REPUBLIC OF TURKEY
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF STATE HYDRAULIC WORKS
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
22-24 March 2007
Gloria Golf Resort Hotel
Antalya
002
003
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
002
003
WATER FOR DEVELOPMENT
World population is increasing day by day. Countries have been struggling to improve their socioeconomic levels in
spite of rapid population growth. Competition to get more than what the nature offers in order to consume more has
given rise to the problem of resources’ not meeting consumption demands. Both the domestic and international affairs
of nations are directed in accordance with the anxieties resulting from this problem; plans and research directed towards
the future, economic and political alliances, wars and arms races and the principles of foreign policies adopted are to a
great extent based on availability of energy, fertile soil and water resources.
Though it is highly desirable to accurately assess the water resources locally, regionally and globally, a variety of
challenges are faced by those agencies responsible for carrying out the related studies. These challenges consist of, but
not limited to, increasing need for integration and coordination between institutions, the need for more and precise
information on water, the effects of human activity and climate change, transboundary aspects of water resources,
unavailability of sufficient number of competent personnel, and obviously, restraining financial resources.
Total amount of water on earth is 1.4 million km3; 97.5 % of this water is saline water in seas and oceans and only
2.5% of this total is accounted for by fresh water resources. One third of the world’s population does not have access to
clean and sufficient water resources. It is also hard to claim that usable water is distributed fairly.
Because of the urbanization and industrialization resulting from rapid population growth, in some countries, the
demand of drinking, domestic and industrial water has increased many times over years. The relationship between the
nature and mankind has been to the disadvantage of nature.
Turkey, which hosted many civilizations and where people from diverse cultures live in harmony, is attempting to plan
the utilization of its renewable resources considering not only its own future but also the world’s future.
Water, which has provided humanity with welfare, will continue to do so, thanks to sustainable development policies
and the principles of sharing these resources fairly and justly among countries.
Recep Tayyip ERDO⁄AN
Prime Minister
004
005
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
004
005
WE ARE MAKING AN EFFORT TO USE OUR
RESOURCES EFFICIENTLY
Water is vital for the survival of nations due to the fact that it is the basic necessity of people and the main resource for
economic activities. Continuity of social and economic activities depends on the availability of fresh and sufficient water
supplies. Development of water resources contributes directly to economic productivity and social welfare. On the other
hand, as population and economic activities increase, many countries are becoming short of water resources or their
economic developments are being hampered.
As a result of rapid urbanization and intense industrialization resulting from socioeconomic development as welI as
increased irrigated farming to meet the increasing need for food paralleling rapid population growth, the demands for
industrial and domestic water supply and electrical energy have increased. The need to meet these demands makes rational
use of water, which is actually a limited resource, more important.
Public interest in economic, technical, environmental, legal and commercial issues has increased because of the problems
and difficult situations faced in meeting rapidly increasing need for water paralleling rapid population growth in our country.
This situation makes it imperative that the developments and new approaches for the exploitation of water and land resources
used in other countries should be closely followed and many environmentally compatible projects be realized using new
technologies. Consequently we have to improve the activities of The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI)
which has important duties and responsibilities in our country.
Turkey realized great progress in this subject. However, the meaning of progress is not the effort itself to realize the goals,
but to be able to benefit from the results of the effort. I believe 5th World Water Forum to be held in the year 2009 in ‹stanbul
will realize this mission. The congress on the “River Basin Management” to be organized in Antalya will also greatly
contribute to this goal.
Thanks to 5th World Water Forum, ‹stanbul which embraces many cultures with its history and legacy and is a bridge that
binds East and West, will build new bridges to spread the water values to all cultures and mankind. With common
understanding, trust and transparency that would be carried to the summit by a sincere collaboration, ‹stanbul will illuminate
the relations to be established between people, organizations and governments and emphasize the value of water as a resource.
I consider that the Forum, which will be held in ‹stanbul, will be a starting point to utilize water resources. So I would like
to invite all researchers interested in this subject to the Forum.
Dr. M. Hilmi GÜLER
Minister, Energy and Natural Resources
006
007
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
006
007
INVITATION
Dear Friends,
Turkey has been selected as host country for the 5th World Water Forum. 5th World Water Forum and the Ministerial
Conference will be held in Turkey in 2009 with the support of World Water Council and you all.
The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) is aware of the significance of water and water-related concepts
and will do everything possible to spread this awareness to the general public worldwide. One of the fundamental
requirements for socio-economic development in the world is the availability of adequate quantities of water of appropriate
quality. Water has always been the indispensable source of life itself. Sustainability of life is possible only with water and so
is the sustainability of development. Today, water is used in industry and agriculture as well as for supply of potable and
domestic water and water for cooling processes.
The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, since its establishment in 1954, has undertaken all duties related to
planning of water resources in our country. The design and construction of all water-related structures are our
responsibility. DSI has built 579 dams and 47 irrigation ponds so far and has made available 2.85 million hectares of land
for irrigated agriculture. The generation capacity of hydroelectric power plants reached an annual total of 46 billion kWh.
It has supplied an annual total of 2.6 billion cubic meters of drinking water to cities with populations of more than 100,000.
Furthermore, DSI has accelerated flood control measures, erosion control and forestation activities.
DSI’s vision for the future is to become a world leader working in the water sector and an accredited agency in the
international arena. The forthcoming period will be a time where the nations would be in coordination to benefit from the
water resources and to avoid the risks of water. Enviromental pollution, floods, scarcity of water elicit an absolute truth that
the countries which benefit jointly from a water resource have to plan jointly. Utilization of the water resources should be
planned from now on the basis of the management of the entire river basin.
The purpose of the “River Basin Management Congress” and technical exhibition is to provide a forum on protecting
and managing water resources and preventing flood hazards. In this forum, government representatives, public officials,
private investors, academicians and researchers will come together to monitor theoretical and practical work on effective
use of water resources and to discuss technological advances, issues and solutions. The congress will contribute also to the
preparatory works of 5th World Water Forum.
I hope you will enjoy your stay in Antalya and Turkey.
Prof. Dr. Veysel ERO⁄LU
Director General, State Hydraulic Works
008
009
CONGRESS
INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS
RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
22-24 March 2007, Gloria Golf Resort Hotel Antalya,
General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) in collaboration with WWC is organizing an international congress
on River Basin Management, which will be held from 22-24 March 2007 in Antalya, Turkey. This congress will be one of the
preparatory events for the 5th World Water Forum.
Congress attempts to gather international experts, academicians, public and private sector representatives and researchers
working on matters related to river basins. The aim of the congress is to exchange information on methodologies and
techniques used in the river basin management.
Exhibition
Themes
1-Administrative Structure
Coordination
2-Water Information Systems
3-River Basin Flood Management
4-Decision Support Systems
5-Basin Water Management
6-Social and Economic Perspective
Alongside the Congress an international
exhibition about “River Basin
Management” that will introduce scientific
and technical works and/or activities will
run. In this exhibition the studies of
related firms in construction, production
and engineering sectors will be displayed.
For this reason, exhibition areas will be
allocated to interested municipalities,
public and private organizations.
Languages
The working languages of the Congress will be
English and Turkish.
Organization Committee:
Venue
The Congress and Exhibition will take place in the Gloria Golf
Resort Hotel, Belek in the city of Antalya, which is excellent from its
transportation, climate and capacity point with of views.
Mehmet GÜLLÜ
Akif ÖZKALDI
Sami KURBAY
Adem Avni ÜNAL
Cemal NOGAY
Nizamettin Ç‹FTÇ‹
Dilek KAYIfi
Serpil KÖYLÜ
CONGRESS
Sessions of the Congress:
Session No 1
BASIN RESOURCES PROTECTION
(Administrative Structure and Coordination, Water Information
Systems, Social and Economic Perspective)
Session No 2
BASIN WATER MANAGEMENT
(Water Resource Planning, Adequate Water Quantity, Land
Resources, Flora, Living beings and Natural Life, Agriculture,
Domestic and Industrial Water Supply, Hydro energy, Ecology and
Environment)
Session No 3
PRACTICES ON RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
(Models, Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing,
Expert Systems, Case Studies around the World)
Session No 4
RIVER BASIN FLOOD MANAGEMENT
(Flood Forecasting Models, Integrated Flood Management
Applications)
008
009
010
011
CONGRESS
GENERAL PROGRAMME
Morning
22 March
(Thursday)
23 March
(Friday)
24 March
(Saturday)
Afternoon
Social Activities
Registration
Opening Speech
Opening of the
Exhibition
22 March
World Water Day
Celebrations
Registration
Session No 1
Opening Reception
Session No 2
Exhibition
Session No 3
Exhibition
Dinner
Session No 4
Exhibition
Technical Tour
Closure
Reception
CONGRESS
010
011
CONGRESS VENUE ANTALYA
Transportation:
Antalya has landway connection with all regions of the Turkey. Especially the view of
Antalya-Isparta route is worth seeing.The distance of Antalya to important cities as Ankara,
‹zmir and Adana is 550 km and to ‹stanbul is 725 km.
Regular direct flights are to Antalya airport and indirect flights over ‹stanbul and Ankara are
available from/to many cities of Europe. The distance of airport to Congress Venue, Belek
Golf Resort Hotel, is 40 km. The travel takes approximately 30 minutes and costs 40 Euro.
Because Antalya harbor is one of the most important sea-gates of Turkey, numerous vessels
coming from South and West Mediterranean anchor either at Antalya Yacht Port or at the
Great Port. The Blue Voyage starting from the South European shores carry on with Antalya
Harbor.
012
013
CONGRESS
CONGRESS VENUE
BELEK GOLF RESORT HOTEL
Gloria Golf Resort is situated in Belek- Antalya having access to the beach via a bridge over
the Ac›su River. The hotel is built on a total area of 2.122 da. The distance of to airport is
40 km and the duration of transportation is approximately 30 minutes.
Congress Hall:
Video player / recorder (VHS), DVD Player,
CD Player, MD Player, Cassette player, Data
projector (3000 Ans. 1024-768 pixels),
Stationary sound system, 5x6 Screen
(Manyas 3), 4x3 Screen (Manyas 1-2),
Camera, Spot Lights 1000W
Mobile Systems:
Mobile sound system (2x300 W), Cordless
Collar Microphone (UHF), Cordless
Microphone (UHF), CD Player, Podium
Microphone, Data Projector (1000 Ans.
1024-768 pixels), 3x4 Screen (Front-Rear),
2x3 Screen (Front-Rear), 1.80x2.40 Tripod
Screen, Overhead projector, Slide projector,
Dia projector
Accommodation:
All rooms are equipped with: Key card
system, hairdryer, satellite TV/Interactive
system, central heating/cooling system, safe,
wireless internet.
Adress: Ac›su Mevkii Belek / Antalya
TURKEY
Tel: +90 (242) 710 06 00
Fax: +90 (242) 715 15 25
E-mail: [email protected]
CONGRESS
012
013
014
015
GUIDE
ANTALYA GUIDE
Because of the archaeological and natural riches of the
area, Antalya is also known as the Turkish Riviera. The
sun, sea, nature and history combine to form a very
popular resort, highlighted by some of the cleanest
beaches in the Mediterranean. The 630 km shoreline of
the province is liberally scattered with ancient cities,
harbors, memorial tombs and beaches, secluded coves
and lush forests, many of which are easily accessible
from the city.
With its palm-lined boulevard, internationallyacclaimed marina, and old castle with traditional
architecture, all set amidst a modern city, Antalya is a
major tourist centre in Turkey and also plays host to a
number of sporting events throughout the year, like
International Beach Volleyball, triathlon, golf
tournaments, archery, tennis and canoeing
competitions. The Cultural Centre, which was opened
in 1995, hosts cultural and art events in the fields of
music, theatre, and creative arts. Among the important
artistic and cultural activities are the international
Golden Orange Film Festival organised every year,
Classical Music Festivals organised at Aspendos Theatre,
exhibitions, concerts, seminars, conferences and
colloquiums for tourists, organised at the Glass Pyramid
and the Atatürk Cultural Centre.
Thanks to its historical background the Antalya
region enjoys a rich culture and ethnography. All of
these authentic local products are sold in restored
commercial buildings and souvenir shops in the city,
such as Tek Kap›l› Han, Alarahan, Serapsu Han and
Bedesten.
As for contemporary products, all kinds of jewellery,
gold handicrafts, silver, ready-to-wear leather produce,
hand-woven Turkish carpets, international textile
trademarks and all kinds of souvenirs are on sale in the
shopping centres around the airport and at the Festival
Market, Migros and Liman Megacentres. Antalya’s most
famous local dishes include Piyaz, made with tahini
(crushed sesame seeds), garlic, walnuts and boiled dried
beans, spicy hibefl with mixed cumin and tahini, flifl
köfte, tand›r kebap, domates civesi, flakfluka and various
cold Mediterranean dishes with olive oil.
GUIDE
014
015
016
017
GUIDE
Museums:
Antalya Museum: This is second largest museum of
Turkey covering an area of 7000 m2. Museum won
“European Council Speacial Prize” in 1988. The museum
consists of 13 exhibit halls and open-air galleries in which
5000 traces, artifacts; mosaics figurines of ancient
civilizations are displayed. Antalya Museum is the only
museum that has special section for children.
acroos the Rome bath, remaining from A.D. 5-6 century
has been restored in 1960/61 and became a museum.
Inscriptions, gun reliefs from Hellenistic, Rome and
Byzantium age; copies of original Grek sculptures, torsos,
sarcohagus, portraits, amphoras, altars, epitaps, pillar
headings, pillar basis from Rome age are displayed in this
musem.
Side Museum: is in the Side district of Manavgat. It is
8 km away from Manavgat. The ancient agora bath
Alanya Archeology Museum: Two seections, in which
archeological and etnographic traces are displayed, were
opened in 1967. As the number of traces increased, there
was a need to open a museum and so Archeology
Museum has been opened.
Alanya K›z›lkule Etnography Museum:
The
historical structure, which was built for military needs to
control the harbour, is a unique sample of Seljuq
architecture and is a symbol of Alanya. The museum has
an ethnographic function by displaying carpets, rugs,
clothes, kitchen equipments, guns, lighting equipments,
weaving looms, and special yörük tents which are special
to Alanya.
Atatürk’s House and Museum: The house, where
Atatürk, the founder of Turkish Republic, stayed for a
while during his visit to Alanya in 18 February 1935, has
been donated to Ministry of Culture by its owner Tevfik
Azako¤lu. The museum has been restored in 1987 and
was opened to visits as a “Atatürk’s House and Museum”.
Perge Museum: Perge Theatre excavations were made
by a Turkish scientific comittee between 1985-1993 years.
During the excavations together with Dionysos, pieces of
Kentauromakhia ve Gigantomakhia and lots of
architectural traces were found.
GUIDE
016
017
018
019
GUIDE
Places of Excursion:
Düden Waterfall: These are 12 km away from the city
centre. The waterfalls, formed by a karstic depression, are
20 metres high and also spring from underground at the
point where the water falls. By entering into Dilek Ma¤aras›
(Cave of Wishes) located underneath the waterfalls it is also
possible to pass to the rear side of the water. The location of
the waterfalls has the appearance of a botanical heaven
thanks to the rich variety of plants. In the deep valley
formed by the falling and flowing water of the waterfalls
there are promenades and restaurants. The rock tombs
around the valley bring to mind that the area was a sacred
place in ancient times. After 8km the water from the falls
forms a small creek, creating a magnificent view as it
cascades over the 40 metre high falez rock into the sea in the
Lara region. There are restaurants and picnic areas on the
falez rock with a view of the sea and waterfalls. Touristic
boat tours are organised to the waterfalls from the Marina.
Karain Cave: It is located about 30 km northwest of
Antalya at Ya¤c› Village, subordinated to the settlement
unit of Yeniköy. It is a prehistoric cave. According to
findings revealed, it was understood that Karain Cave was
continuously inhabited in the Middle Paleolithic (Stone)
ages. Cultural findings in Karain Cave include hand axes,
various scrapers, jewellery and arrowheads made of
flintstone, in addition to bones of animals such as
hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses and elephants; pieces of
fossilised bones belonging to homo sapiens, humans of the
middle paleolithic era.
Kurflunlu Waterfall: Located at a distance of 24 km east
of the city centre, the waterfalls and their environs cover an
area of 33 hectares. In the area, which takes the form of a
botanical garden, there are 7 ponds connected by the
formation of waterfalls. Kurflunlu waterfalls with a drop of
18 metre Waterfalls and the green space and beneficial
birds in its environs make it a new conservation area.
Furthermore, with its picnic and walking areas, and a
restaurant, it is a nice place to relax.
Perge: Situated 18 km east of Antalya, Perge is in the city
limits of Aksu District. Because of its location on the Cilicia
- Pisidia road, it was a vital part of the province of
Pamphylia, and was founded around the same time as the
other cities in the area (7th century BC). It was an
GUIDE
018
019
020
021
GUIDE
important city for Christians of Perge who had worshipped
the mother goddess Artemis. St. Paul and Barnabas visited
the city and wealthy benefactors like Magna Plancia install
a number of monuments.
Sillyon: It is 13 km away in the southeast of Aksu, near
Yanköy. City is founded on the way of Aspendos and
Perge, on a high plateu in 14th century BC. Besides many
civilizations, Seljuqs Sultanate also benefited from the city.
Stadium, gymnasium, towers, Seljuq Mosque and remains
of sidewall of a theatre are visible.
Termessos: Termessos, lying 34km west of Antalya at an
altitude of 1050 m, is situated in high Güllük/Solymn
Mountain which is a Natural Park. Among the important
remains are the 4200-seat theatre that had been built
Roman stele that Augustus at the beginning of the first
century AD. The Odeon, the covered meeting hall, has
seating for 600 people. The five inter-connecting
underground cisterns were used for the storage of water
and olive oil.
Olympos: One of the most important harbors of
Ancient Likya, Olympos has been a subject to mitology
throughout the history. Because of its suitable location,
Olymposs has been shelter for pirates. Today the area is
known all over world historical values, with its beach of
outstanding beauty of 3200 m long a favourite sports,
endemic plants, Caretta carettas, Chimaira, it’s favorite
sport areas, small guest houses, restaurants, yörük style
bungalows and gazebo tree houses.
Ariassos: Ariassos dating back to Antikite is located on
the 48th km of Antalya-Burdur motorway. Founded in the
skirts of a mountain, Ariassos has the ancient remains of
Ariassos baths and rock tombs.
Phaselis: On the coast, 60km south of Antalya, Phaselis
was founded by the Rhodians in the 7th century BC, and was
known as the most important seaport in Eastern Lycia. On
GUIDE
the west of the city is Hadrian's Gate, with shops and baths on
either side. The city is accessible both by road and by sea.
Limyra: Believed to have been in existence since the 5th
century, Limyra is still in existence despite a massive
earthquake in the mid 19th century although was emptied
in the 7th and 9th centuries after the Arab invasions. The
city, which is 11km south, composes of three sections: the
acropolis, areas of settlement, and necropolis.
Arycanda: Arycanda is 26 km away from the Turunçova
side of the Kumluca-Finike motorway. According to the
excavations, this city probably existed from the 5th century
BC. Having survived a destructive earthquake in 240 AD,
the city maintained its prominence until the 11th century.
Known as Aalanda in Roman era, most of its structures
sare well preserved.
Demre (Myra): Located in 25km west of Finike and
48km east of Kas, Demre was one of the most important
020
021
6 cities of the Lycian civilisation. Being a place of
settlement in the 5th century BC, initially Demre was a
seaside then after the connection to sea was closed with the
silting of Demre River. The city was deserted in 9 AD after
the invasions of the Arabs. Rock tombs, theatres and the
Church of St. Nicholas (said to be the original Santa Claus)
are the most interesting sites in the town today.
St. Nicholas Church: Known as Father Christmas, St.
Nicholas, was born in Patara near Fethiye in 245 AD. and
died in 363 AD. St. Nicolas who was a son of a rich family,
devoted his life to people especially to children and sailors.
His fame come till today as a myht of Father Christmas and
preserved his fame up-to-date.
Simena (Kale): Receiving its beauty from its history, sea
and sun, Simena is accessible from Ucagiz by sea. The
submerged city under the fascinating blue Mediterrenean and
the ancient remains at the opposite Island of Kekova Island is
worth to see. There is castle on the mountanious part of it.
022
023
GUIDE
GUIDE
Kekova: It is between Kafl-Demre. It is an ancient
submerged city 500 m far from the Üça¤›z Village in
Mediterranean.
Patara: It is on Kalkan-Fethiye road, nearly 10 km
before Kalkan and is located at the south. The colorful
ceramics in the center of the city reveal that the history of
the city reaches back to 5 BC. Besides its being the
birthplace of St. Nicholas, it was one of the most important
seaports during the times of Alexander the Great. The
governor Modestus constructed three gated city walls, one
of which leads to Patara, in 110 AD. One of the most
important remnants is the theater currently buried under
the crystal clear sandy beaches of Patara.
Xanthos: Founded on the Xanthos river basin, Xanthos
is the biggest and the most ancient city of Lycia. Having
being remained independent till the invasions of the
Persians in 4292 BC, Xanthos tried hard to defend against
the invasions; however, upon realizing the remote victory
the people of Xanthos first murdered their women then
commited suicide as a whole. The city was founded around
center of Lycia and outside it were the remnants of Roman
city center. Roman theater and the findings at the west side
of the theater still attract the visitors. Harpy memorial on
the rocks is one of the most important traces. Only the
duplication of the work of art, the original of which is on
exhibit in British Museum in England, can be seen in the
region. Ancient Xanthos city can be seen in Kalkan.
Kafl (Antiphellos): One of the Lycian towns, Kafl took its
name from the Greek word "Phellos" meaning stony place.
With its well preserved rock tombs and theater, Kafl is a
wonderful town on the Mediterranean coast.
Apollon Temple: Together with Athens temple, it had
remained in the borders of Byzantium borders. It is in the
order of Korinth and has a peripteros style plan. It is left
from the Rome Age aged in 150 A.D. Between the years of
1983-1990, one side has been restorated and was set on to
foot. It was located in Side.
Aspendos: This is situated on the hill of an acropolis at a
height of 40 metres, right by the side of the river
Eurymedon-Köprüçay near the settlement of Serik, east of
Antalya. The name of the city in the Luwian/Etruscan
022
023
language was “Asiawanda” meaning “Country of Horses”.
Named Ahhiyawa or “Asitawada in the Hittite inscriptions,
the history of the city regarded as being within the
boundaries of the area; it began as an Acropolis city during
about 3000 B.C. The most important work of art surviving
from the ancient city of Aspendos is the theatre with a
capacity of 12,000, which is understood to have been built
by Zenon the Architect as a result of a competition during
the Roman era in the 2nd century B.C. The Aspendos
Theatre has today been accepted as the best preserved
antique theatre with the best acoustics in the world. The
Aspendos theatre preserved its true theatrical character
during the Byzantine epoch, never having been turned into
an arena where bloodshed games were exhibited. The
theatre, which served as an outdoor church during the late
Byzantine epoch, was used as a caravanserai in the wake of
capture of the area by the Turks in the 12th century and
thus survived till present times. The Antalya Music and
Film Festival gala is performed here every year.
024
025
BASIN MANAGEMENT
RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT
Rivers have great importance for civilizations as being source of water, carrying mineral and organic
matter, serving food as fish and crops, domestic and industrial water, transportation, hydroelectric power
and as a place of recreation.
Important Rivers
Continent
Longest River
Length
Africa
Nile River
4,157 miles (6,690 km) long
Antarctica
none
n/a
Asia
Yangtze River
3,434 miles (5,530 km) long
Australia
Murray-Darling River
2,310 miles (3,720 km) long
Europe
Volga River
2,290 miles (3,700 km) long
North America
Mississippi-Missouri River
2,540 miles (4,090 km) + 2,340 miles (3,770 km) long
South America
Amazon River
3,915 miles (6,300 km) long
BASIN MANAGEMENT
024
025
"Importance of Rivers to Civilizations"
River water is diverted for agricultural irrigation,
industry, hygiene, and related uses. Where possible,
diverted water may be returned to the river clean and near
the point of diversion; specifically, some municipal water
supplies treat their sewage and return fairly clean water to
the river. Most rivers are not so lucky: either the water
comes back contaminated with pollutants, or not at all.
Because flow is not constant, many rivers produce
floods and droughts. Flood control projects including
dams attempt to reduce variation in flow. For that reason,
dams are important storage structures that assure for safe
water supply of different needs of humanity.
Carrying mineral and organic matter
Most rivers carry dissolved minerals and organic
compounds. Even a slow river can carry small grains of
clay. As the strength of flow increases, sand, gravel, and
even boulders can be dislodged and moved downstream.
Centuries of erosion can leave dramatic results, including
deep canyons and waterfalls.
Minerals drop out of the river when the flow slows.
Alluvial deposits can form deltas where the river flows
into a lake or ocean. Farms and cities have been
developed on large deltas. New Orleans sits on the delta
formed where the Mississippi River flows into the Gulf of
Mexico. Other heavily-populated deltas include those of
the Nile in Egypt and the Mekong in Vietnam.
Food
Some communities depend on the fish that live in or
travel along rivers. Today’s human beings need water for
production of food and yield increasing. Water is one of
the essential elements to provide food and avoid from
hunger in the world.
Transportation
Navigable waters carry much of the world's heavy trade
by ship and barge. The Yangtze, Mississippi, Volga, St.
Lawrence, Hudson, Delaware, Rhine, and Thames Rivers
are among the most heavily-trafficked, connecting major
ports. Rivers can also be barriers to land transportation.
They can be crossed by ferries, bridges, and tunnels.
Because of the difficulty of crossing rivers, they have
sometimes become territorial boundaries.
Hydroelectric Power
A dam can raise the level of a river to provide pressure
for electrical generation. Hydropower is cheap and clean
natural resources. Potential energy of stored water or
kinetic energy of running water can be easily converted
into hydroelectric energy by means of hydropower plants.
Recreation
In addition to fishing, swimming and boating are
popular activities along rivers.
Aesthetics
Some rivers are known for their beauty. Niagara Falls
on the Niagara River (part of the Saint Lawrence system)
is a popular backdrop for vacations and honeymoons.
Düden and Kurflunlu waterfalls of Antalya are also well
known places with natural beauties in Turkey.
026
027
BASIN MANAGEMENT
BASIN PLANNING STUDIES
The efforts to develop water resources and serve them
peoples’ order started thousand years ago and are still
going on in a parallel line with technological
developments.
Before Basin Planning Concept fully crystalized,
generally single aimed projects (only for irrigation or for
domestic water) were being developed from the closest
water resources to meet individual needs. However, it is
obverved that it was difficult to meet new demands. So a
general plan that will meet all needs in the basin was
necessitated. As a result, “Basin Water Resources
Development Plans” including the prioritization of
practices were prepared and applied.
The first example of taking all resources of basin as a
whole is the Tennesse Valley Authority (TVA) established
in 1930s which aimed to develop 7 provinces of Tennesee
River in USA. Engineer G. Pinchot, one of the advisors of
President Roosevelt, initiated to the establishment of
TVA with his saying of “a river is a whole from its source
to the sea and can be used for all kind of needs”. In the
context of taking all resources of basin as a whole, the
studies such as production of Hydropower, flood control
structures, rehabilitating the 1050 km part of Tennessee
River till Missippi River for transportation were made.
Being the most obvious examples, India and Pakistan
in Asia and Egypt in Africa, Turkey in Eastern Europe,
some countries started to develop their water resources to
meet their needs of food and energy.
Similar projects are in the works for the Yangtze River
in China. Currently the Central Yangtze and its lakes are
BASIN MANAGEMENT
subject to threats and problems including the loss of
wetland; flood disasters; upstream erosion leading to
accelerate downstream silting; decision-making problems
and institutional conflicts.
For the people of eastern Africa, the river is life itself. It
feeds their soil, growing crops and sustaining livestock. It
fuels their economic development. No wonder that, any
changes proposed along the river's 6700 km path, which
touches the lives of 250 million people, can lead to
conflicts and must be agreed upon by everyone involved.
The decision system was discussed in October 1995 when
senior officials from seven Nilotic countries--Egypt,
Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire-met in Rome, under the auspices of the FAO. Egypt
Government, USA Development Agency, FAO and
026
027
United Nations support these studies.
Similarly, to ensure a sufficient supply of clean water
for future generations, a comprehensive management
plan is being developed in Danube River. This process
involves experts from industry and agriculture, and
representatives from environmental and consumer
organisations as well as the local and national authorities.
As known, Danube River flows through – or forms a part
of the borders of- ten countries. The Danube floods
occurred on April 15th 2006, caused many damages in
Romania. According to the statistics kept since 1840, flow
rates of the River Danube has reached 15,900 cubic
meters per second while its normal flow for April is
around 7,900 cubic metres per second. For that reason, it
requires close cooperation among the countries.
028
029
BASIN MANAGEMENT
RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
Preliminary studies so as to determine the potential of
land and water resources of Turkiye began in 1930s with
limited technique and economic facilities on some river
basins. However, the scientific studies of collection,
assessment and publishing of the data related to potential
of surface water, groundwater, land resources,
meteorological data of precipitation, temperature, and
other related issues on the river basin started in the mid
1950s and has continued until today.
Until 1980, the basic goals in planning of water
resources were to develop water resources in such a way
that the damages caused by water should be prevented
and water demands in sectoral basis should be met. The
keynotes contemplated to reach the goals of water
development projects were to survey the potential of the
water resources and to determine the benefits expected
from the projects. These approaches mainly focused on
structural solutions.
After the 1980s, the environmental issues became more
important. Rapid urbanization and industrialization
resulted in deterioration of water quality in some regions
and the rapid reduction of the economically and technically
usable fresh water resources. Taking into account of the
needs, efforts were exerted by limited facilities to reduce the
pollution along the river basins in which water resources
usage increased and some environmental factors arising
from domestic and industrial pollutants, agricultural
pollutants, sediment transportation, erosion, unsuitable
land use, soil problems occurred.
Within this context, General Directorate of State
Hydraulic Works (DSI) working in water sector was
empowered with great duties and responsibilities in
Turkey. DSI’s main role is to develop fresh water
resources, which are renewable sources, by realizing and
managing projects for the purpose of irrigation,
hydroelectric power generation, domestic and industrial
BASIN MANAGEMENT
water supplies for large cities; creation of recreation areas
and prevention the damage caused by water. Since its
establishment in 1954, DSI has determined mainly
25 river basins in Turkey. For planning of the projects to
be developed in each basin, a series of studies has been
carried out by defining potential and needs. The first is
“preliminary studies of basins”, the second “master
plan”, and the third “planning studies”. Policies and
programs to follow all over the country are determined
pursuant to these plans.
According to a report prepared by World Bank in 2006,
it is noted that 6 river basins in Turkey have already faced
with water scarcity and this number will increase up to 16
by 2030. As a measure, we have to carry out long term
river basin management models for the basins both being
in water scarcity now and to be in water scarcity in future
due to existing water use pattern.
It is imperative that relations among the physical
factors characterizing the basin (flow, quality,
meteorological and hydrologic data, amount of water use
028
029
by sectors, land use, sediment, erosion, data collection,
and operation) are to be meticulously defined. In
culmination of these studies, the research so as to
modernize the present system is continuing.
All these studies have brought about new concepts and
approaches in developing and managing water resources.
In order to ensure continuity in socio-economic
development, it is vital for Turkey to develop its
economic surface and groundwater resources in a
sustainable manner, that is, in the line with principles of
continual and balanced development considering
environmental impacts.
Environmental impacts are considered in all water
resources projects developed by DSI and necessary
alternatives, changes or modifications on the projects are
implemented when it is required. Regardless whether
they are subject to EIA (Environmental Impact
Assesment) Regulation or not, all projects are examined
at the planning stage regarding their environmental
impacts. Planning reports have the EIA section.
030
031
BASIN MANAGEMENT
LAND AND WATER
RESOURCES IN TURKEY
TÜRK‹YE
Land Resources: Turkey’s total land area is 78 Mha
and one third of this area 28 Mha can be classified as
cultivable land.
Water Resources: Annual mean precipitation in
Turkey is 643 mm, which corresponds to 501 Bm3
(billion m3) of annual water volume in the country.
A volume of 274 Bm3 water evaporates from water
bodies and soils to atmosphere. 69 Bm3 of volume of
water leaks into groundwater, whereas 28 Bm3 is
retrieved by springs from groundwater contributing to
surface water. Surface run-off is about 158 Bm3
emptying into the seas and lakes in the closed basin. In
addition, there are 7 Bm3 volume of water coming from
neighboring countries.
Thus, total annual surface runoff amounts to a
volume of (158+28+7) =193 Bm3 of water. Including
41 (69-28) Bm3 net discharging into groundwater, the
gross (surface and groundwater) renewable water
potential of Turkey is estimated as 234 (193+41) Bm3.
However, under current technical and economic
constraints, annual exploitable potential has been
calculated as 112 Bm3 of net water volume.
Turkey is not a water rich country. According to
annual water availability per capita, Turkey is a country
in which water scarcity prevails. The annual exploitable
amount of water has been 1600 m3 per capita as of 2005.
Table 2.1 shows the average of some other countries.
BASIN MANAGEMENT
TURKEY IS NOT WATER RICH COUNTRY
Annual exploitable amount of water per capital (m3)
Countries
Water Rich Countries
2005
10.000+
2020
8.000+
2.110
1.600
1.420
300
250
100
950
950
780
150
90
40
(Canada, USA, North and West European Countries)
Iraq
Turkey
Syria
Israel
Jordan
Palestine
Table: 2.1. Water availability per capita of Some Countries
Turkish Statistical Institude (TU‹K) has estimated
Turkey’s population as 100 million by 2030. So, the
annual available amount of water per capita will be about
1,000 m3 by 2030.
Development of Water Resources in Turkey:
Together with the projects developed by responsible
state agencies, the amount of water consumption became
40.1 Bm3 as of 2004. Sectoral water consumptions are as
following. 29,6 Bm3 is used in irrigation, 6,2 Bm3 in
domestic water and 4,3 Bm3 in industrial sectors.
Agricultural Sector takes the biggest share (74 %) in total
water consumption.
Water consumption of our country is given in
Table 2.2.
030
031
032
033
BASIN MANAGEMENT
SECTORAL WATER CONSUMPTIONS IN TURKEY
2004
2023
Industry
Domestic
Water
Industry
% 11
% 20
% 15
Domestic
Water
% 15
% 74
% 65
Irrigation
Irrigation
Domestic Water
Industry
TOTAL
29.6 billion m 3
6.2 billion m 3
4.3 billion m 3
40.1 billion m 3
Irrigation
Irrigation
Domestic Water
Industry
TOTAL
72 billion m 3
18 billion m 3
22 billion m 3
112 billion m 3
Table: 2.2. Distribution of Water Consumption
In order to use all of 112 Bm3 water, it is necessary to build 730 dams (with total volume of 247 Bm3) and more than
2000 ponds (with total volume of 1 Bm3).
The situation of our Hydraulic Structures is given in Table 2.3.
BASIN MANAGEMENT
In Operation
(as of the beginning
of 2006)
In Construction
or in Program
DAM
591*
188
HEPP
138
38
POND
47.
44
IRRIGATION
2.85 million ha
0.65 million ha
DOMESTIC WATER
2.58 million m3
2,8 million m3
According to ICOLD Standards providing a dam’s height from foundation is more
than 15 m or its reservoir volume is equal to 3 hm3 , is classified as a large dam.
Table: 2.3 situation of our Hydraulic Structures
In Turkey approximately one third of our water
resources have been developed. According to 8th Five
Year Development Plans and source potential, the
development of 100 % of water resources will be realized
by 2030. However, DSI plans to take this target 7 years
before and realize this in the 100th anniversary (2023) of
our Republic.
Management of Water Resources in Turkey: The
General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works manages
water resources in the framework its legal responsibilities
and according to five-year development plans,
government policies and annual investment programs.
Turkey is divided into 25 hydrological basins. The
organizational structure of DSI comparatively fits the
basin boundaries. Annual average flows of these basins
amount to about 186 Bm3. While basin yields vary from
each other, the Euphrates-Tigris basin accounts for
28.5% of total potential of the country.
032
033
034
035
BASIN MANAGEMENT
DSI-WWC COLLABORATION
World Water Council (WWC) is an international
organization, having about 300 members from different
countries all around the world, the headquarter of
which is located in Marseille. WWC performs its major
activities in water issues through Board of Governors
with 36 members.
Dr. Mahmud Abu- Zeid, Minister of Water
Resources and Irrigation of Egypt between 1996 and
2003, and Mr William Cosgrove between 2002 and
2004 honored the presidency of the WWC established
in 1996. The present chairman of WWC is Mr. Loic
Fauchon.
WWC carries out various activities, so that water
resources will be managed effectively and used in order
to contribute into international peace, security and
cooperation based on the principles of justice and equal
rights. One of the major activities of WWC is the World
Water Forum, which is organized once every three year,
together with Ministerial Conference and Expo. Forum,
which serves to share the knowledge and experience of
countries, is held in a different country each term.
During the Forum, academicians, scientists, experts,
representatives of international organizations,
countries and NGO’s present their researches and
papers; debates are made and finally key outcomes are
obtained for the solution of water related problems. In
addition to this, Ministerial Conference and
declaration, which emphasizes water issues, appeals to
the media. During the forum, private sector companies
introduce scientific and technical innovations related to
water in the Expo.
First World Water Forum was held in 1997 in
BASIN MANAGEMENT
Morocco with 500 participants, Second Forum was in
Holland in 2000 with 5700 participants, the third one
was in Japan in 2003 with 24 000 participants and the
fourth one was in Mexico with 12 000 participants.
Fifth World Water Forum will be organized in Istanbul
in 2009.
Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality as well as
NGOS’s like TURSAB, ITO, ISO, supports Fifth World
Water Forum. The forum will be performed in the
leadership of DSI in collaboration with WWC.
Recep Tayyip ERDO⁄AN, the Prime Minister,
Dr. M. Hilmi GÜLER, Minister of Energy and Natural
Resources, declared their support for the Forum.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs is in charge of arranging the
Ministerial Conference.
Turkey follows WWC activities closely. WWC has
034
035
40 Turkish members from public and private sectors,
4 of which take part in Board of Governors. In this
context, DSI highly appreciates the efforts of Turkish
Contractors Union and INTES.
As a part of preparatory work for the Forum, an
international congress on River Basin Management will
be held in Antalya in 2007, and another international
congress will be carried out in Istanbul in 2008. DSI is
aware of the importance water and issues related to
water and will do its best to spread this awareness all
over the world.
DSI has the honor to invite everybody to this unique
activity for obtaining valuable contributions of the
participants.
DSI takes this opportunity to thank all interested
people involved in these activities.