Erasmus Intensive Programme
Radom, 07-20.04.2013
Biofuels for the internal
combustion engines
Dr. Ruslans Šmigins
Latvia University of Agriculture
2
Content
1. Introduction.
Why we have to use biofuels?
EU legislation on biofuels.
2. Biofuel types.
1st generation: vegetable oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas.
2nd generation: best examples.
Outlook on 3rd generation biofuels.
3. Conclusions.
3
Introduction
More information on biofuels...
4
Introduction
What is biofuel?
Fuel produced from renewable energy sources (plant biomass, vegetable oils,
treated municipal waste, bio-waste, etc.).
Resource
Conversion
Energy carrier
Biomass
Waste
Extraction / Esterification / Fermentation
/ Thermochemical process, etc.
Liquid fuel
Gaseous fuel
5
Introduction
Why we have to use biofuels?
• Decrease of fossil fuel
resources;
• Increase of number of vehicles
in transport sector;
• Possibility to reduce the effect
of GHG;
• Provide supply safety;
• Decrease of different toxic
components in exhaust gases;
• Promote development of
agriculture sector;
• Promote increase of
employment.
6
Decrease of fossil fuel resources
World proved oil reserves at the end of 2011 reached 1652.6 billion barrels, sufficient to
meet 54.2 years of global production.
World proved natural gas reserves at end 2011 were sufficient to meet 63.6 years of
production.
British Petroleum, 2012
World oil
production
increased by 1.1
million b/d in 2011.
7
Increase of number of vehicles in transport sector
The number of vehicles in operation worldwide surpassed the 1 billion-unit mark in
2010 for the first time ever.
Global registrations jumped from 980 million units in 2009 to 1.015 billion in 2010.
Largest growth rate in China, India, Brazil.
Ward’s research.
A study by the
International
Transport Forum
predicts that the
worldwide number of
cars could reach 2.5
billion by 2050.
8
Possibility to reduce the effect of GHG
The main cause of the current global
warming trend is human expansion
of the "greenhouse effect“ warming that results when the
atmosphere traps heat radiating
from Earth toward space.
Over the last century the burning of
fossil fuels like coal and oil has
increased the concentration of
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).
climate.nasa.gov
9
Possibility to reduce the effect of GHG
Road traffic emissions
All transport emissions are expected to decrease
due to the result of stringent transport emissions.
The EU has stated that new technologies for vehicles, through new engines and material
and design, and traffic management will be key to lower transport emissions.
Source: EU Commission
10
Possibility to reduce the effect of GHG
CO2-equivalent in Mt
GHG emissions in EU
Source: EU Environment 2010 program
-11%
+40%
-8%
-1%
-2%
+10% -16%
11
Supply safety
Overall EU energy import dependency (%), 2009
Energy in Europe:
• Limited natural
resources;
• Large industrial and
domestic needs.
Import and consumption:
• 17% of world energy
consumption;
• 80% provided by
fossil fuels.
Source: Eurostat
12
Decrease of toxic components in exhaust gases
•
•
•
•
•
Carbon monoxide;
Hydrocarbons;
Particulate maters;
Nitrogen oxides,
etc.
Reduction depends
on fuel.
13
Development of agricultural sector
The future of agricultural sector and policy is strongly connected with bio-energy
production; it could implement serious changes in agricultural cropping patterns
and land management practices!
Second generation biofuels produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks will have
important implications on future agriculture politics!
The effect of employment
Increase of direct effect jobs – generated in biofuel feedstock production and
refining!
The use of second-generation biofuel feedstocks with an estimated a 7%
market share for biofuels would lead to an increase of 105,000 jobs in the EU.
14
Introduction
EU legislation on biofuels
Biofuel policies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
White Paper (renewable energy) – 1997
Green Paper (fuel supply safety) – 2000
Directive of Biofuels – 2003
Energy Tax Directive – 2003
Biomass Action Plan – 2005
An EU Strategy for Biofuels – 2006
Renewable Energy Road Map – 2007
The Fuel Quality Directive – 2007
Renewable Energy Directive – 2009
15
• Directive on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other
renewable fuels for transport (2003/30/EG) – 08.05.2003
Legislative structure for EU countries about
promotion of biofuel use.
Targets: 2% for 2005; 5.75% for 2010.
• Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC) – 23.04.2009
Updated legislative structure for EU countries
on further promotion of biofuel use.
Targets: minimum 10% for each Member State by
2020.
16
Realization of EU RED targets:
(10% of renewables in transport sector)
• Biofuel plants (GHG savings for plants built before 2017 (savings
50%) and after 2017 (savings 60%);
• Fuel suppliers (fuel quality providing; 10% consumption share in
on-road transport);
• Feedstock producers (sustainability criteria meeting).
17
2. Biofuel types
First generation
Produced directly from different food crops.
Main fuels: vegetable oil, biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, etc.
Second generation
Produced by using biomass comprised of the residual non-food parts of current
crops, as well as other crops that are not used for food purposes.
Main fuels: cellulosic ethanol, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, bio-DME, biohydrogen, etc.
Third generation
Produced from water-based plants known as algae.
Fourth generation
18
1st generation biofuels
Vegetable oils
Oils obtained from plants and used as a food product and industrially as fuel for internal
combustion (IC) engines.
Main world sources for vegetable oil production: soya, palm, rape, sunflower, etc.
Main EU source: rape.
Main advantages of rape use for oil production in EU:
• Appropriate properties fot technical use in
• High oil yields;
the region;
• Traditions in production;
19
• Very suitable for small and medium farmers.
Requirements for rapeseed oil as fuel are defined by standarts.
Strict control of different parameters are required!
Phosphorus content
•
•
•
Deposits on valves and pistons;
Fuel filter blocking;
Contamination of catalysts.
Acid number
•
•
•
Engine oil quality;
Corrosion;
Fuel storage.
•
•
Engine oil quality;
Fuel properties.
Oxidation stability
Storage of the fuel is important due to a ageing changes and chemical reactions.
Storage (6-12 months) in special containers. Regular tank cleaning is required.
Avoidance of temperature fluctuations, Protection from light.
Source: Thuneke K. Rapeseed oil fuel – production, quality demands and use Experinces. Biomass for Energy – Chalanges in Agriculture. Bruges, Belgium.
20
Fuel related properties of rapeseed oil and diesel
Parameters
Diesel
Rapeseed oil
Lower heating value, MJ/kg
42.1
37.4
Density at 20 0C, g/cm3
0.835
0.916
Cetane No.
51
44-51
Viscosity at 40 0C, mm2/s
2.9
38
CFPP, 0C
-18
20
Flash point, 0C
62
280
Pour point, 0C
0
20
Cetane number low!
Viscosity too high!
Pour point too high!
Low cetane number: long ignition delay and as a result - rapid pressure rise causing undesirable audible knock,
high stresses. Problems starting in cold weather.
Too large viscosity will leave impact on atomization of the fuel.
The pour point indicates the lowest temperature at which the fuel can be pumped.
21
What could be the next step?
Engine adaptation for fuel
Fuel adaptation for engine
22
Vegetable oils in history
The first diesel engine ran on peanut oil and its first debute
was at the World’s Exhibition in Paris at 1900. Inventor –
Rudolph Diesel (1858-1913).
The French government was interested in vegetable oils as a
domestic fuel for their African colonies.
After Rudolph Diesel’s death in 1913, development focused
on the use of petroleum-based fuels, as the industry offered
a cheap alternative called as “diesel fuel” and vegetable oil
was forgotten.
“The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant
today, but such oils may become in course of time as important as
petroleum and the coal tar products of the present times.”
From R.Diesel speach in the Engineering Society
of St. Louis, Missouri, in 1912.
23
The changes of viscosity of different fuels
As a modern diesel engine could not run on vegetable oils, due to the higher viscosity of
vegetable oil, then is necessary to find the solution to lower the viscosity of vegetable oils to
a point where they could be burned properly in the engine.
24
Elsbett engine technology
Purpose to built engines for vegetable oil
usage.
Company convert diesel powered cars, vans and
other vehicles to run on vegetable oil.
What should be noticed before adaptation:
• Creation of pre-heating of the rapeseed oil;
• Exchange of different components, which will
be in connection with fuel;
• Adaptation of engine management and
injection;
• What to do with diesel use?
25
• One tank system (the
fuel is held in the original
tank of the vehicle and
solution relies on the
adaptation of the
injection process to the
injection characteristics
of vegetable oil);
• Two tank system
(realized using separate
diesel tank to start and
warm up the engine and
later switching to
vegetable oil.).
Source: Pure plant oil as fuel: technical aspects and legislative
context. Agrifirenergy.com
26
Summary:
One tank system
Two tank system
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
No additional tank;
Adaptation of injection process
(glow plugs, modified injectors);
Certain amount of diesel should
be added in winter;
Ran on diesel/vegetable oil/mix
of both fuels;
Can be used on commercialy
produced engines;
Higher adaptation costs.
•
•
Separate tank needed;
Necessary to switch over system
few kilometers after start of
journey and before the end of
journey;
Ran on diesel/vegetable oil/mix
of both fuels;
Can be used on commercialy
produced engines.
27
Experience of use:
• Mainly used in agricultural machinery, tractors, trucks, cars, etc.
• Warranties from different companies (mainly from producers of
agricultural machinery);
• Excellent result could be observed if all realized according instructions and
fuel comply with standarts;
• Operational reliability is high for main engine types and adaptation
techniques;
• Considerable reduction in amount of main exhaust gas compared to fossil
diesel components will not be received.
Using an admixture of rapeseed oil with fossil fuels also is possible!
28
Power, fuel consumption, exhaust emissions
Using vegetable oil as fuel should be
expected:
•
•
•
Source: Altin et. al. The potential of using vegetable oils fuels as fuel for diesel
engines. Energy conversion and management. 42 (2001) 529-538.
Decrease in engine power;
Increase in fuel consumption;
No great decrease in main exhaust
components.
29
What could be the next step?
Engine adaptation for fuel
Fuel adaptation for engine
30
1st generation biofuels
Biodiesel
Research of this type fuel was conducted in the 1930s in Belgium, but the larger
production was established only at the 1980s. Many different factors stimulated the use
of vegetable oils, but in as an another type of fuel – biodiesel!
The ASTM specifications define biodiesel as a “fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of
long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100.”
The triglycerides in the rapeseed oil are replaced with mono-alkyl esters with the help of catalysts.
31
Parameters
What we get after the reaction?
Renewable fuel with:
•
Lower energy content;
(about 5-10% lower for clean biodiesel
compared to diesel)
•
•
•
Viscosity similar to petroleum
diesel;
Better properties (than SVO) for use
in conditions with lower outdoor
temperature;
Completely miscible with petroleum
diesel;
Diesel
RME
42.1
37.7
Cetane No.
51
61.8
Viscosity at 40 0C, mm2/s
2.9
5.6
CFPP, 0C
-18
-10
Flash point, 0C
62
179
Pour point, 0C
0
0
Carbon, % wt
86.67
78.70
Hydrogen, % wt
12.98
12.66
Oxygen, % wt
0.33
9.22
Lower heating value, MJ/kg
(5% blend is almost in use in EU)
•
Biodegradable;
(biodegrade up to 4 times faster than
petroleum diesel fuel)
•
Less oxidatively stable.
Biodegradability of biodiesel–diesel fuel mixtures
32
Source: Pasqualino J.C., Montane D., Salvado D. Synergic effects of biodiesel in the biodegradability of fossil derived fuels. Biomass and Bioenergy 30 (2006) 874-879.
Standard and biodiesel
EN 14214 - European standard that describes the requirements and test methods for
biodiesel. Based on the earlier German standard DIN 51606.
• Corrodes aluminium & zinc;
• Low flash point.
Free water in mixtures • Corrosion;
•
Sustains bacteria.
Free methanol
•
Process chemicals
•
Free glycerine
Solid impurities
Corrosive acids
•
•
•
•
Potassium and
sodium compounds;
Solid particles
Corrodes non ferrous metals;
Soaks cellulose filters;
Sediments on moving parts;
Lacquering.
Potential lubricity problems.
•
•
Polymerisation products
Corrodes all metallic parts.
•
Deposits especially
from fuel mixes.
Source: Joint Fuel Injection Equipment Manufacturers Statement; BOSCH, Biodiesel properties.
33
Biodiesel usage:
•
Low-level blend (B5);
(mainly as blending mandates in many EU countries)
•
Medium level blends (B20-B50);
(free choice of companies or municipality incentive)
•
Net fuel (B100).
(biodiesel producers; municipal/private companies)
•
•
•
Biodiesel blends (up to 10%) can be used without any modifications;
Biodiesel blends (10-20%) can be used with minor or no modifications to the
equipment;
Higher blend (more than 20%) levels require special handling and equipment
modifications.
The EU wants to implement 10% biofuel addition to gasoline and diesel fuel in nearest future.
Such introduction have created a qualms to consumers as such mix could damage cars.
34
Main modifications to the vehicle:
• Exchange of non-compatible gaskets, hoses and elastomers;
• Frequent exchange of fuel filters for the first time.
Main advantages and disadvantages (compared to diesel):
•
•
•
•
•
Cold weather problems;
Higher lubricity;
Better environmental effect;
Solvent effect;
Power reduction and fuel
consumption increase;
• Storage problems.
35
Experience with biodiesel buses in Graz, Austria.
•
•
•
•
Biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil;
Higher fuel consumption (5-8%);
120 buses in operation;
100% biodiesel use with exception in winter (30% diesel
additive);
• Lower emissions compared to petroleum diesel: CO by 89%,
HC by 81%, PM by 29%.
36
Biodiesel approvement and warranties
Based on Biofuel-cities survey:
•
•
Only 2 vehicle manufacturers of 49
have passenger vehicle models that
can be fuelled by biodiesel;
Some heavy duty vehicle and bus
manufacturers allow use of different
biodiesel blends: DAF – up to 7%,
SCANIA – up to 8%, VOLVO - up to
100% in definite engines and based
on contract (handling, service,
maintenance); MAN – permission is
needed for higher blends.
37
Using biodiesel-diesel blends
should be expected:
• Slight reduction in
power and torque;
• Increase in fuel
consumption (due to a
low energy content);
• Reduction of HC and
other components, as
also aromatic and
polyaromatic
compounds;
• Increase of NOx
emissions.
38
1st generation biofuels
Bioethanol
Henry Ford Model T (1908) was
designed to run on ethanol!
This type of fuel was not fully
evaluated. New prosperity
period for ethanol started after
the oil crisis of the 1970s!
“The fuel of the future is going to come from fruit like that sumach out by the road, or from apples, weeds,
sawdust — almost anything. There is fuel in every bit of vegetable matter that can be fermented. There’s enough
alcohol in one year’s yield of an acre of potatoes to drive the machinery necessary to cultivate the fields for a
hundred years.”
Henry Ford, New York Times, 1925
39
Main characteristics:
Properties
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Higher octane number;
Higher flash point;
Lower vapor pressure and heat
of combustion;
Less energy content;
Less toxic (no carcinogenic
compounds);
Miscible with water and organic
solvents;
Biodegradable.
Bioethanol
Gasoline
Molecular weight (g/mol)
46.07
100-105
Carbon (mass %)
52.2
85-88
Hydrogen (mass %)
13.1
12-15
Oxygen (mass %)
34.7
2.7
Density 15/15 °C (kg/l)
0.79
0.72-0.775
78
27-225
Vapor pres (kPa) at 38 °C
15.9
48-103
Viscosity (mPa s) at 20 °C
1.19
0.37-0.44
Lower heating value, 103 (kJ/l)
21.1
30-33
Autoignition temp. (°C)
423
257
108.6
98
Motor octane
92
87
Stoichiometric air/fuel
9
14.7
Boiling point (°C)
Research octane number
Source: Fuel 96 (2012) 204-219
40
Bioethanol can be used in:
•
•
Compression ignition
engines;
Blended with diesel fuel or
straight fuel.
Spark ignition engines.
Blended with diesel fuel or
straight fuel.
•
•
•
Source: best-europe.org
•
Gasoline additive (till
10% ethanol);
Gasohol (up to 20%
ethanol);
E85 (up to 85%
ethanol);
High blended ethanol.
Can be converted to bio-ethyl-ter-butyl ether (bio-ETBE) to be used as an additive to gasoline.
41
E85 – high ethanol content fuel blend used in
engines which accept such concentrations of
ethanol. Industrialy manufactured and called as
flexible fuel vehicles (FFV).
FFV can run on any mixture of gasoline or ethanol with
up to 85% ethanol by volume. Not “raised” to E85 fueling
stations.
Ethanol
Gasoline
E85
Miles per gallon as
compared to gasoline
70%
-
72%
Relative tank size to
yield driving range
equivalent to gasoline
Tank is
1.5x
larger
1
Tank is
1.4x
larger
Vehicle power
5%
increase
Standard
3-5%
increase
Poor
Good
Good
Cold weather starting
42
Main modifications for vehicle
FFV
Source: US Department of Energy; Alternative Fuels data Center
43
Storage:
• Previous tank cleaning;
• Fuel testing periodically (electrical conductivity, particulate content,
etc.);
• Choosing the right material for storage and dispensing systems.
Compatibilities:
Solvent nature
of ethanol
Degradation of plastic
materials and rubber
(polyurethane, PVC,
etc.)
Replaced by high-density
polyethylene, nylon, and
fluorinated plastics.
Acidic or galvanic
nature of ethanol
Degradation of metals:
zinc, brass, lead,
aluminium, etc.
Replaced by stainless
steel, etc.
44
Experience with ethanol buses in Sweden:
• Scania Omni buses (diesel CI engines operated on bioethanol);
• Lower emissions compared to petroleum diesel: NOx by 28%,
CO by 80%, HC by 50%, PM by 60%;
• Long term experience – first test on 1970s;
• The use of today’s technologies allowed to realize EURO 5
without problems.
Source: The ethanol bus buyer’s consortium: for fossil fuel free public transport; favcars.com
45
Main differences compared to
conventional diesel engines:
• Increased compression ratio;
• Larger injector holes;
• Installation of fuel pump with
larger flow capacity;
• Exchange of materials
compatitible to ethanol;
• Modified injection timing.
Main advantages and
disadvantages compared
to conventional diesel
buses:
• Larger price of vehicle;
• Larger operation costs;
• Require more scheduled
maintenance;
• Reduce local air polution;
• Appreciated by passengers.
46
Warranties
Based on Biofuel-cities survey:
• 39 vehicle manufacturers have
vehicle models that can be
fuelled by E10;
• 19 vehicle manufacturers (VW,
Volvo, Ford, etc.) have vehicle
models that can be fuelled by
E85.
BUSES: Only SCANIA have a diesel
engine DC9 E02 that runs on E95.
47
•
•
•
•
129,4 %
105,5 %
95,5 %
89,3 %
40
105,3 %
60
103,2 %
80
106,4 %
100
102,1 %
Increase in power;
Increase in torque (due to a
higher heat of evaporation of
fuel);
Increase in fuel consumption
(due to a low energy content);
Reduction of HC (due to a
oxygen content in ethanol);
Reduction of NOx emissions
(due to a higher heat of
evaporation);
Reduction of other components
in exhaust gases.
120
110,0 %
•
•
140
103,3 %
Using ethanol-gasoline blends
should be expected:
20
0
Power
Torque
Gasoline 0%
Max Speed
Acc Time
(0~100 km/h)
Gasohol 22%
Consumption
(L/100km)
Ethanol 100%
120
100
104
80
85
80
60
86
40
51
53
20
Introduction of hybrid electric buses (ethanol powered
engine and electric motor) will made ethanol fuel use
more attractive!
0
CO
HC
Gasoline 0%
Gasohol 22%
NOx
Ethanol 100%
Source: H.Joseph Jr. Alcohol Fueled Vehicles & Flex Fuel Vehicles.
48
1st generation biofuels
Biogas
Biogas is combustible gas mixture produced by anaerobic digestion or
fermentation of organic matter.
Biogas sources could be found also after human activities (domestic garbage landfills
and fermentation of manure and raw sewage).
Main biogas feedstocks:
•
•
•
Agriculture sources (energy crops, manure);
Sludge (wastewater treatment plants);
Waste (organic material, kitchen waste).
49
Biogas production
Organic matter is broken down by microbiological activity in the absence of air.
STAGE 1
Hydrolitic bacteria
STAGE 2
Fermentative bacteria
STAGE 3
Acidogenic
microorganisms
STAGE 4
Methanogenic bacteria
Break down complex organic wastes into
sugars and amino acids
Convert products into organic acids
Convert the acids into hydrogen, carbon
dioxide and acetate
Produce biogas from acetic acid, hydrogen
and carbon dioxide
50
Temperature is an important factor in digestion process!
Digester type and feedstock used in production of biogas determine temperature
regime:
• Psychrophile (25 °C);
• Mesophile (32-38 °C);
• Termophile (42-55 °C).
Digestion time – from couple of weeks to a couple of months!
1 – compost storage;
2 – pump;
3 – internal heater;
4 – digester;
5 – combustor;
6-8 – power generators.
Source: Chapter 5: Biorenewable gaseous fuel
51
Biogas composition
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Methane (CH4);
Carbon dioxide (CO2);
Water (H2O);
Nitrogen (N2);
Oxygen (O2);
Ammonia (NH3);
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S);
Trace gases (e.g. siloxanes, hydrogen, etc.)
Biogas
CH4 about 60-70%; CO2 about 30-40%; small amount of other pollutants.
Composition of biogas from different sources:
Component
Biogas factory
Sewer factory Garbage landfill
CH4 (%)
60-70
55-65
45-55
CO2 (%)
30-40
35-45
30-40
<1
<1
5-15
10-2000
10-40
50-300
N2 (%)
H2S (ppm)
Source: Comparing different biogas upgrading technologies: Final report
52
Gas utilization:
•
•
•
•
•
Direct heat production;
Electricity production;
Fuel for transport sector;
Purification to pipeline quality gas;
etc.
Heating infiltrate reactor, greenhouse
complex, water and offices.
Selling to power company or use by
themselves.
Using in engines.
Selling gas to gas company.
53
The aim of biogas upgrading:
•
•
Increasing calorific value by
removing CO2;
Removing H2S and other pollutants.
CH4, volume
%
Calorific value,
MJ/kg
Biogas
60
21.5
Methane
100
38.0
Removing of CO2 and H2S (as also other pollutants) from the biogas allows us to get fuel with the name “biomethane”.
Main biogas upgrading technologies:
Adsorption
Pressure swing
adsorption
Absorption
Water scrubber
Physical
absorption
Chemical
absorption
Permeation
Cryogenic
High pressure
membrane
separation
Low pressure
membrane
separation
Source: Dipl.-Ing. Michael Beil, Dipl.-Ing. Uwe Hoffstede, ISET, Division Bio-energy Systems Technology “European Biomethane Fuel Conference”, Göteborg/Sweden, 2009-09-0954
For the use of gas in transport, it must be:
•
•
Compressed (due to the low energy per volume the biogas
must be compressed up to 200 bars);
Liquified.
Vehicles can operate on natural gas or biomethane using specially designed
engines or modified conventional engines:
•
•
Compression ignition engines;
Dual fuel vehicles; diesel fuel works as a ”pilot fuel”.
Spark ignition engines.
Bi-fuel vehicles.
55
Bi-fuel engines
Light duty vehicles
Dual fuel engines
Heavy duty vehicles
Gas engines
Heavy duty vehicles
Main requirements
for CNG/CBG buses:
•
•
•
•
Different engine
alternatives;
CNG/CBG
system;
Transmission;
Chassis.
56
Experience with biogas buses in Lille, France:
• Gas powered Iris buses;
• Biomethane production from biogas generated by the
digestion of household biowaste;
• Better contribution to environment;
• Large investments costs.
57
Main problems in operation
with gas buses:
High temperature of the engine
•
•
Engine related problems;
Operation of pressure regulating
valves.
The technology is under improvement!
Main advantages and
disadvantages compared to
conventional diesel buses:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Larger price of vehicle;
Larger maintenance costs;
Require more scheduled
maintenance;
Fuel costs are almost the same;
Larger lifetime (20%) of the engines
due to a less particles, cleaner
lubrication oil;
Reduce local air polution
Introduction of dual-fuel engines with the
use of 2 biofuels (biodiesel/CBG) a
perspective direction!
58
Source: ngvjournal.com, balticbiogasbus.eu
Vehicle availability
Reliable technology; buses
are available!
Scania Omnicity: Scania’s 9 L, 270 hp
engine (Euro 5 and EEV).
MAN buses operated on natural gas and
biogas with outputs from 220 to 310 hp.
VOLVO, Solaris, etc.
Source: newsroom.scania.com; man.eu
59
Using biogas should be expected:
• Lower particulate
emissions;
• Lower CO2 emissions;
• Lower NOx emissions
(combustion technology,
catalyst);
• Higher energy consumption.
Energy consumption: Braunschweig cycle
Emissions: Braunschweig cycle
60
Source: VTT
Other drawbacks on 1st generation biofuels...
• Contribute to higher food
prices;
• Limited ability to realize
tagets on fossil fuel
substitution;
• Strongly dependent from
governmental support;
• Feedstock production not
always could be
sustainable;
• Biodiversity problem.
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2nd generation – best examples
Second generation biofuels are those biofuels produced from indedible biomass
and part of plants.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bioethanol, biobutanol (advanced hydrolysis and fermentation);
Synthetic biofuels (gasification, catalytic synthesis);
Diesel fuels (FT);
Biomethanol (FT synthesis);
Biodimethylether (gasification, catalytic synthesis);
Hydrogenated vegetable oil (hydrogen refining);
Etc.
62
2nd generation – best examples
63
Biochemical
Anaerobic
digestion
Fermentation
Physicochemical
Extraction
Thermochemical
Liquefaction
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Syngas
Pyrolysis oil
Esterification
Biogas
Gaseous
fuels
Ethanol
Vegetable oil
Liquid
fuels
Biodiesel
Gaseous
fuels
Methanol
Liquid
fuels
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Cellulosic ethanol
stillage
Wood
xylose
glucose
alcohol,
stillage
alcohol
Hydrolyse
Pre-hydrolysis
Fermentation
Distillation
Ethanol
Dehydratation
stillage
Corn
meal
Milling
mash
Liquefication
dextrose
Saccharification
“beer”
Fermentation
(yeast)
Ethanol
Distillation
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Syngas (synthesis gas), which contains hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide
(CO).
•
•
Can be used to synthesize different products;
Can be burned to produce electricity and heat.
66
Bio-DME (dimethyl ether) - a clean, colorless gas that is easy to liquefy and
transport.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Promissing fuel generally for
diesel engines;
Physical properties as of propane;
Safety and handling resembles
that of LPG;
Non-toxic, not a carcionogenic;
Meets Euro 5 emission
regulations;
Lower carbon, particulate,
nitrogen oxide emissions;
Interests in the usage: Volvo,
Nissan, Isuzu, Renault;
The first plant in Sweden by
Chemrec.
Bio-DME for Volvo Trucks
field tests is made from
black liquor (by-product
from the production of
pulp).
Source: green.autoblog.com; hgvuk.com
67
Engine performance for diesel and DME
Diesel
DME
Rated Power/Torque
Equal
Fuel Economy (Energy Basis)
Equal
Transcient Cycle Emissions
NOx (g/bhp-h)
3.8
1.8
THC (g/bhp-h)
0.3
0.3
THC (g/bhp-h)
0.08
0.02
Peak Accel. Smoke (%)
5%
0%
Maximum Combustion Noise dB (A)
88
78
Source: JARI/JICA, Japan, TBC/JR; 02-104.
68
Hydrogenated vegetable oil
Renewable diesel produced in patented vegetable oil refining process (direct
catalytic hydrogenation); commercialized by Finish company Neste Oil.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Can be used many kinds
of vegetable oils in
production process;
Properties similar to
petroleum diesel;
Meets most diesel fuel
standards;
Excelent blending
component;
Good storage stability;
Fuel injection system
recalibration required
(for pure use).
69
Hydrogenated vegetable oil
• Lower CO, HC
emissions event
at 20% addition;
• Lower CO2
emissions;
• Some reduction of
PM and NOx
emissions.
Source: NExBTL – premium quality 2nd generation hydrogenated renewable diesel fuel. JSAE/SAE International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Japan.
70
• Liquid biofuels can be
blended with
conventional fossil fuels;
• Can be used in existing
internal combustion
engines;
• Can be distributed
through existing
infrastructure.
Technologies remain unproven at the fully commercial scale and are under
continual development and evaluation.
71
Advantages and disadvantages of second generation biofuels:
•
•
•
•
Higher energy yields (GJ/ha) than for 1st-generation biofuels;
Higher investments (also on technology improvement);
Lower GHG emissions;
Utilization of lands of different quality.
72
Outlook on 3rd generation biofuels (algae as feedstock)
Discovered in 1940 that different species of microalgae can produce large
quantities of lipids; firstly explored in 1978; in 1980s was realized research to
use algae in biodiesel production.
Benefits:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Most primitive form of plants;
Very efficient converter of solar
energy;
Efficient access to water, nutrients;
Fast growing biomass;
Consume carbon dioxide;
Can be used in production of
different biofuels.
73
Algae inputs and end products
Carbon
emitting
industry
Lipids
•
•
•
Biodiesel; bio-jet fuel;
Biochemicals;
Pharmaceutical /
cosmetics.
ALGAE
production
Carbohydrates
•
•
Bioethanol;
Electricity
generation
Wastewater
from industry
Protein
•
Animal feed
Biomass
•
•
•
Solid fuels;
Organic fertiliser;
Aquaculture feed.
74
Cultivation methods:
• Photoautotrophic (need light to grow);
• Heterotropic (without light, but on
carbon resources).
Source: US DOE, 2010
Source:
www.bioenergychina.org
75
Biodiesel
Triacylglycerols
Starch
Bioethanol
ALGAE
Anaerobic
Gasification
e
Dir
ct
m
co
Electricity
Biomethane
Biomass
Syngas
b
on
i
t
us
digestion
Ph
oto
bio
H
2 pr
log
od
ica
uct
l
ion
Biohydrogen
76
For fuel production is necessary to choose:
• The right kind of algae;
• The most suitable cultivation system;
• The method of oil extraction.
Oil extraction:
• Mechanical methods;
• Chemical methods.
77
Main barriers for introduction:
• Significant capital investments;
• Technology under development (production in pre-comercial phase).
Economically more attractive when biofuel production is by-product of wastewater
treatment!
Effect of using algal methyl ester:
• Emissions of CO and THC
are on the same level as
canola methyl ester;
• Decrease in NOx;
• Decrease in particulate size;
• Problematic ignition quality.
Source: Fisher, B. C., Marchese, A. J., Volckens, J., Lee, T. and Collett, J. (2010). Measurement
78 of
Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Algae-Based Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. SAE Int. J. Fuels
Lubr. 3, pp. 292-321.
Conclusions
• Biofuels will become more actual in the nearest years in case
of resolving environmental problems;
• During the nearest years the use of 1st generation biofuels
still will form significant share of total biofuel production and
consumption;
• 1st generation fuels – only step before more advanced fuels;
• Different barriers have to be overcomed to realize more
effective use of biofuels;
• Improvement of new technologies are very important in case
of more rapid introduction of the next generation biofuels.
79
Thank you for attention!
Questions?!
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