The Rise of Totalitarianism Politics in the Postwar World • Economic problems; social unrest • Political divisions in Europe deepen; parties from conservatives to communists compete for power • ‘The Red Scare’ drives a demand to limit immigration Irish Republican Army volunteers in Dublin, 1922 Postwar Foreign Policy • France wants secure borders; alliances; strict enforcement of the treaty; reparations • England wants to relax the treaty; keep France weak • The Kellogg-Briand Pact • The League of Nations Postwar Economics and the Great Depression • Britain and France use reparations to pay war debts • U.S. economy booms • Falling demand; overproduction • FDR and the New Deal • Loss of faith in democracy; increased radicalism Attempting to withdraw funds in a bank run; clients are denied during the Great Depression Postwar Italy • Allies break promises of A-H territory to Italy; nationalists upset • Looking at Russia, peasants seize land, workers strike; trade declines • Veterans come home to chaos, rising taxes, unemployment Benito Mussolini Mussolini Comes to Power • Mussolini comes to power; the Black Shirts • Rejected socialism for extreme nationalism • Fascist • March on Rome • State control of economy • Loyalty to the state What is Fascism? • First totalitarian state • No unifying theory; unlike communism • Fascism: any authoritarian government; not communist; glorifies state over individual; destroys human rights Fascism Communism Nationalist International Defined classes No classes Wealthy Workers Similarities Blind devotion to state Charismatic leader Use of terror Rise in hard economic times Extreme programs for change A Totalitarian State Under Stalin • Five-Year Plans • Mixed results in industry; inefficient; low quality; low wages; shortages • Forced collectivization • Terror as a weapon; the Great Purge • Russification; atheism; propaganda; censorship A New Elite Takes Control • Stalin destroys the old social order of landholders and peasants • Destroys the communism of Marx and Lenin • New elite; business and military leaders Early Twentieth Century Russian Social Hierarchy Weimar’s Rise and Fall • 1919 Germany creates the Weimar Republic; chancellor • It’s weak from the start; no strong leader; many small parties; coalitions fall apart; liberals v. conservatives • Runaway inflation • Scapegoat Hitler, Nazism, and the Third Reich • Born in Austria; fights in WWI; right-wing extremist; hates Weimar • Hitler’s Manifesto • Hitler comes to power; creates the Third Reich • Gestapo; Nuremberg Laws; Kristallnacht; Nazi Youth Aggression and Appeasement • 1930s aggression goes unanswered • Japan takes Manchuria; eastern China • Italy invades Ethiopia • Hitler takes the Rhineland; pacifism, appeasement • Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis Dr. Seuss Political Cartoon, 1940s Moving Toward War • Living space; the Aryan race • Anschluss • Sudetenland • ‘Peace for our time;’ appeasement and the Munich Conference • Nazi-Soviet Pact • Invasion of Poland Axis Attacks • Invasion of Poland; blitzkrieg • Dunkirk • France falls; Vichy • Operation Sea Lion and the blitz • Mussolini goes into Egypt; Rommel into North Africa London during the blitz Germany Invades Russia • June 1941 Hitler nullifies the NaziSoviet Pact and invades Russia • Soviets lose 2.5 million soldiers; scorched earth • Hitler gets to Leningrad and stalls • Two and a half year siege begins
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