Sound and Waves  Understand what must happen to make a sound (vibrations).  Understand that sound / sound waves carry energy. Provide examples.  Identify keys parts of human ear’s anatomy and the sequence of events must happen for us to hear sound.  Explain how ears can be permanently damaged by extended exposure to loud sound.  Define natural frequency. Relate the terms pitch, frequency and high/low sound.  Generalize how instruments make music. All instruments requires 1. a source of sound (vibrations) 2. a way to change pitch / natural frequency (natural frequency determines pitch) 3. a way to amplify sound (make it loud).  Describe how different instruments change pitch / natural frequency. (What determines the natural frequency of an instrument?)  Understand amplification of sound in terms of “moving air”: the more air moved, the louder the sound.  Know two mechanisms sound can be amplified: resonance and sympathetic vibrations. Define resonance and provide examples; describe what sympathetic vibration is and provide examples.  Given an instrument, identify the mechanism of amplification (resonance or sympathetic vibration) and the part of the instrument where amplification occurs.  Understand that when sound travels, it is the sound wave, not the air (or other medium), that travels.  Differentiate a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave based on the direction a wave travels and the direction the medium moves.  Draw and label a generic transverse wave. Be able to draw transverse waves with different magnitude, wavelength or frequency.  Explain how frequency and amplitude affect the sound we hear.  Given a type of wave, identify the source, the receiver and the medium.  Know that mechanical wave (such as sound wave) requires a medium to propagate; electromagnetic waves (such as microwaves) do not require a medium to propagate.  Explain why there is a delay between when the sound is made (such as hitting a rock against a fence) and when sound is heard, especially when one is far away from the source of the sound.  Have a general understand of what different animals can hear compared to human.  Understand that sound waves bounce off solid objects.  Describe and differentiate how active SONAR and passive SONAR work.  Name several animals that use echolocation to find food or objects. Do they also use their eyes? If so, which one do they primarily depend on?  Describe what information animals can use to “localize” sound: figuring out where the sound comes from.  Know the relative speed of sound in gas, liquid and solid media.  Describe the difference in the sound you hear through the air and in a solid. Vision  Have a general understanding of the anatomy of eyes and how we see. Explain the relationship between light and vision and how we sense light.  Understand what happens if a person have normal vision, is short‐sighted or far‐sighted. How can they be corrected?  Compare and contrast vision and hearing.  Know the two different types of light‐sensitive receptors in the eye that sense light and color.  Know that there are three types of cone cells: red‐sensitive, green‐sensitive and blue‐
sensitive. Explain what could be wrong in a person’s eyes if they have a certain type of color blindness.  Understand that light is one kind of electromagnetic waves. Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Name some different types of electromagnetic waves. Static Electricity and magnet  Understand the structure of an atom: sub‐atomic particles, their charges and their locations inside an atom.  Know different types of electrical charges. Understand the meaning of “neutral” and “net charge”.  Explain how an object becomes charged. What moves from one material to another when things become electrically charged?  Know the behavior of electrically charged objects: opposites attract; likes repel.  Describe and explain the interactions between an electrically charged object (positive or negative) and a neutral object (including insulators and conductors such as metals).  Determine the charge state of an object (charged or neutral) based on its interaction with other objects (charged or neutral).  Compare and contrast the behavior of magnet and electrical charges. Differentiate the nature of magnetic attraction and static electricity.  An object with a net positive charge can exist separately from an object with a net negative charge; however a magnetic North pole cannot exist without a magnetic South pole.  Understand how compass works and how it behaves in the vicinity of a magnet.