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The Relationship between Membership in Virtual Networks and Desire to
Divorce and Subjective Judgment
Homa Moghimi*1, Zohreh Latifi 2
1. Master of General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Yazd, Iran (Corresponding Author) [email protected]
2. Assistant professor, Department of Psychology payamenoor university, Tehran, Iran
[email protected]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between membership in social
networks and desire to divorce and subjective judgment among married women and men in
Isfahan City. The research method was correlational and the population under study in this
research was comprised of all married women and men of Isfahan City in 2015. The sample size
included 217 couples that were randomly selected from public places. Measurement tools
include the questionnaire of membership in social networks by Moqimi & Latifi (2015), the
questionnaire of desire to divorce by Rooselt, Johnson & Moro (1986) and the questionnaire of
life orientation by Shear & Carver (1985). For the data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient
and multiple regression were used. The findings showed that the sample members’ level of use of
social networks was 67.7 (20.3 men and 47.5 women), 57.6 (16.6 men and 41.0 women), 54.4
(14.7 men and 39.6 women), 11.5 (2.3 men and 9.2 women) and 36.4 (11.1 men and 25.3 women)
for WhatsApp, Viber, Line, Instagram and other networks respectively, and in general married
women had accounted for a higher share. The results of regression showed that at the P<0.1
level of significance, there is a relationship between membership in social networks and desire to
divorce and subjective judgment among married women and men in Isfahan City; this means that
with the increase of desire to divorce, average membership in social networks among the couples
increases. Moreover, there was an inverse relationship between the direction of subjective
judgment and membership in social networks.
Keywords: membership in social networks, desire to divorce, subjective judgment.
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1- INTRODUCTION
From among the mass media devices in this millennium, what is the most effective and the most
important of all is the Internet, use of which is pervasive and increasing. From among all the
facilities that the Internet offers for its users, the use of social networks is rapidly expanding. The
users in this space, after creating a profile and going through the steps of membership, develop
their space by participation in this space and with the help of the site’s multimedia capabilities
such as sharing photos, texts, contents or links to their external contents. At present, there are
hundreds of social networking sites with different capabilities. They include visible profiles
which show the list of system users and they have drawn the attention of millions of users. In
fact, these sites have become part of the users’ routine and daily activities. In recent years, the
social networks in our country have rapidly developed as a communication tool and for many
people use of these networks is an important part of the daily life through which they can have a
new communication method with others (Shahnoushi, 2013, P. 24). From among the positive
effects of the Internet are the updating of information, use of scientific texts and access to up-tothe-minute technologies, but at the same time it has led to people’s tendency for chat rooms,
virtual loves, fraud and abuse of girls and boys by presenting false identities, Internet marriages,
theft of information and extortion. People always look for shortcuts to meet their needs and do
not pay great attention to the accuracy of the solutions. Therefore, when most people on the
Internet obtain the answers to their questions in the shortest time possible, they start to use these
communication tools unconsciously and even excessively. Newly emerged harms and namely
social harms in the virtual world bring about serious psychological, mental and social harms for
people due to the lack of obstacles (Mohammadi, 2014, P. 25). Social networks, due to being
addictive, reduce the couples’ attention to each other. Thus, they undermine people’s role in
marital life and create frustration. Instead of paying attention to each other and spending a lot of
time together, the couples spend their time using social networks. Inattention to each other in life
can lead to the couple’s dissatisfaction with life and this can cause severe and abundant problems
for the couples in establishing and maintaining intimate and friendly relationships (Javadi, 2011,
P. 11). Many people, when not in a good mood, appeal to these networks and in order to
compensate for the emotional lack that has been caused, they look for relationships with other
people ,so that they can bare their souls to other people. Therefore, the coldness between the
couples in creases and sometimes these relationships even go beyond virtual communication and
in some cases lead to extramarital relationships (Mohammadi, 2014, P. 24). Family is a kind of
social system and an emotional unit which is the center of growth and recovery, change and
development and pathology of the members and the relationships between them. Also, family is
the factor of correlation and condition of social balance and the main principle of the society,
which has a function in every era and generation and this function is usually manifested in the
interactional models of its members. Marriage is one of the three turning points in humans’ life,
which are birth, marriage and death. Marriage is related to making some changes to the
individual’s attitude towards him/herself, his/her spouse and the world. A person who marries is
affected and thus changed in psychological, interpersonal and social areas. Therefore, if an
important disruption occurs in a person’ life, all of his/her personal, interpersonal and social
processes are affected. Social developments in the last decades in the world have caused new and
diverse changes, challenges, problems and needs for the family system. During this period, the
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family has been increasingly threatened for various and complicated reasons and causes. When
the family functions, namely biological, social, cognitive and emotional functions, are harmed
one after the other, its members gradually lose their sense of satisfaction. Gradual reduction of
the family members’ satisfaction first leads to mental break and then social break and finally a
legal even and this break is called divorce. Although divorce is considered a harm in social terms
and is one of the factors of break and disintegration of the family, not all marriages last for
various reasons and some end up in divorce. Therefore, in order to prevent the incidence of
divorce and reduce it in society, the factors effective in desire to divorce should be identified and
it should be attempted to remove or undermine these factors. Many marital problems, such as
divorce, are rooted in factors which directly or indirectly trace to low marital satisfaction.
Differences and conflict in marital life will bring about many negative consequences for the
mental and physical health of a woman and her husband and their children, and this can affect
the useful aspects of marital life. The experts in family psychology usually regard the level of
marital satisfaction as the main factor when investigating the quality of marital relationships
between the couples. Marital satisfaction is one of the most important factors of success and
achievement of goals in life, which is affected by external and internal factors. Although
necessity of attention to similarity of religious beliefs and cultural tendencies is always
emphasized, increase of divorce in today’s world and the couples’ dissatisfaction with their
shared life or marriage and adverse effects of such phenomena on the family members and the
community indicate this claim that family formation and marriage have not been satisfactorily
treated and this phenomenon has been investigated less expertly (Moslehi, 2012, P. 13). Life
orientation investigates people’s optimistic and pessimistic attitudes in life. In fact, people who
have a positive attitude to life try to evaluate what they obtain compared with what they are
unable to obtain. People that have an optimistic attitude to life attribute their social successes to
their own internal abilities, and this issue can lead to the increase of the level of life satisfaction
and marital satisfaction (Johnson et al., 2013). Life orientation leads to attraction of social
support and better use of resources and conditions. The studies conducted indicate that life
orientation refers to optimism and positive creation can affect the increase of people’s
satisfaction with life and enhance it (Hasanzadeh, 2011, P. 32). Due to the increasing expansion
of social networks and the users of these networks, the studies on the Internet and the cyberspace
all indicate their numerous benefits in the current age, but their intriguing and exclusive benefits
should not make people unaware of their disadvantages. The couples become members in virtual
networks for recreation and entertainment and after a short time, they are faced with various
friendship requests by the users of these networks, while they know almost none of those
persons. The harms caused for people in the virtual word have various financial, human,
psychological and mental types. Therefore, everyone including those involved in and the experts
in the issues of ICT, cyber police and more importantly parents must increase their awareness of
newly emerged threats and harms resulting from the Internet and the cyberspace and take the
necessary measures in this regard. Thus, the main topic of the present study is the relationship
between membership in social networks and desire to divorce and life orientation among married
women and men. Due to the adverse effects of membership in social networks in the personal
and social life, it is necessary that the role and impact of membership and consequences of the
use of social networks be explored. This study intends to address the following questions: is
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there a relationship between membership in social networks and desire to divorce? Is there a
relationship between membership in social networks and life orientation?
Eslami (2011) investigated the impact of social networks on different dimensions of life and
concluded that virtual social networks are a new generation of the social relations space and
although they do not last long they have been able to find a good place in people’s life. Many
people at different ages and from different social groups have gathered in social networks and
communicate with each other through social networks from very remote distances in the virtual
world. Social networks play a substantial role in today’s world and they can’t be overlooked.
These social networks affect different dimensions of personal and social life of individuals and in
countries and even internationally and for this reason they are expanding and will play a far
greater and more important role in life in the future.
Latifi et al. (2014), in a study aimed at investigation of the relationship between the level of use
of mobile phones, computers and the internet and marital satisfaction of Isfahan City, concluded
that there is a significant relationship between the use of mobile phones, computers and the
Internet and marital satisfaction (women and men), sexual relations, contractual response,
personality issues, the roles related to the equality of men and women and belief orientation.
Also, there is no relationship between the level of use of mobile phones, computers and the
Internet and marital relationship, conflict resolution, financial management, the activities related
to the couples’ leisure time, marriage and children and relatives and friends.
Latifi et al. (2014), in a study entitled “investigation of the relationship between religious attitude
and divorce among those referred to Nikbakht court of Isfahan for a divorce request” with the
goal of investigation of the impact of some factors on divorce, concluded that the difference
between the couple’s religious beliefs and the couple’s religious difference affects divorce.
Ibrahimpour & Khazayi (2014) investigated the newly emerged harms (virtual social networks
threatening the Iranian family), and concluded that parents are not much acquainted with the
Internet and the cyber space and that their children become members in virtual social networks
for communicating with old friends and finding new friends and sharing their personal
information and favorite issues, and they are also mostly unaware of the dangers that threaten
them and in order to cope with and reduce the threats of the Internet in cultural, educational
dimensions, specifically localization of virtual social networks, some solutions were presented
based on the society’s norms.
When someone’s reference group includes friends or siblings that are divorced, the person also
gets divorced more probably. Part of this reason can be the fact that when friends are divorced,
more suitable and familiar opportunities for taking part in join networks open up. This issue sets
forth this hypothesis that divorced people marry each other more probably (Kanger et al., 1990
&Mueller&Cooper, 1986).
Social networking sites create an environment with possible situations which can arouse the
sense of jealousy between the couples and harm the quality of the relationships. Moreover, these
sites facilitate new relationships with people with whom the users have had emotional
relationships in the past; and this leads to the arousal of the sense of jealousy in their current
relationships (Amato, 1996 &Wallerstein&Blakeslee, 1989).
Branit & Kanger (1999) investigated three effects in order to test whether network support helps
the couples stay together or separate. First, they studied the external support for relationship with
friends and the family in order to see whether confirmation of relationship provides a strong
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prediction for success of the relationship or not. Second, they tested whether the users of social
networks increase marital satisfaction or not; and this included the issue whether loving or liking
each other’s friends can increase marital happiness or not. In the end, they assessed whether
individual support in the relationship improves the chances of marital success or not. An
important aspect of the component of marital satisfaction is related to the perception of equality
in the relationship or generosity by one of the partners. Only external support from friends and
the family can predict marital success. When the sense of satisfaction, stability and commitment
that the partners have in their relationship is less, it will be more likely for them to have
extramarital supportive relationships. This issue provides an insight into the fact as to why
popularity, in the sense of being in community, reduces the confirmation and support of the
possibility of divorce. If one of the partners is popular, compared with the people that have fewer
social resources, they can more probably have an extramarital supportive friendship that
strengthens the marital bond.
A considerable reduction in partner search costs can lead to higher levels of divorce. When
people have more information about the others, it is easier for them to look for another partner
after marriage. The benefits of a new partner may appear to be more than the costs of the old
relationship and increase the divorce rates (Fuler & Kristakis, 2008).
Aaron et al., (2014), in a study, investigated the impact of social networks and trust and
satisfaction on 205 couples. The results showed that sharing information with former friends and
interaction with them severely reduces the couples’ trust in each other.
The Research Hypotheses
The Main Hypothesis:
There is a relationship between membership in social networks and desire to divorce and
subjective judgment between married women and men.
The Minor Hypotheses:
There is a relationship between membership in social networks and desire to divorce.
There is a relationship between membership in social networks and subjective judgment.
The Findings
The main hypothesis: There is a relationship between membership in social networks and desire
to divorce and subjective judgment between married women and men.
In order to investigate the relationship between membership in social networks and desire to
divorce and subjective judgment, Pearson correlation was used. The correlation coefficients and
the level of significance of the coefficients have been shown in table 1. In the main diameter of
this table, the reliability coefficients of Cronbach’s alpha and below the main diameter, the
correlation coefficients have been presented.
Table 1: Cronbach’s alpha and correlation coefficients of social networks and marital satisfaction, desire to divorce and
subjective judgment
7
6
5
4
3
2
1/00
-0/84**
-0/84**
-0/82**
-0/66**
1
1/00
0/82**
1/00
0/64**
-0/62**
-0/16**
-0/84
-0/68**
0/12**
-**0/24
-0/82**
0/82**
0/14**
0/60
0/88**
-0/14**
**
P<0.01
Scale
Social networks
Desire to divorce
Optimistic Subjective
orientation judgment
Pessimistic
orientation
Row
1
6
4
2
*
P<0.05
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Social networks have a negative and significant relationship with pessimistic life orientation and
have a positive and significant relationship with desire to divorce and optimistic life orientation.
Desire to divorce has a positive and significant relationship with optimistic life orientation and
has a negative and significant relationship with pessimistic life orientation. All the correlation
coefficients at the P<0.01 level are significant. In order to investigate the share of each of the
dimensions of desire to divorce and optimistic and pessimistic life orientations in social
networks, multiple regression was used. In this model, membership in social networks plays the
role of the criterion variable and desire to divorce and orientation play the role of predictor
variables. The results of the regression model for membership in social networks have been
presented in table 2.
Table 2: Regression model for prediction of the scores of membership in social networks
Error of
estimation
Adjusted
coefficient of
determination
R
Level of
significance
F
Mean of
squares
Degree
of
freedom
Sum of
squares
18/42
0/10
0/68
0/01
8/64
221/01
6
4286/11
Model
Membership in
social networks
Regression model of prediction of membership in social networks through desire to divorce and
orientation with F=4.65 is significant at the P<0.01 level. Based on the adjusted coefficient of
determination, 10% of the scores of membership in social networks is affected by predictor
variables. In tables 4-15, the level of regression coefficients of predictor variables on
membership in social networks has been investigated. Standard beta coefficient, t-value and the
level of significance of predictor variables have been presented in this table.
Table 3: Regression coefficients of predictable variables on membership in social networks
Level of significance
t
Standard beta
coefficient
Variable
0/01
2/64
---
Fixed
0/06
0/80
8/14
1/86
0/12
0/10
0/14
1/68
-0/11
Desire to divorce
Optimistic life orientation
Subjective
judgment
Pessimistic life orientation
Based on table 3, desire to divorce with 0.19 and communications with -0.17 are able to predict
membership in social networks (P<0.05). This means that with the increase of the score of desire
to divorce average membership in social networks also increases and with the low average of
scores of communications average membership in social networks decreases. In what follows,
the outlined structural model of prediction of membership in social networks has been illustrated
based on desire to divorce and life orientation. The proposed structural model has been outlined
based on the recursive model. In figure 1, this model has been shown along with the level of
standardized loads on each of its arms.
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Fig 1: The outlined model of the scales under study for prediction of membership in social networks
e1
0/81
/08
88
Desire to divorce
Optimistic
orientation
Subjective
judgment
Membership in social
networks
0/61
0/84
-
Pessimistic
orientation
In Fig. 1, the proposed structural model fitted has been presented. In table 4, the regression
weights of the dimensions of marital satisfaction, desire to divorce and subjective judgment for
prediction of membership in social networks have been presented. In the table below, the
standardized level of estimation, standard error (S.E.) and division of the residual estimated
regression weight by the assigned standard error (C.R.) and level of significance have been
shown.
Table 4: Regression weights of desire to divorce and dimensions of subjective judgment
Level of
significance
0/06
0/12
0/86
C.R.
S.E.
Level of standardized estimate
Regression weights
8/80
1/82
0/02
0/86
0/12
0/10
-1/02
0/81
-0/02
Social anxiety<---Desire to divorce
Social anxiety<---Optimistic orientation
Subjective
judgment
Social anxiety<---Pessimistic orientation
Based on table 4, the regression weights of desire to divorce and dimensions of subjective
judgment and social anxiety with the standard beta coefficient of -0.17 and 0.18are significant at
the P<0.05 level. In order to determine the adequacy of fit of the proposed model fit with the
data, the indicators of RMSEA, CFI, NFI, IFI, TLI, AGFI and GFI were presented in table 5.
Table 5: Indicators of fitness of suggested model of membership in social networks
RMSEA
CFI
NFI
IFI
TLI
AGFI
GFI
Indicators of measurement model fitness
0/02
0/26
0/46
0/28
0/48
0/20
0/21
Proposed model
0/46
0/00
0/00
0/00
0/00
0/04
0/10
Zero model
Based on table 5, the fitness indicators of the given model are desirable and at a good level, and
this value indicates the quite good fit of the model. This model is not significant with the chisquare levelof 19.93 and the degree of freedom of 81 at the P>0.05 level. Based on the obtained
results, the main research hypothesis based on the existence of a significant relationship between
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membership in social networks and desire to divorce and life orientation among married women
and men in Isfahan City is confirmed. The result of this hypothesis is in line with the findings of
Latifi et al. (2014); Ibrahimpour & Khazayi (2014); Dousti et al. (2012), Eslami (2011), Aaron et
al. (2014); University of Texas (2013), Roubian et al. (2011). In explaining these findings, it can
be said that over the recent years expansion and influence of social networks in the society has
had a high speed. A few years ago, few people insisted on presence in the social network. At that
time, it was rarely seen that one of the couples complained about the activity of his/her spouse in
social networks and felt unsatisfied with that; yet these days the aforementioned problem has
become more serious and every day different pieces of news are heard in this regard, namely that
a wife or a husband has complained against their spouse due to the improper presence of the
other party in social networks and their relationship has even been suspended due to this. These
conditions have advanced in a way that some consultants introduce the social network as the
cause of divorce. However, it should be noted that the behavior type of people in social networks
does not cause any problems. Also, the exchange theory predicts that when each of the couples
evaluates the costs of a marital life as more than its advantages, there will be the possibility of
breaking of this relationship. In the present study, it has been concluded that when the level of
membership in social networks increases, the couples’ level of desire to divorce and pessimistic
orientation increases and their optimistic orientation decreases.
The first secondary hypothesis: There is a relationship between membership in social networks
and desire to divorce.
In order to explore the relationship between membership in social networks and desire to
divorce, Pearson correlation was used. Pearson correlation coefficients have been presented in
table 6.
Table 6: Table of Pearson correlation of social networks and desire to divorce
4
3
2
1
1/00
1/00
0/66**
**
1/00
0/88
0/26**
1/00
0/82**
-0/08
0/66**
**
**
0/11
0/68
0/88
0/82**
**
*
P<0.01
P<0.05
Scale
Social networks
Personal dimension
Social dimension
Cultural dimension
Desire to divorce
Row
1
-8
6
8
4
Desire to divorce has a positive and significant relationship, at the P<0.01 level, with social
networks and personal and social dimensions with the 0.29, 0.22, 0.32 coefficients. This means
that with the highness of desire to divorce, the average scores of membership in social networks
and its dimensions will also be high. Desire to divorce does not have a significant relationship
with the cultural dimension of social networks. Based on the obtained results, the first secondary
hypothesis based on the existence of a relationship between membership in social networks and
desire to divorce is confirmed. The results of this hypothesis are aligned with the findings by
Latifi et al.(2014). Also, the obtained results from this hypothesis have been used to strengthen
the theoretical foundations used and also confirm the previous research findings. Accordingly,
when the level of use of social networks is more, desire to divorce also increases. Based on the
theoretical and research background in explaining these findings, it should be stated that one of
the factors that can disrupt marital life and affect the individuals’ life quality is not merely the
use of or membership in social networks by and of itself. Rather, it is the type, duration and
method of use of social networks that can lead to conflict and divorce between the couples. Latifi
(2014), in her findings, concluded that membership in social networks affects the acceleration
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and facilitation of divorce. In Iran, over the past few years, mobile social networks have
extremely expanded and according to Vaezi (2015), the users of social networks in Iran have
become six-fold. These social networks, despite their similarity, have different features and
capabilities and of course create more involvement. One of them is membership in different
work, recreation, poetry exchange, discussion, political news groups and the like, each of which
sometimes has hundreds of members many of whom do not know each other. In fact, people
spend a lot of time on these social networks and this waste of time can lead to argument and
dissatisfaction between the couples. Social networks tempt dissatisfied or discontent spouses to
look for other persons like friends, former classmates, intimate friends in childhood or new
friends, which potentially provides the conditions for betrayal to their current spouses and acts
against marriage. Thus, the spouses that have suspicion or mistrust usually tend to control the
friendship network of their spouses, and confrontation with and discovery of information about
the spouses after years of trust can lead to destruction and lead the couples to the legal stages of
divorce.
The second secondary hypothesis: There is a relationship between membership in social
networks and subjective judgment.
In order to study the relationship between membership in social networks and dimensions of
subjective judgment, Pearson correlation was used. The Pearson correlation coefficients are
presented in table 7.
Table 7: Pearson correlation of social networks and dimensions of subjective judgment
4
8
6
8
1
Scale
1/00
Social networks
1/00
0/66**
Personal dimension
**
1/00
0/88
0/26**
Social dimension
1/00
0/82**
-0/08
0/66**
Cultural dimension
1/00
0/04
0/86**
0/82**
0/12**
Optimistic life orientation
Subjective
**
**
**
judgment
-0/24
-0/02
-0/12
-0/86
-0/14**
Pessimistic life orientation
**
*
P<0.01
P<0.05
Row
1
8
6
8
4
6
Social networks andpersonal and social dimensions have a positive and significant relationship
with optimistic life orientation with the 0.22, 0.29, 0.23 coefficients and have a negative and
significant relationship with pessimistic life orientation at the P<0.01 level. This means that the
high level of average optimistic orientation to average life of membership in social networks will
be higher and vice versa. Optimistic and pessimistic life orientation has no significant
relationship with the cultural dimension of social networks. Based on the obtained results, the
second secondary hypothesis based on existence of a relationship between membership in social
networks and life orientation is confirmed. No research related to this hypothesis was found, but
to explain this issue it can be said that social networks, by furthering the communications
between people that live at remote geographical distances, provide such conditions that the
advocates of virtual social relations say that these networks reduce the sense of loneliness among
people who, for instance, live in another country or city far from their families. Although social
networks can help increase human communications by gathering friends, experience shows that
these networks further strengthen the friendships of people that are at remote geographical
distances but negatively affect the friendships of people that are at close geographical distances.
These networks can reduce their face-to-face communications with their close friends but lead to
their closer communications with distant acquaintances. Although these technologies have a
positive impact in people’s life, they lead to some harms and damages to their life. Computers
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and mobile phones, by facilitating the use of the Internet, can affect people’s life and level some
damages to the body of life of the couples and in general to the family. Emergence of new
communication and information technologies, particularly membership in social networks, is a
great challenge of political systems in the field of national policy-making. Consensus or
disagreement of decision-makers and policy-makers regarding the definition and future functions
and impacts of this new technology on the internal and external dimensions of political and
cultural security will lead to the presentation of different strategies.
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