World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering Vol:8, No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nternational Science Index, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/10001900 Abstract²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eywords²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³,VODPLFDUWLVGHYHORSHGIURP PDQ\VRXUFHV5RPDQ (DUO\&KULVWLDQDQG%\]DQWLQHVW\OHVZHUHWDNHQRYHULQ HDUO\ ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH WKH LQIOXHQFH RI 6DVVDQLDQ DUW²WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG GHFRUDWLYH DUW RI SUH,VODPLF 3HUVLD ZDV RI SDUDPRXQW VLJQLILFDQFH &HQWUDO $VLDQ VW\OHV ZHUH EURXJKW LQ ZLWK YDULRXV QRPDGLF LQFXUVLRQV DQG &KLQHVH LQIOXHQFHV KDG DQ LPSRUWDQW HIIHFW RQ ,VODPLFSDLQWLQJSRWWHU\DQGWH[WLOHV´>@ 7KHUHDUHUHSHDWLQJHOHPHQWVLQ,VODPLFDUWVXFKDVWKHXVH RIJHRPHWULFDOIORUDORUYHJHWDOGHVLJQVLQDUHSHWLWLRQNQRZQ DVWKHDUDEHVTXH7KHDUDEHVTXHLQ,VODPLFDUWLVRIWHQXVHGWR V\PEROL]H WKH WUDQVFHQGHQW LQGLYLVLEOH DQG LQILQLWH QDWXUH RI $OODK >@ 0LVWDNHV LQ UHSHWLWLRQV PD\ EH LQWHQWLRQDOO\ LQWURGXFHG DV D VKRZ RI KXPLOLW\ E\ DUWLVWV ZKR EHOLHYH RQO\ $OODK FDQ SURGXFH SHUIHFWLRQ DOWKRXJK WKLV WKHRU\LV GLVSXWHG >@>@ 3HUKDSV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW H[SUHVVLRQ RI ,VODPLF DUW LV ,,, +80,/,7<,17+(+286($92,'$1&(2)6(/) $'92&$7,1*$1':($/7+:$67,1* +XPLOLW\LVQRWRQO\DSSOLFDEOHWRWKHSHUVRQDOEHKDYLRURI WKHLQGLYLGXDO0XVOLPEXWDOVRWRKLVKRXVH6KDULµDKIRUELGV VHOIDJJUDQGL]HPHQWDQGH[WUDYDJDQFHLQDOOPDWWHUVRIOLYLQJ $KDGLWKVWDWHV µ$EX+XUDLUDUHSRUWHGWKDW$OODK¶V0HVVHQJHUVDLGWKDW 0RKDPPDG 7RUDEL\DQ DQG .D]HP 0RVDZL 1HMDG DUH ZLWK WKH ,VODPLF $]DG 8QLYHUVLW\ 6KDKUHNRUG %UDQFK &KDKDUPDKDO DQG %DNKWLDUL ,UDQ SKRQHHPDLOPWRUDEL\DQ#JPDLOFRP International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 8(2) 2014 238 scholar.waset.org/1999.3/10001900 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 International Science Index, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/10001900 WKHUHZDVDSHUVRQZKRXVHGWRZDONZLWKSULGHEHFDXVH RI KLV WKLFN KDLU >RU DSSHDUDQFH@ DQG ILQH PHQWDO >RU LQWHOOLJHQFH@+HZDVPDGHWRVLQNLQWRWKHHDUWKDQGKH ZRXOG JR RQ VLQNLQJ LQWR WKH HDUWK XQWLO WKH /DVW +RXU ZRXOGFRPH¶ $OVRWKH3URSKHWVDLG µ9HULO\ $OODK OLNHV WKUHH WKLQJV IRU \RX DQG +H GLVDSSURYHVWKUHHWKLQJVIRU\RX+HLVSOHDVHGZLWK\RX WKDW \RX ZRUVKLS +LP DQG DVVRFLDWH QRW DQ\WKLQJ ZLWK +LP WKDW \RX KROG IDVW WKH URSH RI $OODK DQG EH QRW VFDWWHUHG DQG +H GLVDSSURYHV RI \RXU LUUHOHYDQW WDON SHUVLVWHQWTXHVWLRQLQJDQGWKHZDVWLQJRIZHDOWK¶ ,QGHHG WKH 3URSKHW SRLQWHG WR WKH SURKLELWLRQ RI H[DJJHUDWLRQ DQG VTXDQGHULQJ HYHQ LQ WKH EXLOGLQJ RI D PRVTXH +H VWDWHG µ, ZDV QRW FRPPDQGHG WR EXLOG KLJK PRVTXHV¶DQGµ2QHRIWKHVLJQVRIWKH/DVW+RXUZLOOEHWKDW SHRSOH ZLOO YLH ZLWK RQH DQRWKHU DERXW PRVTXHV¶ 2Q D GLIIHUHQWRFFDVLRQWKH3URSKHWVDLGµ(YHU\VSHQGLQJLVIRUWKH VDNH RI $OODK H[FHSW VSHQGLQJ RQ EXLOGLQJ WKHUH LV QR JRRG >RUUHZDUG@LQLW $EGXO$]L]$ED$O.KDLODZHOONQRZQDQG UHOLJLRXVO\LQIRUPHG6DXGLDUFKLWHFWXUDOWKHRULVWH[SODLQVWKLV KDGLWKLQKLVVWXG\RIWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI,VODPLFDUFKLWHFWXUH LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH 4XU¶DQ DQG VXQQDK E\ VD\LQJ WKDW VSHQGLQJ RQ EXLOGLQJ LV QRW UHZDUGHG LI WKH EXLOGLQJ LV XQQHFHVVDULO\EXLOWRUH[FHHGVWKHQHHGRILWVRZQHU>@ 7KH ,VODPLF SURKLELWLRQ RI VHOIDGYRFDWLQJ RU FRQFHLW YLD H[DJJHUDWHG VSHQGLQJ RQ WKH KRXVH LV DOVR GULYHQ IURP WKH ,VODPLFSRLQWRIYLHZRQWKHSXUSRVHRIKRXVLQJ7R,VODPWKH KRXVHLVWRSURYLGHVKHOWHUIURPWKHFOLPDWHDQGWRVHFXUHWKH QHFHVVDU\SULYDF\DQGVDIHW\>@ FRQFHSWLRQVRIWKHJUHDWHVWZRUNHUVLQVWRQH´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±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¶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³$ UDFH RI QRPDGV VFDUFHO\ DEOH WR EXLOG ZDOOV FRPLQJ WR D ODQG FRYHUHG ZLWK UXLQV OHIW E\ WKHLU SUHGHFHVVRUV SLFNHG XS KHUH DQG WKHUH ZKDWHYHU VHHPHG PRVW EHDXWLIXO WR WKHP DQG LQ WKHLU WXUQ ZLWKWKHVHGHEULVDOORIRQHVW\OHDQGRQHRUGHUUDLVHGXQGHU WKH JXLGDQFH RI KHDYHQ D GZHOOLQJ IRU WKHLU *RG PDGH RI SLHFHVWRUQIURPFUXPEOLQJWRZQVEXWDVSHUIHFWDVWKHSXUHVW International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 8(2) 2014 239 scholar.waset.org/1999.3/10001900 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering Vol:8, No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¶VRFLDO OLIH LQ GLIIHUHQW RFFDVLRQV VXFK DV KDSSLQHVV PDUULDJH DQG IHVWLYDOV DQG WKHLU GHFRUDWLRQ DQG EHDXW\ KDYH EHHQ D VLJQLILFDQWIDFWRULQDWWUDFWLQJSHRSOH International Science Index, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication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¾ FRPPXQLFDWLRQDPRQJSUD\HUV ¾ KDYLQJQRFROXPQVLQWKHPRVTXHQDYH ¾ KDYLQJQRGLUHFWHQWUDQFHLQWRWKHQDYH ¾ KDYLQJVHYHUDORSHQLQJVIRULOOXPLQDWLRQ D International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 8(2) 2014 240 scholar.waset.org/1999.3/10001900 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 International Science Index, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/10001900 FRQVWUXFWLRQV 7KHVH IHDWXUHV LQFOXGH VFLHQWLILF JHRPHWU\ DQG LQQRYDWLYH DUWV HPDQDWLQJ IURP VSLULWXDO WKRXJKWV RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO DQG WKLV LV WKH LQQRYDWLRQ WKDW WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH PDNHV XVH RI DQG DQ XQSUHFHGHQWHG PHWKRG LQ WKH DUW RI DUFKLWHFWXUH7KLVLVGXHWR WKHUHOLJLRXVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH DHVWKHWLF WKRXJKWRI ,VODP ZKLFKLV PDQLIHVWHG LQ WKH ,VODPLF DUWRIDUFKLWHFWXUH $UFKLWHFWXUH LV WKH PRVW WDQJLEOH NLQG RI DUW LQ VRFLDO OLIH DQG WKH PRVW EHDXWLIXO PHDQV RI H[SUHVVLQJ WKH LGHQWLW\ RI D QDWLRQ 7KH DEVROXWH LPLWDWLRQ IURP WKH ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH GHVLJQV DW SUHVHQW EHFDXVH RI EHLQJ ROGIDVKLRQHG LV QRW UHVSRQGLQJ DQG WKHVH GHVLJQV DQG SDWWHUQV VKRXOG EH XVHG DV WKHEDFNJURXQGRIPRGHUQGHVLJQLQJSURSHUWR,VODPLFFXOWXUH WKDWLVXVLQJWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\WHFKQRORJ\DQGUHO\LQJRQWKH WUDGLWLRQDOIHDWXUHVRI,VODPLFFXOWXUH ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH GHPDQGV FRPELQLQJ SUDFWLFDO WUDLQLQJ DQG WKHRUHWLFDO WHDFKLQJV DW XQLYHUVLWLHV VR WKDW WKH HGXFDWHG SHRSOH FDQ XVHWKH DUWDQGVNLOO RIDUFKLWHFWV7KLVFDXVHV WKH HOHYDWLRQRISHRSOH VDUWLVWLFWDVWHDVZHOODVVXSSRUWLQJ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH KHULWDJH DQG SDYLQJ WKH ZD\ IRU WKH DFWLYLWLHV RI DUFKLWHFWV RI WKH ,VODPLF ZRUOG 7KHUHIRUH LW LV WRWDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW WR H[SODLQ ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH FXOWXUH LQ VFKRROV SUHVHQWLWVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVH[SUHVVWKHPDVWHUSLHFHVRI,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUHLQPDVVPHGLDDQGKROGGLIIHUHQWFRQIHUHQFHVDQG DOVRH[KLELWLRQVWKDWLQWURGXFHWKLVDUWZLGHO\7KDWZLOOEHDQ LPSRUWDQW VWHS WRZDUG SUHVHQWLQJ ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG 0RVOHPV¶FXOWXUHDQGFLYLOL]DWLRQ ,W LV TXLWH LPSRUWDQW WR H[SODLQ ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH FXOWXUH LQVRFLHW\ RIIHULWV IHDWXUHV H[SUHVV LWV PDVWHUSLHFHVLQ PDVV PHGLD DQG KROG GLIIHUHQW FRQIHUHQFHV DQG H[KLELWLRQV WKDW LQWURGXFH WKLV DUFKLWHFWXUH WR WKH ZRUOG ,W LV D EDVLF VWHS LQ RIIHULQJ,VODPLFFXOWXUHDQG0RVOHPV FLYLOL]DWLRQ E )LJ7KHIHDWXUHRI9DNLO¶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¶ZHDNQHVV ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH QHHGV WKH FRPELQLQJ RI SUDFWLFDO WUDLQLQJ DQG WKHRUHWLFDO WUDLQLQJ LQ XQLYHUVLWLHV LQ D ZD\ WKDW WKH DUW DQG VNLOO RI WKH DUFKLWHFWV EH XVHG DORQJ ZLWK WKH HGXFDWHG7KLVFDXVHVWKHHOHYDWLRQRISHRSOH¶VDUWLVWLFWDVWHDV ZHOODVVXSSRUWLQJ,VODPLFDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGSDYLQJWKHZD\IRU WKHDFWLYLWLHVRIDUFKLWHFWVRIWKH,VODPLFZRUOG7KHIDXOWZLWK WKH DFDGHPLF DQG WUDLQLQJ LQ JHQHUDO DQG WHDFKLQJ ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH SDUWLFXODUO\ LV WKH ODFN RI H[HFXWLYH RSHUDWLRQV DORQJ ZLWK WKHRUHWLFDO WUDLQLQJ WKDW PDNH WKLV VSHFLDOW\ LQFRPSOHWH 7KHUHIRUH WKHUH LV D JUHDW QHHG IRU YDVW UHVHDUFK DQG WUDLQLQJ ,Q IDFW LPSURYLQJ ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH WKRXJK VHHPVGLIILFXOWWKHWKHRUHWLFDOPHWKRGDORQHLVQRWVXIILFLHQW DQGWKHIODZVUHPDLQ 5()(5(1&(6 >@ 5 +LOOHQEUDQG ³,VODPLF $UFKLWHFWXUH )RUP )XQFWLRQ DQG 0HDQLQJ´ &ROXPELD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV >@ 0 -HQNLQV ³5LFKDUG (WWLQJKDXVHW DQG $UFKLWHFWXUH´ <DOH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV,6%1S >@ 07KRPSVRQ ,VODPLF 7H[WLOH $UW $QRPDOLHV LQ .LOLPV 6DORQ GX 7DSLV G 2ULHQW 7XUNR7HN 5HWULHYHG RQ $XJXVW IURP KWWSZZZWXUNRWHNFRPVDORQBVDORQKWPO >@ $:LMGDQ ³7KH $UDE&RQWULEXWLRQWR ,VODPLF $UW )URP WKH 6HYHQWK WR WKH )LIWHHQWK &HQWXULHV´ $PHULFDQ 8QLY LQ &DLUR 3UHVV 'HFHPEHU ,6%1 >@ $HQEHUJ³7KHIXWXUHRIDUWLQDGLJLWDODJHIURP+HOOHQLVWLFWR+HEUDLF FRQVFLRXVQHVV´,QWHOOHFW/WGS,6%1 >@ 7 %DFNKRXVH 2QO\ *RG LV 3HUIHFW ,VODPLF DQG *HRPHWULF $UW KWWSZZZJHRPHWULFGHVLJQFRXNSHUIHFWKWP5HWULHYHGRQ$XJXVW >@ 0,WHZL7RZDUGVD0RGHUQ7KHRU\RI,VODPLF$UFKLWHFWXUH$XVWUDOLDQ -RXUQDORI%DVLFDQG$SSOLHG6FLHQFHV >@ -6DXYDJHW³/D0RVTXHH2PD\\DGHGH0HGLQH´3DULV >@ 69HUQRLW'LVFRYHULQJ,VODPLF$UW´/RQGRQ >@ $$ED $O.KDLO ³$O.HWDE ZDO6XQQDK $VDV 7DµZHHO DOµ,PDUDDO ¶,VODPLDK 7KH 4XU¶DQ DQG 6XQQDK DV D %DVH IRU WKH ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI ,VODPLF$UFKLWHFWXUH´9RO5L\DGK1DMG&RPPHUFLDO3ULQWLQJ3UHVV &R >@ +0RUWDGD³7UDGLWLRQDO,VODPLF3ULQFLSOHVRI%XLOW(QYLURQPHQW´)LUVW SXEOLVKHG E\ 5RXWOHGJH &XU]RQ 1HZ )HWWHU /DQH /RQGRQ (&3(( >@ +.DVVLV ³7KH (DUO\ 'HYHORSPHQW RI ,VODPLF $UFKLWHFWXUH´ KWWSZZZVIXFDVHQLRUVVFIFKWP >@ 7REDKVXUDK9HUVH.RUDQ ,; &21&/86,21 7KH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG WKH DUW RI DUFKLWHFWXUH PDNHV ,VODPLF DUFKLWHFWXUH KDYH GLIIHUHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDW GLVWLQJXLVK LW IURP WKH VW\OHV RI RWKHU International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 8(2) 2014 241 scholar.waset.org/1999.3/10001900
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz