes zero tolerance against it.
She referred to the verdict of Tibor Ágoston, MP
for Jobbik, while she stressed that anti-Semitism
is becoming a more and more severe problem
throughout Europe. Ms Vass-Slazar confirmed
that the House of Fates would not be established
without the support of the Jewish community as
János Lázás had promised. She tried to separate
Fidesz from Jobbik and she denied in her answers
that they adopted anything from Jobbik’s political programme.
Director of Wiener Library, Ben Barkow strongly
criticized mixing victims with perpetrators, and
highlighted that ambiguity and ambivalence are
in conflict with the objectives of the IHRA. De-
13 Established in 1933, Wiener Library is the oldest and one of the most extensive archives in the world on the Holocaust and
the Nazi era.
21
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
nial and relativization of the Holocaust, distortion of history are unacceptable, and that includes
pardoning collaborators, giving excuses and trying to justify oneself instead of taking responsibility. No single internationally recognized scientist claims that Hungary was the victim of Nazi
Germany. The present Hungarian government
has allowed ambiguity and ambivalence to surround the approach of the Holocaust and that is
in conflict with moral leadership. IHRA has also
diminished its moral legitimacy when they gave
way to Hungarian chairmanship, and they ought
to seek ways to redress that problem.
A flood of questions was raised for the speakers
and when Ms Vass-Salazar was unable to answer a
survivor criticizing the House of Terror, Paul Shapiro took the floor. He said that in countries that
collaborated with the Nazis, it is common to mix
Nazism and communism, and that is unacceptable from a historical aspect since it blames the
Jews for communism and grants self-pardon. He
said that actions are more important than promises, voicing good intent is not enough, promises
do not convince people any more. The Hungarian government should clear themselves by taking actions instead of whitewashing. Zero tolerance should be manifested in actions: disciplining
and expelling Fidesz members that collaborate
with Jobbik, for instance. If the Hungarian government thought that assuming the chairmanship of the IHRA was to be taken as international approval, they are greatly mistaken. Those who
try to perpetuate the authentic memory of the
Holocaust and preserve its lessons are even more
alert and monitor the education and the politics
of Holocaust commemoration in Hungary. The
government’s role will be judged by their actions:
whether they fight or provoke prejudice and hate
speech.
22
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
The importance of memory work
Budapest
Source: MTI, Action and Protection Foundation
The launch of the book titled »The Future of
Holocaust Memorialization: Confronting Racism,
Antisemitism and Homophobia through Memory
Work« took place on 21 May. The English volume was published by the joint work of CEU,
Tom Lantos Institute, and the Embassy of the
United States in Hungary.
United States Ambassador to Hungary, Colleen
Bell, highlighted that one has to face the past and
overcome hard times of history. She also stressed
that it is important to perpetuate the memory of
the Holocaust and discuss its events. Numerous
sad events took place in those days and there are
still several disputes about what happened exactly
in those times and who participated in the events.
With regards to the book, she said that education
plays a major role and therefore the work and efforts of experts on the Holocaust are especially
significant and necessary.
Rector of CEU, John Shattuck, said that the
book is based on the content of last year’s conference commemorating the 70th anniversary of the
Holocaust in Hungary. The aim of the joint work
was to recall the events of the Holocaust, discuss
what the education of the Holocaust should be
like, and how anti-Semitism, racism and homophobia could and should be treated.
A study titled »Introducing a New Subject in a
Challenging Environment among Students of Military Sciences, Public Administration, and Law
Enforcement in Hungary: A Case Study« from Ildikó Barna, Action and Protection Foundation’s
director of research, author of the monitoring re-
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
ports and Associate Professor (Habil.) at ELTE
TáTK Department of Social Research Methodology, was also published in the book. The publication is based on a course on hate crimes and
their appropiate treatments that was taught by Ildikó Barna and Kristóf Bodó, lawyer of APF at
the University of Public Service for students in
the Faculty of Military Sciences, Public Administration, and Law Enforcement.
Left to right: Ildikó Barna, Colleen Bell, Kálmán
Szalai, Source: Action and Protection Foundation
Solidarity Sabbath
Budapest
Source: MTI
The Prime Minister’s Office welcomes the initiative of the Lantos Foundation for Human Rights
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
and Justice named »Solidarity Sabbath« whose
aim is to draw attention to the fight against antiSemitism, hate speech and social exclusion, as well
as to highlight the importance of tolerance.
A statement released on 22 May stressed that the
government promotes zero tolerance against anti-Semitism and against all forms of social exclusion. It respectfully cherishes the memory of all
victims and helps those who fight against incitement to hatred day-by-day. On the day of “Solidarity Sabbath”, people subjected to persecution
and negative discrimination because of their religion or origin receive emphatic support — read
the statement.
According to a publication on solidaritysabbath.org,
Lantos Foundation for Human Rights and Justice
announced on 22 May that high-profile politicians from Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, The Czech
Republic, Finland, Germany, Georgia, Greece,
Hungary, Spain, Sweden, and the United States
have agreed to participate in the initiative called
Solidarity Sabbath. Their participation conveys
an important message to Jewish communities and
to the whole world that hatred and intolerance
must not win the victory.
23
OTHER NEWS
Course on the history of the Holocaust will be
compulsory
Budapest
Source: MTI
On 26 May, rector of Pázmány Páter Catholic University (PPKE), Szabolcs Szuromi, announced in Budapest that a course on the history of the Holocaust will be obligatory for all students at the university from September 2015. Mr.
Szuromi highlighted that a course titled »The
Holocaust and its memory« will be part of the
basic curriculum just as »Introduction to Catholic faith« and students enrolling in all faculties
at the university will have to complete the course
prior to graduation. According to the rector, the
content of the course was developed by two pro-
24
fessors at the University of Tel Aviv, Dina Porat
and Raphael Vago who “ kept Hungarian particularities in mind” when choosing the content to be
taught. The rector mentioned that a year ago at
a conference organised by the Hungarian Catholic Bishops’ Conference (HCBC) and PPKE, Israel’s Ambassador to Hungary Ilan Mor said that
education — at all stages — is the most effective
means to prevent anti-Semitism. Having consulted the Embassy of Israel previously, his wording was a “ deliberate” initiative to introduce the
course on the Holocaust at PPKE.
Ilan Mor highlighted that the Holocaust from 70
years ago is part of Hungarian identity and facing
the past is necessary in the process of becoming a
more democratic country.
ACTION AND PROTECTION FOUNDATION LEGAL ACTIONS
Charges for use of totalitarian symbols rejected
Budapest
Source: Action and Protection Foundation
We detailed in our April report that on 21 April,
Action and Protection Foundation informed on
an unknown culprit at the 5th District Police Department for deliberate use in public of totalitarian symbols. An antique shop in the 5th district
offered numerous, different objects that match
the specification of the Criminal Code for totalitarian symbols14 , the majority of these objects
were in a separate display cabinet inside the shop,
easily visible to potential buyers. On pictures attached to the allegation, one could see, inter alia,
a swastika signet ring, an SS signet ring, red star
badges with hammer and sickle emblems, swastika lighters, swastika pin badges, Iron Cross insignia, medals and SS insignia.
The 5 May decision of the 5th District Police Department rejected the charges claiming that there
was no criminal offence. It referred to a decision
by the Constitutional Court which says that “the
symbols specified by the law represent ideas and
events that are connected to the forcible acquisition
and dictatorial exercise of power. […] The distribution, using in front of a large public gathering,
or the public exposition of symbols specified by the
Criminal Code are punishable if the symbols — as
totalitarian symbols — are symbolising or promoting behaviour realized by dictatorships in the 20th
century.” Based on this, the police decision reasoned that the intent of the perpetrator was only
to be judged after having investigated and evaluated the specific circumstances of the particular
offense.
With regards to the case in question, it was clear
that the public display of the totalitarian symbols
in the given textual and visual context was not
to maintain the persistence of the symbols, keep
them alive in public knowledge, popularize them
or make them publicly known as widely as possible. Usually, there were two female shop assistants in the shop, they were helpful with customers
and did not recommend any items to buy; their
appearance had no relation to ideas represented
by totalitarian systems. The public use of symbols
was not realized as the symbols were not worn.
The distribution of symbols was realized, yet
identification with the rejected ideologies could
not be determined because the shop assistants
had an objective approach to the symbols, their
activities aimed at making profit influenced by
supply and demand. The symbols that appeared
in the allegations were stored in the basement of
the shop, they were not visible from the street, and
the shop sold national socialist and communist
symbols as well. The public exposition of symbols
was not realized either since the shop assistants’
activity did not aim to maintain the persistence
of ideologies represented by the symbols, the staff
did not identify with or promote these ideologies.
14 The swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the hammer and sickle, the five-point red star or any other
symbol representing one of those signs.
25
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
Furthermore, there was no element of an offense
that disturbed public peace.
Action and Protection Foundation filed a complaint on 26 May. They reasoned that the rejecting decision referred to an inappropriate decision of the Constitutional Court as this decision
first repealed previous legislative text and new
text was delivered afterwards. The new legislative text did not include the part that an offense
is only committed if a symbol is used in connection with the relevant totalitarian system and/or
if the offender identifies with the symbol but it
says that an offense is committed if the act is capable of disturbing public peace, specifically in a
way that offends the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity. Therefore, a crime can be committed even though there
is no actual disturbance of public peace. In addition, the symbols specified by the law may always
provoke feelings of threat in individuals belonging to certain religious or ethnic groups. Based on
these, the complaint reasoned that the investigation should not examine offenders’ emotional engagement but the fact whether the act in question
was capable of offending the human rights of victims and their right to sanctity. This could only
be answered after having thoroughly investigated
all the relevant circumstances of the act. According to the complaint, one of the most cardinal
points would be the examination of the symbols;
and the symbols appear to be medals, insignia, pin
badges that have been worn by leaders of totalitarian regimes. By wearing those emblems, these
individuals committed genocide against millions
of people, they committed offenses against humanity, even under the flag of the National Socialist regime and under its ideology. Due to the
nature of the objects of the offense, not only are
these symbols associated with National Socialist
26
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
ideology but they carry further connotations. If
totalitarian symbols are sold in large quantities in
a shop that may be visited by people – even by victims or relatives of victims of totalitarian regimes,
and these objects of offense may not carry underlying messages, the act is still capable of offending
the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and
their right to sanctity, and it may even propagate
totalitarian systems.
Investigation over APF charges against I. Sz.
suspended
Székesfehérvár, Fejér county
Source: Action and Protection Foundation
We presented in our February report that on 17
February APF filed charges against an unknown
culprit at Székesfehérvár Police Department for
public denial of the crimes committed by the Nazi
regime. On 27 January 2015, kuruc.info published an article titled “Embarrassing list: children
»killed by gassing immediately after their arrival
to Auschwitz« were very much alive at the time of
»liberation«”. On 27 January, I. Sz. posted the following comment using Facebook module to the
article: “There’s noneed to deny this Holocaust as
everybody who reads this sight knows that it is only
a Holohoax,and nothing more,this Auschwitz,was
not a death camp but a relocation camp,people capable of work were taken to different industrial plants
from here,to Mlitary industries,and other plases,so
there were no gasing,a Jew told me this,so they were
paid,and recieved food,given the circumstances they
recieved good care,and received no harm.of course
Zionits Jews’ greatest pain is truth,and thiis is there
biggest illness,they receive a fortune,for these lies,as
compensation.” (verbatim quote).
In its 6 May decision, Székesfehérvár Police Department agreed that the comment denied the
BRUSSELS INSTITUTE
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents — May 2015
Holocaust, but it was impossible to find personal
and material evidence in order to identify the perpetrator and therefore the investigation was suspended.
Investigation terminated due to suspect’s death
Füzesabony, Heves county
Source:Action and Protection Foundation
We detailed in our February report that on 17
February, Action and Protection Foundation
filed charges against an unknown culprit at the
Füzesabony Police Department15 for public denial of the crimes committed by the Nazi regime.
As background to the case, Action and Protection Foundation described that in July 2013, they
filed charges for public denial of the crimes committed by the Nazi regime because of the content
of an article published on kuruc.info titled “Dismissal letters, payment slips, accurate data management – »unorthodox« documents from Auschwitz”. The author of the article and the editor of
the site could not be identified during the investigation and therefore the Office of Prosecutor
General of Budapest initiated to make the electronic data temporarily inaccessible. On 14 January 2015, spokesman for the Office of Prosecutor General of Budapest, Dr Péter Póta, reported
the event on Kossuth Rádió (Radio Kossuth); later that day it was covered by main national media, including index.hu. In addition, on 27 January 2015, an interview regarding the above mentioned investigation given by Chairman of the
Board of Trustees at APF was published on Népszabadság online. An individual on Facebook, going by the username P. V., commented on both
the index.hu and the Népszabadság online articles and shared kuruc.info’s article that publicly
denies the crimes committed by the Nazi regime.
Therefore, he publicly distributed the kuruc.info
article while being aware of its content. The first
occasion was on 25 January, when the individual
commented on index.hu’s article dated 14 January, by sharing the article denying the Holocaust
and commenting the following text: “ it shouldn’t
be prohibited, it should be REFUTED!!!ah, you
can’t do that? Thanxx!” (verbatim quote). The second occasion was when the Népszabadság online
article dated 27 January was commented on the
following: “ here you go lousy Jews!”
In its 14 May decision, Füzesabony Police Department terminated the investigation due to the
suspect’s death. The individual who posted the
content denying the Holocaust was identified as
P. V., a resident of Mezőszemere. The investigation found that it was P. V. who had shared the
offending content, which was still accessible at
the time of investigation. The investigation concluded that P. V. was under reasonable suspicion
of having committed the crime of public denial
of the crimes committed by the Nazi regime. The
suspect was not interrogated by the police. On 21
April 2015, suspect P. V. died due to a severe illness; a death certificate was provided.
15 The potential perpetrator’s living location was Mezőszemere on their Facebook profile.
27
THE MONTH’S CHRONICLE
All the incidents to be found in the report are presented chronologically in the table below. The
Category column shows which part of the report
deals with the given case in greater detail.
No.
Date
Incident
Category
1
5, 26 May
2
6 May
3
12–14 May
4
14 May
House of Fates
5
14 May
Investigation terminated due to suspect’s death
Action and Protection
Foundation Legal Actions
6
19 May
Simonyi: Viktor Orbán is not an anti-Semite
News and Opinions about
Anti-Semitism in Hungary
7
19 May
Is Hungary suitable to assume the chairmanship of the
IHRA?
News and Opinions about
Anti-Semitism in Hungary
8
21 May
The importance of memory work
News and Opinions about
Anti-Semitism in Hungary
9
22 May
Solidarity Sabbath
News and Opinions about
Anti-Semitism in Hungary
10
24 May
Next film should be about the Battle of Pressburg
Further Anti-Semitic Hate
Incidents
11
25 May
Israeli consul called a Jew
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents:
Hate Speech
12
26 May
Anti-Semitic comments about a course on the
Holocaust
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents:
Hate Speech
13
26 May
Course on the history of the Holocaust will be
compulsory
Other News
14
27 May
Is Jewish religion necessary?
Anti-Semitic Hate Incidents:
Hate Speech
15
27 May
“Holokamu” (Holohoax) subpage of kuruc.info to be
temporarily inaccessible
Official and Civil Responses
16
29 May
Proceedings against a man Jew-baiting
Official and Civil Responses
17
–
Stars of David on underground carriage and at station
Further Anti-Semitic Hate
Incidents
18
–
Swastika at Köki
Further Anti-Semitic Hate
Incidents
Charges for use of totalitarian symbols rejected
Action and Protection
Foundation Legal Actions
Investigation over APF charges against I. Sz. suspended
Action and Protection
Foundation Legal Actions
GFCA held in Jerusalem
News and Opinions about
Anti-Semitism in Hungary
Community News and
Responses
29
CONTACT AND SUPPORT
Action and Protection Foundation is the civil initiative of a number of Jewish organizations that
is ready to take resolute steps to curb increasing
widespread anti-Semitic manifestations.
In case anyone faces insults or anti-Semitic abuse
due to a supposed or real Jewish background, do
not remain silent, let us know, so that we can forward the case through the appropriate channels to
the official organs required to take measures!
Notifications of such incidents are received by the
Foundation through any of the following means:
HOTLINE
(+36 1) 510 00 00
The website of Action and Protection Foundation:
www.tev.hu/forrodrot
The Facebook page: www.facebook.com/tev-tett-esvedelem-alapitvany
Action and Protection Foundation’s undertaking
can only be successful if great numbers share in our
commitment to prepare the grounds for the right
to fair process for all those who have suffered offenses. In aid of this cause please support the work
of the Foundation with your contribution!
Donations can be made to the Foundation on the
following bank account:
13597539-12302010-00057157
Contact details for Action and Protection
Foundation
Address: Semmelweis utca 19, 1052 Budapest,
HUNGARY
Phone: +36 1 267 57 54
+36 30 207 5130
http://www.tev.hu
[email protected]
31
REFERENCES
2012. évi C. törvény a Büntető Törvénykönyvről
[Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code],
http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.
cgi?docid=A1200100.TV (last accessed:
2013.07.10.)
Anti-Defamation Leaugue (ADL). 2012. 2011
Audit of Anti-Semitic Incidents.
CEJI. 2012. Make hate Crimes Visible. Facing
Facts! Guidelines for Monitoring of Hate
Crimes and Hate Motivated Incidents. Facing
Facts! project.
Chakraborti, Neil and Jon Garland. 2009. Hate
Crime. Impact, Causes and Responses. London:
Sage Publications.
Community Security Trust (CST). 2013.
Antisemitic Incidents Report 2012.
32
Levin, Jack and Jack McDevitt. 1999. “Hate
Crimes.” In Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace
and Conflict, edited by Lester Kurtz. San
Diego: Academic Press, 89–102.
OSCE/ODIHR. 2009a. Hate Crime Laws. A
Practical Guide. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.
OSCE/ODIHR. 2009b. Preventing and
responding to hate crimes. A resource guide for
NGOs in the OSCE region. Warsaw: OSCE/
ODIHR.
Perry, Barbara. 2001. In the Name of Hate.
Understanding Hate Crimes. New York:
Routledge.
Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (TASZ).
2012. Gyűlöletbűncselekmények áldozatainak.
Tájékoztató Kiadvány [For the victims of hate
crimes. A guide]. Budapest: TASZ.
Contributors and publisher information
Publisher:
Brussels Institute Nonprofit Ltd.
Kálmán Szalai, Executive Director
Author:
Dr. Ildikó Barna, sociologist,
Associate Professor (Habil.) at ELTE TáTK, Department of Social Research Methodology
Editors:
Dr. Kristóf Bodó, legal advocate,
legal representative of Action and Protection Foundation and the Brussels Institute
Dr. István Fekete, legal advocate, legal representative of Brussels Institute
Kata Majoros, Communications consultant
Melinda Minkó research scholar,
head of the Incident Monitoring Group of the Brussels Institute
Dr. Krisztina Szegő, lawyer
Julianna Görög, translator
Contributors: Dániel Bodnár, philosopher,
Chairman of the Action and Protection Foundation Board of Trustees
Andrew Srulewitch, Director, Anti Defamation League
The publisher wishes to thank Dr. András Kovács, sociologist, Professor at CEU, for all the encouragement and
helpful advice.
The publishers expresses their gratitude for the self-sacrificing work of the volunteers who, under expert guidance,
have put their continuous efforts into the preparation of this report over the past months.
Use of the Report or any part thereof requires written permission from the publisher and such use must properly
cite this report as as a reference.
2015 Budapest
Action and Protection Foundation
Address: Semmelweis utca 19, 1052 Budapest,
HUNGARY
Phone: +36 1 267 57 54
+36 30 207 5130
http://www.tev.hu