Confirming Pages
10
The
Periodic
Law
These precolumbian ornaments do not show their age because gold is a relatively inactive element.
GOALS
When you have finished this chapter you
should be able to complete the goals
• given for each section below:
10.6
Elements and Compounds
10.1
10.2
10.3
Chemical Change
A Chemical Reaction Alters the Substances Involved
Three Classes of Matter
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
• Distinguish among the three classes of
matter—elements, compounds, and
mixtures—and describe how they can
be told apart.
• State the law of definite proportions.
The Atomic Theory
The Building Blocks of Matter
• Explain the meanings of the letters,
numbers, and parentheses in the
chemical formula of a compound, for
instance, Al2(SO4)3.
The Periodic Law
10.4
10.5
Metals and Nonmetals
A Basic Distinction
• Compare the properties of metals and
nonmetals.
Chemical Activity
The More Active an Element, the More
Stable Its Compounds
• Discuss the relationship between the
chemical activity of an element and the
stability of its compounds.
10.7
10.8
Families of Elements
Members of Each Family Have a Lot in
Common
• List some of the characteristic
properties of the halogens, the alkali
metals, and the inert gases.
The Periodic Table
A Pattern of Recurring Similarities
among the Elements
• State the periodic law and
describe how the periodic table is
drawn up.
Groups and Periods
Elements in a Group Have Similar
Properties; Elements in a Period Have
Different Ones
• Distinguish between the groups and
periods of the periodic table.
Atomic Structure
10.9
Shells and Subshells
They Contain Electrons with Similar
Energies
• State what is meant by atomic shells
and subshells.
10.10 Explaining the Periodic Table
How an Atom’s Electron Structure
Determines Its Chemical Behavior
• Distinguish between metal and nonmetal atoms in terms of their electron
structures.
• Explain the origin of the periodic law
in terms of the electron structures of
atoms.
Chemical Bonds
10.11 Types of Bond
Electric Forces Hold Atoms to One Another
10.12 Covalent Bonding
Sharing Electron Pairs Produces an
Attractive Force
10.13 Ionic Bonding
Electron Transfer Creates Ions That
Attract Each Other
• Compare covalent and ionic bonds.
• State what is meant by a polar covalent
molecule.
10.14 Ionic Compounds
Matching Up Ions
• Explain how the formula of an ionic
compound can be predicted from the
charges on the ions it contains.
10.15 Atom Groups
They Act as Units in Chemical Reactions
• Discuss the nature of an atom group.
10.16 Naming Compounds
The Vocabulary of Chemistry
• Establish the formula of a simple compound from its chemical name.
10.17 Chemical Equations
The Atoms on Each Side Must Balance
• Explain what a chemical equation represents and does not represent.
• Recognize whether a chemical equation is balanced or unbalanced.
• Balance an unbalanced chemical
equation.
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