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Nation ls lndustrialized
,',"'The
andearly
1900s.
Newindustries
rapidly
inthelate1800s
TheUnited
States
changed
1::r
pouled
into
aaoss
thenation.'Millions
ofimmigrants
spread
developed
andnewprodutts
.'
States
became
stronger
West
andtheEast.
AstheUnited
cities
0ftheMiddle
thegrowing
!
.
,
.
.,
I
and
roleinwotld
events.
lt fought
awarwithSpain
toplaya larger
andricher,
it began
Read
ontolearn
about
theAtlantit
andPacific
oceans.
Canal,
linking
.'-'' dugthePanama
!
3
leaders
business
t0growrapidly.
Some
business
causes
Ametican
TheIndustrial
Revolution
c0nditions.
begin
todemand
betterworking
veryrich,whileworkers
become
502
fromother
gains
respect
States
lhe United
gives
Spain
Awarwith
oftheworld.
nations
studgguideand
Makeihis Foldable
whatgoulearn
useit to record
is !ndustrialized."
about"TheNation
l. Foldabouta
lab
three-inch
Iong
alongthe
edgeof a sheei
of Iargepaper.
:1.Foldfhe paperin half likea
hotdoq,ind ihen in halfagain
io form four Pockets.
!J,Ptaceglueon thefold linesand
endsof the shortPockettab'
.,i.Glueio longsideto form four
pockets.
Allowit io drg beforeusing'
tiil
i
!
:
:
!,
Big Business
LessonOutline
Howdid business
growth chongelife
in the United
Stotes?
. Amedca-lnvention Capital
of the World
.lndustrialLeaders
. TheRiseofUnions
monopoly
BUILDBACKGROUND
corporation
In 1848a boy fromScotlandcameto the United
and
Stateswith hisfamily.Theysettledin Pittsburgh
he wentto workin a cottonmill at the ageof 13.He
He
waspaid51.25a week.Theboywasambitious.
taughthimselfto readand learnedfrom borrowed
books,Hesavedhis moneyand investedin new cornpanies.WhenAndrew €arnegieretiredat the ageof
65,he had5400million.Hiswasjust oneof the great
laborunion
strike
PEOPLE
AndrewCarnegie
ThomasA.Edison
G.Bell
Alexander
LewisLatimer
Mccoy
Elijah
JohnD.Rockefeller
Gompers
5amuel
Jones
MaryHarris
READING
STRATEGV
Make
adart likethis
lesonetosummarize
Writethe
sonfacts.
from
names
ofpeople
thelesson
inone(o1"
umnandwhattheydid
olumn.
intheother
fortunesmadeduringthiseraof big business.
AndrewCarnegie
some
ofhis
used
wealthto improve
theworld.
YouAreHere
18 7 -r 1 9 1 1
CAPITAL
AMERICA_INVENTION
OFTHEWORLD
The last halfofthe 1800swas a period
of new inventions in the United States.In
fact, the United Stateswas soon called
"the invention capital of the world."
TheGreatInventors
Two inventors led the way to the modern world. They were TtromasNva
Edison and Alexander Graham Bell.
In his workshopin Menlo Park,New
Jersey,ThomasEdisonproducedmore
than 1,000inventions.He beganto
studywaysto changeelectriccurrent
into light in lB7B.He experimentedwith
materialsfor the wire in his light bulb
and settledon cotton thread.Later,
Lewis Latimer found a way to make this
wire, or filament, out of carbon,which
lastedlonger.
AlexanderGrahamBellwas a teacher
ofthe deaf.He wantedto help his studentsby inventinga machinethat cor d
transmitthe humanvoice.Latimerdrew
the plansfor Bell.
On March 10,1876,Bell setup part of
i n o n eroomandparti n
hisinve n tio n
anotherroom.Wiresconnectedthe two
parts.Bell usedhis inventionto call his
assistantin the otherroom,"Mr WatsonComeherc-I want to seeyou."Watson
had receivedthe first telephonemessage.
-eqG^
wereEdison's
andBell's
-.,ZISD Why
inventions
important?
tgTr
Edison
NThomas
produ<ed
mote
I
I than1,000
I inventions.
Inventor
Invention
Bel
Alexander6.
1841-1911
teephone(1876)
GailBorden
1801-1874
milk(1856)
conden!ed
fruiljuke(1862)
concentrated
Carvef
George
Washington
1864-1943
(1918)
polaioer
andsweel
tdison
Thomas
Alva
1847-1931
indudedlhe
invention5
(1877)and
phonograph
(1879)
rh€lighrbulb
LewisLatimer
1848-1928
prccess
carbon
for
formakinq
elefficlamp5
tli5haGravesotis
1811-1861
(1852)
emergencybGke
Nikolaileda
1856-1941
(1892)
eledrkcufients
We*inghouse,
Jr.
6eorge
1846 t9t4
airbrake
forocomotive(18681
Whichindustriesdid the inventions
createor affect?
THe''
505
INDUSTRIALLEADERS
Eliiah McCoywas anotherinventor.
His "oil cup,"inventedin 1872,pouredoil
onto the movingpartsoflocomotivesand
w hi l etheyw ererunnin g
oth e rm a ch ines
Mccoy'sproductwasso goodthat people
insistedon buyingonly the "rea1McCoy"
New companieswerestartedto make
useofthe new technologiesand to make
a profit. McCoyfoundedMcCoYManufactudngCompany.Edisodsinvention
led to the GeneralElectricCompany,and
Bell'sto the BellTelephoneCompany.
Thesemadethe United Statesa leading
industfialnation by the late 1800s.
Carnegieand Steel
Oneof the industriesthat changedour
nation in the 1800swassteelmaking.People had known how to make steelfor cen506
process.
tudes,but it wasa very expensive
That is why most machinesweremadeof
iron eventhoughsteelis a strongermetal.
Process'a
In the 1850s,the Bessemer
cheapermethodof makingsteel,was discovered,AndrewCamegie,a youngbusinessmanat the time, sawhow important
this new and cheapermethodcouldbe
In 1873he put it to work in a new steel
mill near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Steelproductionin the UnitedStates
roseftom 68,000tonsin 1870to 10million
tonsin 1900.TheCarnegieSteelCompany
wasproducingmuch of the new steel.
By 1900Carnegiewasone ofthe dchest
men in the world.Carnegieretiredin 1901
and spentthe restofhis life helpingthe
world.Carnegiesaid,"Theman who dies
He built universities,
rich diesdisgraced."
libraries,museums,and concerthalls.
Oil Changesthe Nation
In the l860sAmericansbeganto d ll
for peholeum(pih TROHleeum), a fossil
fuelin the earth. John D. Rockefeller was
bom to a poorfamily He leamedthat a
wayhad beenfoundto makekerosene
(KERuh seen),a t pe of fueloil, from
petroleum,Rockefeller
believedkerosene
would replaceanimallat asfuel.ln 1865
he went into the oil-refiningbusiness.
Competitionencoumgesnew technolin
ogyan dwa yso l th i nk i ng.C ompeti ti on
the oil businesswasso fiercethat Rockefeller decidedto male his refineriesthe
most productivein the industry His
company,StandardOil, controlled90
percentofthe oil businessin the United
Statesby lB7B.Standardoil had become
a monopoly, a companythat controlsan
entireindustry.A monopolymay charge
higherpricesbecauseit haslitde or no
Early
oilwellsin Pennsylvania
i
lowerPrites
ManyCompanies,
pe0ple
littheilhomes
8efore
thelightbulb,
However,
lamps
ot
naturalgas.
withkerosene
were
dirty,
dangerous,
these
forms
oflighting
andexoensive,
toexperimentwith
ele(Thomas
Edison
began
a
way
t0
neate
a
bet1878.
Hefound
tri(lightin
thatwould
ldstfor100hours.
t€rfilament
first
light
bulbs
were
expensive
becuse
The
byhand.
Edison
builta
theyhadto
bemade
produce
light
bulbs,
and
the
factoryto
his
J
(0ntinued
price
ofthebulbs
todrop.
comDanies
entered
themarket.
0ther
(ompetition
forced
thepri(eof
Their
lower.
light
Iightbulb5
down
even Soon,
formost
Ameri(ans.
bulbs
wereaffordable
youuse
Make
a listofalltheways
elecricity
during
atypical
day.
competition.In ftee entelprisecustomers
havea choice;they canbuy the goodsat
higherpricesor do without them.
A New Kind of Company
became
Manynew businesses
corporations,A corporationis a large
businessthat is oD'nedbypeoplewho
olrmsharesofthe company.Somecorporations,suchasStandardOil,became
large and powerful.
w
Howdid monopoliesand corporationsaffectthe
was
way business
donein America?
507
T H E R ISEOF UN ION S
Someworkerscontinuedto work in
Howeve!manywentfo
smallbusinesses,
in
smalllaclories
workin sweaBhops,
unsafebuildings with unhealthyworking
manyothers
conditions.By the late 1800s,
or minesrunb)
uorkedin largefacrories
corporations.
Many oftheseworkersin the new
w erei mm ia .n dc orporati on\
indu sL rie
gfants.Havingcomeliom countdes
whereit is cheaperto live,they often
acceptedlowerwagesthan native-born
lowerwagesin
{merican\.Theyaccepred
orderto survive.
WorkingConditionsin Fadories
Laborcmin the factoriesworked12-14
hour days,slt daysa week.Therewere
few holidaysand no vacations.Workers
werc exposedto harmfulfumesand dargerousconditions.
In 1911a fire in the TriangleShirt\rvajsi
factoryin NewYorkCitytook the livesol
ha:
146womendndgirls.This s\^eaLshop
andit5doorswerekef:
llimsSli ree.capes
locked.\Vhena fire brokeout, manyof tl.
whiletrying:'
worlersfellLodleirdeaLh<
escapethroughthe windows.
Children,someten yearsold or
y o u n g e wo
r , r k e dlo n gh o u r sin c o a lm in .:
Theyrarelywent r:
and otherbusinesses.
school.Manywomenalsohad to work.
However,their wagesrvereonly about
half asmuch asmen.
TheBirth of Unions
Workers,includingwomenand children,had workedhardfor centudeson
farmsand in small shops.Now,hundreds
ofpeoplewerecrowdedtogetherin
and factodes.Workers
sweatshops
formedorganizationscalled
labor unions to fight for bettercondiwhojoineda laboru nion
tions.Workers
had a greaterchanceof gainingbetter
wagesand workingconditions.
Most businessownersfoughtthese
unions.Peoplewho joined unionswere
oftenfired,Oneunion weaponwasthe
strike, In a st ke, all the workersin a
businessrefuseto work until the o\,\,'ners
meettheir demands.\Artrenunionsorgahired stdkebreaknizeda strike,o\'\,'ners
ers,or nonunionworkerswho replaced
the strikingworkers.
The Movement Grows
A cigarmaler named Samuel
Gompersfoundedthe AmericanFederaasnine,
asyoung
children,
some
infactories.
longhours
worked
508
tion olLabor, orAFL,in 1886.A federation is an organizationmadeup ofseveral
groupswith a commongoal.
TheAFLhelped
to getlawspassed
that shortenedwork
hours,endedchild
labor,and required
employersto pay
workersfor injuries
receivedon the lob.
Gompersbelieved
that the stdkewas a
powerfulweaponin
the strugglefor
workers'rights.
w
How did
labor
uni ons
improveworking
conditionsin Americanfactories?
l.
Corporationsand industrieschanged
the way peoplearoundthe world did
business,As corporationsand industry
grew,morepeoplehad jobs and overall
their wageswerehigher Meanwhile,
workersin thesenew industrieswanted
betterwork conditionsand organized
into unions.
was a famouslabor
union leader.In 1900Pennsvlvaniacoal
minerswent on stdke,
and "Mother"Jones
organizedwomento
ddve awaystdkebreakers.In 1903
sheled a children's
marchto protest
child labor.
Because
ofher
efforts, the Pennsylvanialegislature
passeda law in 1905
forbiddingchildrcnto work
until theywere 14yearsold.
Writeonesentence
for eachvocabulary
corporation
labor union
monopoly
strike
sweatshop
changetheoil industry?
2. Howdid Rockefeller
ffi
IT TOGETHER
PUTTING
andtechnologies
Howdid newinventions
changelife in the LJnited
States?
4. Howdoesa monopoly
changethe
economyof a country?
Howdid the immigrants'frameof referenceallowthemto acceptlowerwages?
the improveCreaLe
a posterpraising
that
mentsin shipping
andrailroads
in the
helpedto makelargebusinesses
UnitedStatesprofitable.
choosean inventoror an invention
a paragraph
fromthe 1800s.Write
yourchoiceandexplaining
describing
why it or its inventoris important.
509