PART 5 PASSIVE IMMUNISATION
5.1 PASSIVE IMMUNISATION USING IMMUNOGLOBULIN PREPARATIONS
Immunoglobulin preparations are used to provide passive immunisation, that is, the direct administration of antibodies
to a non-immune person to provide immediate protection against infection or disease.
Immunoglobulin infusions are also indicated for some immunocompromised persons who are antibody-deficient. In
addition, immunoglobulins are also used in the treatment of a number of specific immune-mediated conditions in order
to modulate the disease course. For further information regarding the use of intravenous immunoglobulins, refer to
Criteria for the clinical use of intravenous immunoglobulin in Australia 1 (www.nba.gov.au/ivig/index.html).
It is important to recognise that separate immunoglobulin preparations are provided for intramuscular (IM) use
and for intravenous (IV) use. These have different properties, and the preparations should be given only by the
recommended route. Administration of IM immunoglobulin by the IV route will lead to severe reactions. For
more information on intravenous immunoglobulin, refer to Criteria for the clinical use of intravenous
immunoglobulin in Australia.1
There are two types of immunoglobulin:

normal human immunoglobulin

specific immunoglobulins.
Normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG) is derived from the pooled plasma of blood donors. It contains antibody to
microbial agents that are prevalent in the general population.
Specific immunoglobulin preparations are obtained from pooled blood donations from patients convalescing from the
relevant infection, donors recently vaccinated with the relevant vaccine, or those who, on screening, have been found to
have sufficiently high antibody concentrations. These blood-derived specific immunoglobulins therefore contain
concentrations of antibody to an individual organism or toxin at a higher titre than would be present in normal
immunoglobulin.
Donors of blood used for the production of NHIG and specific immunoglobulin products are screened, and the products
are treated to minimise the risk of the immunoglobulin preparations containing HIV, hepatitis A, hepatitis B or hepatitis
C viruses, or parvovirus. Two dedicated pathogen inactivation steps are incorporated into the manufacturing process. A
pasteurisation step is usually used during manufacture. The risk of prion transmission remains theoretical (see
www.transfusion.com.au/adverse_events/risks/estimates for further details).
5.1.1 Availability of immunoglobulins
CSL Limited supplies NHIG for IM use both directly to hospitals and to the Australian Red Cross Blood Service.
Rabies immunoglobulin, tetanus immunoglobulin and botulism antitoxin can only be obtained by application to
state/territory health authorities. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) monoclonal antibody (Synagis; Abbott Australia) is
available commercially.
Other specific immunoglobulins (for hepatitis B, cytomegalovirus, tetanus and varicella-zoster), which are derived from
Australian donated plasma, can be obtained only from the Australian Red Cross Blood Service with permission from an
Australian Red Cross Blood Service medical officer. The Australian Red Cross Blood Service supplies these products
free of charge.
The Blood Service can be contacted by telephone nationally on 13 14 95; callers will then be connected to the relevant
state or territory Australian Red Cross Blood Service branch.
Individual state or territory contact numbers:

Australian Capital Territory
02 6206 6024

New South Wales
1300 478 348

Northern Territory
08 8928 5116

Queensland
07 3838 9010

South Australia
08 8422 1201
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
Tasmania
03 6230 6209

Victoria
03 9694 0200

Western Australia
08 9421 2869
5.1.2 Transport, storage and handling
Store all immunoglobulins at +2°C to +8°C. Do not freeze. Protect from light.
5.1.3 Normal human immunoglobulin for intramuscular use
Normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG) is prepared by plasma fractionation of blood collected from volunteer donors
by the Australian Red Cross Blood Service. It is a sterile solution of immunoglobulin, mainly IgG, and contains those
antibodies commonly present in adult human blood. In Australia, NHIG is supplied as a 16% solution and made
available through the Australian Red Cross Blood Service.

Normal Immunoglobulin-VF (human) (NHIG; for intramuscular use) – CSL Limited. 160 mg/mL
immunoglobulin (mainly IgG) prepared from Australian blood donations. Supplied in 2 mL and 5 mL vials. Also
contains glycine.
Administration
NHIG should be given by deep IM injection, using an appropriately sized needle. The NHIG should be introduced
slowly into the muscle, to reduce pain. This product must not be administered intravenously because of possible severe
adverse events, and hence an attempt to draw back on the syringe after IM insertion of the needle should be made in
order to ensure that the needle is not in a small vessel. A special product for IV use (NHIG [intravenous]) has been
developed for patients requiring large doses of immunoglobulin. For further information regarding the use of
intravenous immunoglobulins, refer to Criteria for the clinical use of intravenous immunoglobulin in Australia.1
Recommendations
Immunoglobulin preparations may be given to susceptible persons, as either pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis,
against specific infections. Normal pooled immunoglobulin contains sufficiently high antibody concentrations to be
effective against hepatitis A and measles. Both hepatitis A and measles are notifiable diseases and further instructions
about their management and the need for immunoglobulin can be found in national guidelines
(www.health.gov.au/cdnasongs) and obtained from state/territory public health authorities (see Appendix 1 Contact
details for Australian, state and territory government health authorities and communicable disease control).
The duration of effect of NHIG is dose-related. It is estimated that protection is maintained for 3 to 4 weeks with
standard recommended doses of NHIG.
Prevention of hepatitis A
Hepatitis A vaccination (see 4.4 Hepatitis A) is recommended in preference to NHIG for post-exposure hepatitis A
prophylaxis in persons ≥12 months of age who are immunocompetent.
NHIG can be used when hepatitis A vaccine administration is contraindicated, in infants <12 months of age, or in
persons who are immunocompromised and who might not mount a sufficient response following vaccination.2 NHIG
contains sufficiently high levels of antibody against hepatitis A to be able to prevent or ameliorate infection in
susceptible persons, if administered within 2 weeks of exposure. 2
Prevention of measles
Measles vaccination (see 4.9 Measles) within 72 hours of case contact is recommended in preference to NHIG for postexposure measles prophylaxis in many instances (see Table 4.9.2 in 4.9 Measles).
NHIG contains a sufficiently high concentration of antibody against measles to be able to prevent or ameliorate
infection in susceptible persons. NHIG should be given as soon as possible and within 7 days of exposure. 3 Passive
protection, against measles particularly, may be required if the exposed person has an underlying immunological
disorder (HIV/AIDS, immunosuppressive therapy), or to control an outbreak of measles among non-immunised
persons, for example, in a childcare centre. The use of NHIG should be considered in HIV-positive persons exposed to
a patient with measles.
Immune deficiency
Patients with abnormal antibody production (primary hypogammaglobulinaemia, multiple myeloma, chronic
lymphoblastic leukaemia) usually receive therapy with the IV preparation of normal human immunoglobulin (NHIG
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[intravenous]). However, in some cases, NHIG is given by IM injection. The aim of therapy is to maintain serum IgG
levels above 6 g/L. Some patients may receive the IM (160 mg/mL) preparation subcutaneously. For further
information regarding the use of intravenous immunoglobulins, refer to Criteria for the clinical use of intravenous
immunoglobulin in Australia.1
Note: Skin tests with NHIG should not be undertaken. The intradermal injection of concentrated immunoglobulin
causes a localised area of inflammation, which can be misinterpreted as a positive allergic reaction. True allergic
responses to NHIG given by IM injection are extremely rare.
5.1.4 Specific immunoglobulins
Specific immunoglobulins are used to protect against specific microbial agents such as hepatitis B, rabies and varicellazoster viruses, and tetanus. Further instructions about the management of these diseases and the need for
immunoglobulin should be obtained from state/territory public health authorities (see Appendix 1 Contact details for
Australian, state and territory government health authorities and communicable disease control), and the national
guidelines for management of disease from rabies and other lyssaviruses, including Australian bat lyssavirus
(www.health.gov.au/cdnasongs).
Specific immunoglobulins for botulism and cytomegalovirus (CMV) and a monoclonal antibody preparation for
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are available as described below. Potential interactions, adverse events and storage
requirements for these specific immunoglobulins are similar to those for NHIG (IM).
Hepatitis B specific immunoglobulin
Hepatitis B specific immunoglobulin (HBIG) is prepared from plasma donated through routine blood bank collection.
Stocks of HBIG are very limited, and use should be strictly reserved for those who are at high risk, such as babies born
to mothers with chronic hepatitis B infection and non-immune persons who are exposed through occupational exposure
to the blood of unidentified persons, or to persons who are chronically infected with hepatitis B or whose hepatitis
status cannot be ascertained in time.4 Requests for HBIG should be directed to the Australian Red Cross Blood Service
in your state/territory (see 5.1.1 Availability of immunoglobulins above).
See 4.5 Hepatitis B, ‘Management of infants born to mothers who are HBsAg-positive’ in 4.5.7 Recommendations and
4.5.11 Public health management of hepatitis B, for more information.
Rabies specific immunoglobulin
Rabies specific immunoglobulin (HRIG) is prepared from the plasma of hyperimmunised human donors. HRIG is only
administered in persons who have not received a previous course of rabies vaccine. HRIG is also administered as part of
the post-exposure prophylaxis used following potential Australian bat lyssavirus or other lyssavirus exposures in
previously unvaccinated persons.5
A single dose of HRIG is given to provide localised anti-rabies antibody protection while the patient responds to the
rabies vaccine. It should be given at the same time as the 1st post-exposure dose of vaccine (day 0). If not given with
the 1st vaccine dose, it may be given up to day 7. From day 8 onwards, an antibody response to rabies vaccine is
presumed to have occurred.
The dose of HRIG is based on body mass and should be infiltrated in and around all wounds, using as much of the
calculated HRIG dose as possible. The remainder of the HRIG dose should be administered intramuscularly at a site
away from the injection site of rabies vaccine.
See 4.16 Rabies and other lyssaviruses (including Australian bat lyssavirus) for more information.
Varicella-zoster specific immunoglobulin
Zoster immunoglobulin (ZIG) is highly efficacious, but is often in short supply. Normal high-titre zoster
immunoglobulin is available from the Australian Red Cross Blood Service on a restricted basis for the prevention of
varicella in high-risk subjects who report a significant exposure to varicella or herpes zoster. If ZIG is unavailable, large
doses of NHIG can be given intramuscularly. This does not necessarily prevent varicella, but it lessens the severity of
the disease. ZIG has no proven use in the treatment of established varicella or zoster infection. ZIG must be given early
in the incubation period (within 96 hours of exposure), but may have some efficacy if administered out to as late as 10
days post exposure. ZIG is able to prevent or ameliorate varicella in infants <1 month of age, in children who are being
treated with immunosuppressive therapy, and in pregnant women. 6,7 Patients suffering from primary or acquired
diseases associated with cellular immune deficiency and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy should be tested
for varicella-zoster antibodies following contact with a person with confirmed varicella. However, this should not delay
ZIG administration, preferably within 96 hours and up to 10 days after initial exposure. 7
See 4.22 Varicella for more information.
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Botulism antitoxin
An equine antitoxin (derived from horses) has long been used in the treatment of adult botulism, but has not been shown
to be effective in infant botulism.8 Equine antitoxin is manufactured by pharmaceutical companies such as Chiron. Use
in Australia is governed by the Therapeutic Goods Administration’s Special Access Scheme and physicians wishing to
access this product should initially contact the relevant state/territory health authority (see Appendix 1 Contact details
for Australian, state and territory government health authorities and communicable disease control). Hypersensitivity,
presenting as fever, serum sickness or anaphylaxis, may follow the use of equine antitoxin. Skin testing followed by
appropriate dosing should be administered according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
An intravenous botulinum antitoxin, produced in the United States (BabyBIG; its sponsor is the Californian Department
of Health Services), significantly reduces the duration of mechanical ventilation and hospitalisation in infant’s with
botulism.9 This product has been administered to Australian children with infant botulism. 10 It is not currently registered
in Australia, but is registered by the United States Food and Drug Authority. Access to this product should be sought
through the TGA’s Special Access Scheme.
Cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin is indicated for the prevention of CMV infection in immunocompromised
persons at high risk of severe CMV disease, such as after bone marrow and renal transplants.11-13 The treatment of
established CMV infection and disease is primarily with antivirals, such as ganciclovir or vanciclovir, and there is
contradictory evidence whether the addition of CMV immunoglobulin improves outcome. 11,13
The product contains no antibacterial agent, and so it must be used immediately after opening. Any unused portion must
be discarded. If the solution has been frozen, it must not be used. If the use of CMV immunoglobulin is contemplated,
detailed protocols for administration and management of adverse events should be consulted, in addition to the product
information.

CMV Immunoglobulin-VF (human) – CSL Limited. 55–65 mg/mL immunoglobulin (mainly IgG) prepared
from human plasma with high levels of antibody to CMV. Single vials contain 1.5 million units of CMV
immunoglobulin activity. Contains maltose.
Respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies
A humanised mouse monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) produced by cultured cells, palivizumab,
is registered in Australia for prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease caused by RSV in children at high risk
of RSV disease. There is no consensus regarding the use of palivizumab in Australia. 14 This product is given by IM
injection each month to children at high risk of severe RSV disease, during the seasonal period of exposure to RSV.
Palivizumab has been found to reduce the absolute risk of hospitalisation from about 10% to about 5% for babies born
prematurely, for babies with chronic neonatal lung disease, and also for babies with haemodynamically significant
congenital heart disease, particularly when complicated by large left-to-right shunts leading to pulmonary
hypertension.14-22 It has not been shown to reduce the incidence of more severe outcomes, such as the need for
ventilation, nor has it been shown to reduce mortality.20,21 There are currently a number of clinical trials assessing a
recombinant humanised antibody, motavizumab.23

Synagis – Abbott Australia (palivizumab). Supplied in single-use vials of powder, to be reconstituted with sterile
water for injection; 50 mg in 4 mL vial; 100 mg in 10 mL vial.
The dose of palivizumab is 15 mg/kg once a month, to be given by IM injection, preferably in the anterolateral thigh.
Where possible, the 1st dose should be administered before commencement of the RSV season.
Tetanus immunoglobulin
Tetanus immunoglobulin (human) for intramuscular use
Tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG) should be used for passive protection of persons who have sustained a tetanus-prone
wound, where the person has not previously received 3 or more doses of a tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine or where
there is doubt about their tetanus vaccination status. In persons who have a humoral immune deficiency, TIG should be
provided after a tetanus-prone injury, regardless of the time since their last dose of tetanus-containing vaccine. TIG
provides immediate protection that lasts for a period of 3 to 4 weeks. 24 For wounds not categorised as tetanus-prone,
such as clean cuts, TIG is unnecessary. Detailed information on appropriate tetanus prophylaxis measures in wound
management, including use of TIG, are outlined in Table 4.19.1 in 4.19 Tetanus.
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The recommended dose for TIG is 250 IU, to be given by IM injection as soon as practicable after the injury. If more
than 24 hours have elapsed, 500 IU should be given. Because of its viscosity, TIG should be given to adults using a 21
gauge needle. For children, it can be given slowly using a 23 gauge needle. A tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine should
be given at the same time in the opposite limb with a separate syringe, and arrangements should be made to complete
the full course of tetanus toxoid-containing vaccinations. Details for accessing TIG should be obtained from the
Australian Red Cross Blood Service (see 5.1.1 Availability of immunoglobulins above).
Tetanus immunoglobulin (human) for intravenous use

Tetanus Immunoglobulin-VF (human, for intravenous use) – CSL Limited. 55–65 mg/mL immunoglobulin
(mainly IgG) prepared from human plasma containing high levels of antibody to the toxin of Clostridium tetani.
Single vials containing 4000 IU human tetanus antitoxin. Contains maltose.
Tetanus immunoglobulin for IV use (TIVG) is used in the management of clinical tetanus. 24 The recommended dose is
4000 IU, to be given by slow intravenous infusion. Detailed protocols for administration of this product and
management of adverse events should be consulted if its use is contemplated. Requests for TIVG should be directed to
the Australian Red Cross Blood Service in your state/territory (see 5.1.1 Availability of immunoglobulins above).
Diphtheria antitoxin
Diphtheria antitoxin is prepared by immunising horses against the toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Advice should be sought with respect to diphtheria antitoxin access and dosage, and special arrangements made if
hypersensitivity is suspected; this can be coordinated through the relevant state/territory health authority (see Appendix
1 Contact details for Australian, state and territory government health authorities and communicable disease control).
5.1.5 Potential interaction with vaccines
Live attenuated viral vaccines
Immunoglobulin preparations can interfere with the response to certain live attenuated viral vaccines by preventing
vaccine virus replication after administration. Therefore, administration of live attenuated viral vaccines, such as
measles and varicella vaccines (but not rotavirus, zoster or yellow fever vaccines), should be deferred, dependent on the
clinical status of the patient, for at least 3 months after the IM administration of NHIG, and for at least 8 months after
the administration of intravenous NHIG.25 For detailed information on recommended intervals, see 3.3 Groups with
special vaccination requirements, Table 3.3.6 Recommended intervals between either immunoglobulins or blood
products and MMR, MMRV or varicella vaccination. For the same reason, if vaccination has occurred, administration
of immunoglobulin products should be deferred if possible until at least 3 weeks after a measles-containing or varicellacontaining vaccine has been given, unless it is essential that immunoglobulin be administered. However, Rh (D)
immunoglobulin (anti-D) does not interfere with the antibody response to MMR- or varicella-containing vaccines and
the two may be given at the same time in different sites with separate syringes or at any time in relation to each other
(see 3.3 Groups with special vaccination requirements, Table 3.3.6 Recommended intervals between either
immunoglobulins or blood products and MMR, MMRV or varicella vaccination).
Inactivated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines, such as tetanus, hepatitis B or rabies, may be administered concurrently with immunoglobulin
preparations, or at any time before or after receipt of immunoglobulin, using separate syringes and separate injection
sites. This usually would occur when there has been actual or possible acute exposure to one of these infectious agents.
5.1.6 Use in pregnancy
Refer to 3.3 Groups with special vaccination requirements, Table 3.3.1 Recommendations for vaccination in pregnancy
for more information.
5.1.7 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity reactions to immunoglobulin preparations occur rarely but may be more common in patients receiving
repeated injections. Intramuscular immunoglobulins should not be administered to persons who have severe
thrombocytopenia or any coagulation disorder that would contraindicate intramuscular injections.
5.1.8 Adverse events and precautions
Local tenderness, erythema and muscle stiffness at the site of injection occur very commonly (in over 10% of
recipients) and may persist for several hours after injection. Systemic adverse events such as mild pyrexia, malaise,
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drowsiness, urticaria and angioedema are uncommon, occurring in fewer than 1% of recipients). Skin lesions, headache,
dizziness, nausea, general hypersensitivity reactions and convulsions may occur rarely.
Anaphylaxis following an injection of NHIG is very rare, but has been reported. Anaphylaxis is more likely to occur if
NHIG for IM use is inadvertently given intravenously.
References
A full reference list is available on the electronic Handbook or website www.immunise.health.gov.au.
1.
Jurisdictional Blood Committee, for and on behalf of the Australian Health Minister’s Conference. Criteria for
the clinical use of intravenous immunoglobulin in Australia. Second edition. Canberra: Commonwealth of
Australia, 2012. Available at: www.nba.gov.au/ivig/index.html (accessed Nov 2012).
2.
Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Hepatitis A: national guidelines for public health units.
Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2009. Available at:
www.health.gov.au/cdnasongs (accessed July 2012).
3.
Communicable Diseases Network Australia (CDNA). Measles: national guidelines for public health units.
Canberra: Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2009. Available at:
www.health.gov.au/cdnasongs (accessed July 2012).
4.
World Health Organization (WHO). Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record
2009;84:405-19.
5.
World Health Organization (WHO). Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record
2010;85:309-20.
6.
Chapter 7 – Chickenpox. In: Immunoglobulin handbook. Indications and dosage for normal and specific
immunoglobulin preparations issued by the Health Protection Agency. London: Health Protection Agency, 2008.
Available at: www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/Immunoglobulin (accessed Jan 2012).
7.
Styczynski J, Reusser P, Einsele H, et al. Management of HSV, VZV and EBV infections in patients with
hematological malignancies and after SCT: guidelines from the Second European Conference on Infections in
Leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplantation 2009;43:757-70.
8.
Tacket CO, Shandera WX, Mann JM, Hargrett NT, Blake PA. Equine antitoxin use and other factors that predict
outcome in type A foodborne botulism. American Journal of Medicine 1984;76:794-8.
9.
Arnon SS, Schechter R, Maslanka SE, Jewell NP, Hatheway CL. Human botulism immune globulin for the
treatment of infant botulism. New England Journal of Medicine 2006;354:462-71.
10.
May ML, Corkeron MA, Stretton M. Infant botulism in Australia: availability of human botulinum antitoxin for
treatment. Medical Journal of Australia 2010;193:614-5.
11.
Hodson EM, Jones CA, Strippoli GF, Webster AC, Craig JC. Immunoglobulins, vaccines or interferon for
preventing cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews 2007;(2):CD005129. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005129.pub2.
12.
Bonaros N, Mayer B, Schachner T, Laufer G, Kocher A. CMV-hyperimmune globulin for preventing
cytomegalovirus infection and disease in solid organ transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Clinical
Transplantation 2008;22:89-97.
13.
Toussaint ND, Tan MB, Nicholls K, Walker RG, Cohney SJ. Low-dose valaciclovir and cytomegalovirus
immunoglobulin to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in high-risk renal transplant recipients. Nephrology
2011;16:113-7.
14.
Fitzgerald DA. Preventing RSV bronchiolitis in vulnerable infants: the role of palivizumab. Paediatric
Respiratory Reviews 2009;10:143-7.
15.
Alexander PM, Eastaugh L, Royle J, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus immunoprophylaxis in high-risk infants
with heart disease. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2012;48:395-401.
16.
Feltes TF, Sondheimer HM. Palivizumab and the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus illness in pediatric
patients with congenital heart disease. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2007;7:1471-80.
17.
Pons JM, Tebé C, Paladio N, et al. Meta-analysis of passive immunoprophylaxis in paediatric patients at risk of
severe RSV infection. Acta Paediatrica 2011;100:324-9.
18.
Shadman KA, Wald ER. A review of palivizumab and emerging therapies for respiratory syncytial virus. Expert
Opinion on Biological Therapy 2011;11:1455-67.
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19.
Wang D, Bayliss S, Meads C. Palivizumab for immunoprophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
bronchiolitis in high-risk infants and young children: systematic review and additional economic modelling of
subgroup analyses. Health Technology Assessment;15(5):iii-117.
20.
Cohen SA, Zanni R, Cohen A, et al. Palivizumab use in subjects with congenital heart disease: results from the
2000–2004 Palivizumab Outcomes Registry. Pediatric Cardiology 2008;29:382-7.
21.
Checchia PA, Nalysnyk L, Fernandes AW, et al. Mortality and morbidity among infants at high risk for severe
respiratory syncytial virus infection receiving prophylaxis with palivizumab: a systematic literature review and
meta-analysis. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2011;12:580-8.
22.
Hampp C, Kauf TL, Saidi AS, Winterstein AG. Cost-effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in
various indications. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2011;165:498-505.
23.
Wu H, Pfarr DS, Johnson S, et al. Development of motavizumab, an ultra-potent antibody for the prevention of
respiratory syncytial virus infection in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Journal of Molecular Biology
2007;368:652-65.
24.
World Health Organization (WHO). Tetanus vaccine: WHO position paper. Weekly Epidemiological Record
2006;81:198-208.
25.
American Academy of Pediatrics. Pickering LK, Baker CJ, Kimberlin DW, Long SS, eds. Red Book: 2009
report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of
Pediatrics, 2009.
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