Assessment of
Spirituality and
Meaning in Research
and Clinical Settings American Counseling Association Charlotte NC, March 21, 2009 Mark E. Young, University of Central Florida
Leila Roach, Stetson University
W. Bryce Hagedorn, University of Central Florida
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 2
Packet Contents
The Ultimate Meaning Technique
3
Assessment Techniques
Measures of Meaning
4
Brief Spiritual Assessment
5
Spiritual History
6
Quantitative Measures of Spirituality
7
Qualitative Measures of Spirituality
10
Spiritual Lifemap
11
Bibliography
13
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 3
The Ultimate Meanings Technique
from Mark E. Young (2009) Learning the Art of Helping
Leontiv (2007) devised a creative technique for identifying important meaning issues. The
technique consists of writing down your answer to a question with the stem, “Why do people. . .”
and then following up with more “why questions” to the answers. For example, “Why do people
watch TV, smoke cigarettes, get married, buy a house etc.) Below is an example using the
question, “Why do people travel?”
Answer: “To see new things.”
Question: “Why see new things?”
Answer: “Because you can see different ways of doing things”
Question: “Why see other ways of doing things?”
Answer: “Because then you will be able to think of new ideas.”
Question, “Why think of new ideas?”
Answer: “So that you can create new products a work and get an edge on other people.”
This example is truncated but perhaps you can see that this person may value creativity,
success at work and competing with others. Of course, you would need a longer series of
questions and different topics to get a clearer insight. If you would like to try the Ultimate
Meanings Technique for yourself, respond to the following question: “Why do people work?”
Write down your answer. Then ask a series of “why questions” based on your responses. Try to
put down 20 or so answers, then look through your answers and see if you can spot some key
values and meanings for yourself.
______________________________________________________________________________
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 4
Selected Instruments for the Measurement of Meaning in Life
Instrument
Personal Views
Survey
(PVS)
Sources of
Meaning Profile
(SMP)
Pargament’s
Meaning Scale
(PMS)
Construct
Measured
Hardiness
Sources and
strength of personal
meaning in one’s
life
Meaning that
spirituality provides
in one’s life
Sense of
Coherence Scale
(SOC)
Sense of
Coherence
Purpose In Life
(PIL)
Overall meaning
and purpose in life.
Life Regard
Index
(LRI)
Positive life regard,
a synonym for
personal meaning
in life
Personal
Meaning Profile
(PMP)
Life Purpose
Questionnaire
(LPQ)
Seeking of
Noetic Goals
(SONG)
Meaning in
Suffering Test
(MIST)
Measures specific
domains of
meaning as well as
magnitude, breadth
and balance.
Overall meaning
and purpose in life
similar to the PIL.
Overall meaning
and purpose in life
Multidimensional
Brief Description of
the Instrument
Citation
50-item revised
3 subscales, Challenge,
Commitment, Control
16 item scale which has
been used with older
adults
Hardiness Institute
(1985).
20-item scale that does
not measure spirituality
but the degree that
religion and spiritual
practice add meaning.
13-items on three
subscales;
Comprehensibility,
Manageability and
Meaningfulness
20 items. It is an attitude
scale that measures the
degree to which a
person feels meaning
and purpose in life
includes existential
elements.
28 items. Two
subscales: Framework
(the person has a
meaningful perspective_
and Fulfillment (Am I
fulfilling my life goals?).
57 items measuring
seven factors:
Achievement striving,
relationship, intimacy
religion, selftranscendence, selfacceptance, fair
treatment
Pargament (1999).
A 20 item test.
Agree/disagree format
allowing geriatric and
brain injured to respond.
20 Likert items.
Hablas & Hutzell, 1982
A 29-item scale with
three subscales and one
overall score.
Starck, 1985
Reker & Wong (1988).
Antonovsky & Sagy
(1986).
Crumbaugh & Maholick
(1964).
Battista & Almond
(1973).
Debats (1998).
Wong (1998).
Crumbaugh, 1977
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 5
Life Attitude
Profile- Revised
(LAP-R)
Multidimensional
48 items, six subscales
and two composite
scores.
Reker, 1992
The Brief Spiritual Assessment
from Hodge (2005) Spiritual Assessment in Marital and Family Therapy
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 6
The Spiritual History
from Hodge (2005) Spiritual Assessment in Marital and Family Therapy
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 7
Selective Instruments for the Quantitative Measure of Spirituality and Religion
Instrument
Construct
Measured
Human Spirituality
Scale (HSS)
Global measure of
spirituality
Spiritual Assessment
Inventory (SAI)
Spiritual maturity from
a Judeo-Christian
perspective
Index of Core Spiritual
Experiences
(INSPIRIT)
Two core elements of
spirituality;
experience(s) that
convince an individual
God exists, and a
perception that God
dwells in the individual
Religious Well-Being
(RWB) as it relates to
concepts of God, and
Existential Well-Being
(EWB) as it relates to
a sense of purpose
and satisfaction in life
Quality of life, stress,
and coping with lifethreatening illness by
examining 2 factors:
beliefs and practices;
and social support
Two subscales: sense
of meaning and
peace; and role of
faith in illness.
Produces a total score
for spiritual well-being.
Personal Spiritual
Experience, Spiritual
Well-being, Sense of
Harmony, and
Personal
Helplessness
Unifying
Interconnectedness,
Purpose and Meaning
in Life, Innerness or
Inner Resources, and
Transcendence
Emotional, intimacy,
and faith aspects of
spiritual support
Spiritual Well-Being
Scale (SWBS)
Systems of Belief
Inventory
(SBI-15R)
The Functional
Assessment of
Chronic Illness
Therapy-Spiritual
Well-Being Scale
(FACIT-Sp)
Spiritual Health
Inventory (SHI)
Spirituality
Assessment Scale
(SAS)
Spiritual Support
Scale
Brief Description
of the Instrument
Citation
20 item scale rated
from 1 (never, almost
never) to 5
(constantly, almost
constantly)
43 item inventory
scored on a 5-point
scale of 1(not true of
me) through 5 (true of
me)
On-line, 7 item
instrument (item 7 has
13 parts)
Wheat (1991)
20-item scale with 6
responses ranging
from strongly disagree
to strongly agree
Ellison (1983)
15-item measure
scored on a 4-point
likert scale ranging
from 0 (strongly
disagree) to 3
(strongly agree)
12-item measure
scored on a 5-point
likert scale ranging
from 0 (not at all) to 4
(very much)
Holland, Kash,
Passik, Gronert,
Sison, Lederberg,
Russak, Baider, & Fox
(1998)
18 item scale with 6
responses ranging
from strongly disagree
to strongly agree
Veach & Chappel
(1992)
28 statements rated
from 1 (strongly
disagree) to 6
(strongly agree)
Howden (1992)
3-items rated on a 5point scale.
Maton (1989)
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Hall &Edwards (1996)
Kass, Friedman,
Lesserman,
Zuttermeister, &
Benson (1991)
Peterman, Fitchett,
Brady, Pharm, & Cella
(2002)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 8
Religious Orientation
Inventory (ROI)
Age Universal I-E
Quest (Interactional)
Scale
Christian Religious
Internalization Scale
(CRIS)
Religious Coping
Scale (RCOPE)
Religious Support
Measure
Spiritual History Scale
(SHS-4)
Spirituality Scale (SS)
Orientation toward
religion on both an
intrinsic and extrinsic
dimension
Adapted from Allport
and Ross’s Religious
Orientation Scale that
can be used with
children and
adolescents
Adds 3rd dimension to
religious orientation:
quest (degree to
which one’s religion
involves open-ended,
responsive dialogue
to existential
questions raised by
contradictions and
tragedies in life)
Degree of selfdetermination for
Christian beliefs and
practices (could be
adapted for other
religions)
Methods of coping
with life situations
based on a JudeoChristian perspective
Relationships
between perceived
religious support and
life satisfaction and
religious attendance
Spiritual and religious
practices and
attributions over the
lifespan
spirituality from an
Afro-cultural
perspective
20-item measure
Allport & Ross (1967)
Gorsuch and Venable
(1983)
9- item scale version
Batson (1976)
6-item scale version
Batson & Ventis
(1982)
12-item scale version
Batson & Schoenrade
(1991)
Each rated on a 9point scale from 1
(strongly disagree) to
9 (strongly agree)
12-item measure
rated on a 4-point
scale from not at all
true to very true
105 item scale
consists of 21
subscales with 5
items each, that asks
respondents to rate
the degree to which
various types of
religious coping were
involved in dealing
with a negative life
event on a 4-point
likert scale from not at
all to a great deal
Assesses three
factors: God support,
congregational
support, and church
leader support
23 item, four
dimensional
retrospective
summary
20 item measure
rated on a 6 point
scale ranging from 1
(completely false) to 6
(completely true)
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Ryan, Rigby & King
(1993)
Pargament, Koenig,
and Perez (2000)
Fiala, Bjorck, and
Gorsuch (2002)
Hays, Meador, Branch
& George, (2001)
Jagers & Smith (1996)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 9
Daily Spiritual
Experience Scale
Brown-Peterson
Recovery Index (BPRPI)
Spiritual Competency
Scale (SCS)
Ordinary experiences
of spirituality; awe, joy
that lifts one up, deep
inner peace, gratitude,
and love
Spirituality in
members of
Alcoholics
Anonymous (AA)
Competency to
counsel on spiritual
and religious issues
16 item measure with
6 responses ranging
from never or almost
never to many times a
day
53 item instrument
rated on a 5 point
scale from 0 (no or
never) to 4 (yes, daily,
or always)
28 item, six factor
instrument with seven
response format.
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Underwood & Teresi
(2002)
Brown & Peterson
(1991)
Robertson (2008).
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 10
Selected Instruments for the Qualitative Measure of Spirituality and Religion
Instrument
Spiritual Narrative
Spiritual Histories
Spiritual Life Maps
Spiritual Genograms
Spiritual Ecomaps
Spiritual Ecograms
Spiritual Dimensions
Spiritual Quest Form
(SQF)
Experience Based
Spiritual Development
Scale (EBSDS)
Faith Development
Construct
Measured
Brief Description
of the Instrument
Awareness of the
Holy, providence,
faith, grace or
gratefulness,
repentance,
communion, and
sense of vocation
Explore spiritual &
religious themes,
significant life events,
spiritual journeys,
intergenerational
patterns, spiritual
strengths &
relationships
Beliefs and meaning;
vocation and
consequences;
experiences and
emotions; courage
and growth; ritual and
practice; community;
and authority and
guidance
Seeks to understand
the client’s process
toward spiritual
growth and
development
Scourge, Emerge,
Purge, Diverge,
Resurge, Converge,
and Merge
Intuitive-Projective
Faith, Mythical-Literal
Faith, SyntheticConventional Faith,
IndividuativeReflective Faith,
Conjunctive Faith, and
Universalizing Faith
Provides an
understanding of the
client’s spiritual
narrative in relation to
7 Christian themes
Pruyser (1976)
Utilize existing
frameworks of
systemic
assessments with a
focus on spirituality
Hodge (2005)
Offers guidelines for
assessing 7 spiritual
dimensions in two
subdivisions;
holistically and
explicitly spiritual; and
can be utilized with a
wide variety of faith
traditions.
10-item sentence
completion task
followed by an indepth dialog that
produces a narrative
Identifies seven
stages of spiritual
realization
Fitchett (1993)
Assesses stages of
faith development
thorough the use of
Faith Interviews
James Fowler (1981)
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Citation
Nino(1997)
Sandhu and Asrabadi
(2003)
Sandhu (2007)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 11
The Spiritual Lifemap
from Hodge (2005) Spiritual Assessment in Marital and Family Therapy
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 12
The Spiritual Lifemap
Spiritual lifemaps are a graphic representation of a verbal spiritual history – they note the client’s
spiritual journey with pictures along a lifeline. “Much like roadmaps, spiritual lifemaps tell us
where we have come from, where we are now, and where we are going” (Hodge, 2005, p. 344).
Uses:
A spiritual lifemap can be used with individuals, couples, and families. If it is used with couples
or families, each individual can construct his/her own lifemap or the couple/family can jointly
construct a single lifemap representing their shared spiritual story.
Materials:
1. Drawing implements – crayons, markers, colored pencils, chalk, paints (oil, watercolor,
acrylic, tempura), paint brushes, etc.
2. Paper – large pieces of paper (e.g., 11" x 18" or 24" x 36") work best
3. Other – stickers, stencils, construction paper, rulers, magazines, scissors, glue sticks, etc.
Directions:
1. In this exercise, you will depict those spiritually significant events that represent your
spiritual journey on a path, a roadway, or a single line.
2. Using hand-drawn symbols, cut-out pictures, stickers, and so on, mark the key events along
your journey (e.g., birth, death, loss of a job, spiritual crisis, spiritual encounter, etc.).
3. Indicate on your lifemap the various trials you have faced along with the spiritual resources
you have used to overcome those trials. You may want to depict hills, bumps and potholes,
rain, clouds, lightning, and so on, to portray difficult life situations. Feel free to use words
that you write or cut out of magazines to highlight these events.
4. Indicate your age at the various spiritual milestones along your journey, both those that were
difficult and those that were positive.
5. Somewhere on the lifemap, indicate three spiritual strengths that you have developed while
on your journey.
Processing:
1. Present your spiritual lifemap to the group (or to the counselor) – share the symbols you
used, why you chose what you did to represent various events, and what your journey has
been like for you.
2. What patterns do you notice?
3. Who have been the significant figures along your spiritual journey (both human and
transcendent)?
4. What strengths emerged from your lifemap?
5. What are some successful strategies that you have used in the past that can suggest
options for overcoming some of your present struggles?
6. What was this process like for you?
Young, Roach, & Hagedorn (ACA, 2009)
Assessment of Spirituality & Meaning 13
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