LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF
BOLIVIA
Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations FAO
Livestock Information, Sector Analysis
and Policy Branch AGAL
March 2005
LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF | BOLIVIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................................................ii
1. General Information..................................................................................................... 1
Human population, land and socio-economics ........................................................................ 1
Human population trends ..................................................................................................... 2
Trends in agricultural land .................................................................................................... 2
2. Livestock Resources..................................................................................................... 3
Livestock populations ........................................................................................................... 3
Contribution of different species to total livestock units ........................................................... 3
Selected indicators of livestock resources ............................................................................... 4
Agro-ecological zones and densities of livestock species (2000) ............................................... 5
3. Livestock Production .................................................................................................... 7
Trends in annual production of meat, milk and eggs ............................................................... 7
Composition of total meat production .................................................................................... 7
Carcass weights and percentage slaughtered by species.......................................................... 8
Milk yields and proportion of dairy animals ............................................................................. 8
Egg yields and proportion of laying birds................................................................................ 8
Estimated feed used for livestock production .......................................................................... 9
Trends in annual per capita production of meat, milk and eggs ................................................ 9
4. Consumption of Meat, Milk and Eggs ...........................................................................10
Trends in annual consumption of meat, milk and eggs .......................................................... 10
Trends in annual per capita consumption of meat, milk and eggs ........................................... 10
Production versus consumption for meat, milk and eggs (2002) ............................................. 11
5. Trade in Livestock and Livestock Products....................................................................12
Trade in agricultural and livestock products.......................................................................... 12
Export/import ‘dependency’ for livestock products ................................................................ 12
Trade in live animals .......................................................................................................... 14
Trade in livestock products ................................................................................................. 15
6. Livestock Health .........................................................................................................16
Total number of cases/outbreaks of selected diseases reported in all susceptible species ......... 16
7. References and Further Reading..................................................................................17
Data contained in this Livestock Sector Brief are taken from official sources. Official sources are no guarantee
for data accuracy and the figures reported in this brief should be taken as indicative and not be used for official
purposes. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations assumes no responsibility for its
accuracy, completeness and coherence.
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PREFACE
The Livestock Sector Briefs (LSB) are intended to provide a quick overview and an
approximate outlook for the livestock sector of the respective country using figures and
quantitative indicators originating from official sources. The LSBs are complemented by
a synthesis of policy documents available in the public domain.
The majority of the data in the LSBs refer to the country as a whole and come from
FAOSTAT, which is available on the internet (http://faostat.external.fao.org/default.jsp).
FAO, as part of its mandate, compiles information and data on various aspects of food
and agriculture from all countries. The data are analysed and interpreted to support
FAO's programmes and activities and, in accordance with the basic functions of the
Organization, they are disseminated to the public through publications, CD-ROM,
diskettes and the Internet. The country level data are officially submitted to the Division
for Statistics of FAO (ESS) by various ministries of the respective countries. For details
of data collection procedures see http://faostat.fao.org/abcdq/about.htmx. The figures
submitted often display inconsistencies across ministries, for example reported meat
production does not always match reported meat consumption when taking into account
imports and exports. FAO tries to reconcile the figures, to the effect that FAO statistics
may differ from those originally submitted.
The LSBs utilise FAOSTAT data from the following domains: human population, land use,
agriculture production, food supply and agricultural and food trade. These are used to
derive a standard set of indicators that can quickly be compared across the countries.
Data on the economy are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators CD-Rom,
which is also available online http://www.worldbank.org/data/ and is updated every year.
Animal health data are taken from the Office International des Epizooties (OIE)
HANDISTATUS II http://www.oie.int/hs2/. These are official data supplied by member
nations.
For any feedback and comment, please contact:
Pius Chilonda - Livestock Information Analyst
Livestock Information, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch
Animal Production and Health Division
Food and Agricultural Organisation
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Rome, Italy
Tel:
00 39 06 57056691
Fax: 00 39 06 57055749
Email: [email protected]
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1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Human population, land and socio-economics
Human population
8.6 million
Population density on total land
8.0 persons/sqkm
Annual growth rate (1990-2000)
2.2 %
Population in agriculture
3.7 million
As proportion of total population
Total land area
42.5 %
1,084,380 sqkm
Agricultural land
369,370 sqkm
As proportion of total land
Land under pasture
34.1 %
338,310 sqkm
As proportion of total land
Irrigated area
91.6 %
1,320 ha
Agricultural land per 100 people
Agricultural land per 100 people in agriculture
Agricultural population density on agricultural land
GDP1
427 ha
1,006 ha
9.9 persons/sqkm
8,276 million US$
GDP annual growth rate (1990-2000)
1
3.5 %
GDP per capita/year
940 US$
GDP per capita annual growth rate (1990-2000)
1.0 %
Agriculture, GDP
As proportion of total GDP
Livestock, GDP
1
As proportion of agricultural GDP
Human development Rank
Human development index
1,170 million US$
14.1 %
490 million US$
41.8 %
2
114 Ranking
0.7
Poverty incidence 3
Total
62.7 %
Urban
Rural
na %
81.7 %
1
Constant 1995 US$ 2 The HDI rank is determined using HDI values to the fifth decimal point –
from 177 countries, as compiled by the UNDP; 3 National poverty line; na: not available
Source: World Bank (2002); UNDP (2004); FAO (2005a)
•
Bolivia is a lower middle-income rural economy, with livestock contributing around
6 percent to GDP. Since the second half of the 1980s, the country has been
implementing programs of macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms,
aimed at creating conditions for sustained growth and alleviating poverty. These
policies, which also embrace the rural sector, attempt to reduce the role of the
state in the economy, liberalize markets for goods and factors of production, open
the country to foreign trade, and liberalize the financial system.
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Human population trends
Values expressed in 1,000
Population
segment
Annual growth rate
(%)
Year
1980
1990
2000
2002
1980-1990
1990-2000
5,355
6,669
8,317
8,645
2.2
2.2
Rural
2,921
2,962
3,168
3,211
0.1
0.7
Urban
2,434
3,706
5,149
5,434
4.3
3.3
Total
Source: FAO (2005a)
Trends in agricultural1 land
Values expressed in sqkm
Annual growth rate
(%)
Year
Land type
1980
1990
2000
2002
1980-1990
1990-2000
335,620
354,550
369,620
369,370
0.6
0.4
Cropped
20,620
22,550
31,310
31,060
0.9
3.3
Pastures
315,000
332,000
338,310
338,310
0.5
0.2
Total
2
1
The sum of area under arable land, permanent crops and permanent pastures
2
Arable and permanent crops
Source: FAO (2005a)
•
Agricultural land consists predominantly of pastures and the land tenure pattern is
heterogeneous. 60 percent of the farmers live in the highlands (the Altiplano), at
an average altitude of 4000m, and have small plots between 1 to 3 ha. 20 percent
of the farmers live in the Yungas, the fertile valleys that run down towards the
northern lowlands, with plots averaging between 5 to 10 ha. 20 percent of the
farmers live in the northern and eastern lowlands, which account for 65 percent of
the land area; an average sized farm in the lowlands being 50 to 75 hectares,
while in the Santa Cruz department farms can exceed 5,000 hectares.
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2. LIVESTOCK RESOURCES
Livestock populations
Values expressed in 1,000
Annual growth rate
(%)
Year
Species
1980
Cattle
Sheep and goats
Pigs
Poultry
Total LUs
1990
2000
2002
1980-1990
1990-2000
4,699
5,543
6,725
6,576
1.7
2.0
11,063
9,115
10,252
10,402
-1.9
1.2
1,601
2,176
2,793
2,851
3.1
2.5
18,223
24,264
74,286
74,930
2.9
11.8
4,978
5,579
7,174
7,106
1.1
2.5
LU: Livestock unit; conversion factors: cattle (0.70 ), sheep and goats ( 0.10 ), pigs ( 0.25 ),
poultry ( 0.01 )
Source: FAO (2005a)
Contribution of different species to total livestock units
100%
80%
Poultry
Pigs
Sheep and goats
Cattle
60%
40%
20%
0%
1980
1990
2000
2002
YEAR
Source: FAO (2005a)
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Selected indicators of livestock resources
LIVESTOCK UNITS
200
150
LUs per 100 people,
total population
100
LUs per 100 people,
agricultural
population
50
0
1980
1990
2000
2002
YEAR
LIVESTOCK UNITS
20
15
LUs per sqkm, total
land
10
LUs per sqkm,
agricultural land
5
0
1980
1990
2000
2002
YEAR
Source: FAO (2005a)
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Agro-ecological zones and densities of livestock species (2000)
Density calculated on total land area1
Agro-ecological zones
1
People/sqkm
Cattle/sqkm
Densities for livestock populations and production is based on total land suitable for livestock production
Source: FAO (2001); LandScan (2002); FAO (2005b)
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Sheep/sqkm
Pigs/sqkm
Poultry/sqkm
Source: FAO (2005b)
•
The lowland departments of Beni, Santa Cruz and Pando account for 54.2 percent of the ruminant stock, the Altiplano departments
of La Paz, Oruro and Potosí have 26 percent (mainly sheep, llamas and alpaca) and the remaining 19.8 percent are found in the
inter-Andean departments of Cochabamba, Chuquisaca and Tarica (especially pigs). Even though most livestock is concentrated in
large ranches in the lowlands, livestock production significantly contributes to the livelihood of many households in marginal rural
areas.
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3. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Trends in annual production of meat, milk and eggs
1,000 metric tonnes
Year
Product
Annual growth rate (%)
1980
1990
2000
2002
Meat, total
221.6
264.8
401.1
431.8
1.8
4.2
Beef
111.8
130.4
159.8
164.6
1.6
2.1
Mutton and goat
24.9
19.0
21.5
22.7
-2.7
1.2
Pig
47.7
65.3
76.4
100.6
3.2
1.6
Poultry
30.0
43.0
135.4
136.0
3.7
12.2
113.6
154.0
271.7
331.7
3.1
5.8
24.2
48.0
38.9
38.7
7.1
-2.1
Milk, total
Eggs, total
1980-1990
1990-2000
Source: FAO (2005a)
Composition of total meat production
100%
80%
Poultry
60%
Pig
Mutton and goat
40%
Beef
20%
0%
1980
1990
2000
2002
YEAR
Source: FAO (2005a)
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Carcass weights and percentage slaughtered by species
Species/year
Carcass weight (kg/animal)
Percentage slaughtered/year
1980
1990
2000
2002
Cattle
177.9
169.2
171.5
165.0
13.4
13.9
13.9
15.2
Sheep
10.9
7.7
8.2
8.8
19.8
24.9
21.9
21.6
Goat
11.0
11.0
11.0
11.0
23.9
27.0
34.9
35.0
Pigs
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
59.6
60.0
54.7
70.5
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
135.9
147.3
146.2
153.6
Poultry
1980
1990
2000
2002
Source: FAO (2005a)
Milk yields and proportion of dairy animals
Species/year
Cattle
Milk yield (kg/year)
Percentage milked
1980
1990
2000
2002
1,400
1,395
1,689
1,599
1980
1.1
1990
1.5
2000
2.0
2002
2.8
Source: FAO (2005a)
Egg yields and proportion of laying birds
Species/year
Eggs (kg/year)
1980
Chicken
5.4
1990
5.4
2000
3.1
Percentage laying
2002
2.9
1980
25.1
1990
37.4
2000
16.9
2002
18.1
Source: FAO (2005a)
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Estimated feed used for livestock production
1,000 metric tonnes
Annual growth rate
(%)
Year
Product
1980
1990
2000
2002
1980-1990
1990-2000
Maize
190
122
228.6
235.5
-4.3
6.5
Barley
35.5
36
38.6
37.3
0.1
0.7
Sorghum
27.1
49.6
92.2
167.1
6.2
6.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
101.9
141.8
151.6
176.9
3.4
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.7
3.4
13.8
54.4
88.1
86.2
14.7
4.9
0.6
2
88.7
205.7
13
45.8
Millet
Wheat
Brans
Rice Paddy, equivalent
Roots and Tuber, dry equivalent
Pulses
Oil crops
Blanks represent no data
Source: FAO (2005a)
Trends in annual per capita production of meat, milk and eggs
KG/CAPITA/YEAR
60
Meat, total
50
Beef
40
Mutton and goat meat
30
Pig meat
Poultry meat
20
Milk, total
10
Eggs, total
0
1980
1990
2000
2002
YEAR
Source: FAO (2005a)
•
Pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems are present in the highland,
grassland-based ruminant production systems dominate in the lowlands and
mixed production system in the inter-Andean valleys. Intensive to semi-intensive
dairy production is common in valleys near large urban centres.
•
With the exception of poultry, growth in animal numbers accounted for almost the
entire output growth in the last twenty years.
•
Livestock yields, milk extraction rates and reproductive performance are low due
to limited livestock support services in terms of training, technical assistance,
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LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF | BOLIVIA
technology transfer, veterinary services, organizations, especially in the
highlands. This has led to the stagnation of traditional production activities, and
stymied the introduction of new technologies or adaptation to new market
opportunities.
4. CONSUMPTION OF MEAT, MILK AND EGGS
Trends in annual consumption of meat, milk and eggs
1,000 metric tonnes
Year
Product
1980
1990
Annual growth rate (%)
2000
2002
1980-1990
1990-2000
Meat, total
221.7
265.3
403.4
432.6
1.8
4.3
Beef
111.8
130.8
161.3
164.8
1.6
2.1
Sheep and goat
24.9
19.0
21.5
22.7
-2.7
1.2
Pig
47.7
65.4
76.7
100.6
3.2
1.6
Poultry
30.0
43.0
135.6
136.4
3.7
12.2
196.3
118.2
253.5
253.3
-4.9
7.9
20.3
41.6
28.4
27.9
7.5
-3.7
Milk, total
Eggs, total
Source: FAO (2005a)
Trends in annual per capita consumption of meat, milk and eggs
KG/CAPITA/YEAR
60
Meat, total
Beef
Mutton and goat meat
Pig meat
Poultry meat
Milk, total
Eggs, total
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980
1990
2000
2002
YEAR
Source: FAO (2005a)
•
Meat and milk consumption have steadily increased in the last two decades. In
particular, poultry consumption has been increasing both at aggregate and percapita level in contrast to red meat consumption, which has been decreasing in
per capita terms.
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500
400
300
Production
Consumption
200
100
Eggs, total
Milk, total
Poultry meat
Pig meat
Mutton and goat meat
PRODUCT
Beef
0
Meat, total
METRIC TONNES (1,000)
Production versus consumption for meat, milk and eggs (2002)
Source: FAO (2005a)
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5. TRADE IN LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
Trade in agricultural and livestock1 products
Values in million US$
Product
Exports
1980
Imports
1990
2000
2002
1980
1990
2000
2002
Total
682
1,109
1,504
1,710
620
1,165
2,300
2,099
Agricultural
102
196
431
445
121
82
263
237
15.0
17.7
28.7
26.0
19.5
7.0
11.4
11.3
16
57
8
12
18
7
23
18
% agricultural
Livestock
% livestock
2.3
5.2
0.5
0.7
3.0
0.6
1.0
0.9
Total trade in goods and services expressed in current US$. Source: World Bank (2002)
Agricultural trade refers to all agricultural products, while livestock trade refers to trade
in livestock products and live animals. Source: FAO (2005b)
1
Export/import ‘dependency’ for livestock products
Product
Exports as percentage of
production
1980
Meat, total
1990
2000
2002
Imports as percentage of
consumption
1980
1990
2000
2002
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.13
0.02
0.18
0.67
0.24
Beef
0.00
0.00
0.29
0.30
0.00
0.27
1.14
0.31
Sheep and goat
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Pig
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.10
0.25
0.12
Poultry
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.04
0.01
0.06
0.26
0.28
Milk, equivalent
0.00
0.10
7.16
7.26
44.08
15.7
26.84
21.63
0.00Eggs, total
0.00
0.00
0.61
0.28
0.00
0.06
0.10
0.07
Source: FAO (2005a)
Product
Net exports as percentage of
production
1980
Meat, total
Beef
1990
2000
2002
Net imports as percentage of
consumption
1980
1990
2000
2002
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.18
0.51
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.27
0.85
0.01
Sheep and goat
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Pig
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.10
0.25
0.12
Poultry
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.14
0.24
Milk, equivalent
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
44.08
15.58
19.17
12.13
Eggs, total
0.00
0.00
0.53
0.38
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
Source: FAO (2005a)
•
Bolivia runs a deficit on its trade balance. Major export products are natural gas,
tin, zinc, coffee, silver, tungsten, wood, gold, jewelry, soybeans, and by-products.
Main imports are machinery and transportation equipment, consumer products,
construction and mining equipment; it is also a net although modest importer of
meat products and dry whole cow milk.
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•
Bolivia is a member of the Andean Community and enjoys nominally free trade
with other member countries (Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela). It began
to implement an association agreement with MERCOSUR (Southern Cone Common
Market) in March 1997 to create a free trade area covering at least 80% of the
trade between the parties over a 10-year period. The U.S. Andean Trade
Preference and Drug Enforcement Act (ATPDEA) allows numerous Bolivian
products to enter the United States free of duty on a unilateral basis, including
alpaca and llama products and, subject to a quota, cotton textiles. Finally, Bolivia
is member of the Free Trade Area of the Americas and of WTO.
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Trade in live animals
1980
Export
2000
1990
Species
Import
Net
trade
Export
Import
Net
trade
Export
2002
Import
Net
trade
Export
Import
Net
trade
Quantities (count)
200
19,800
Sheep and goats
0
Pigs
Cattle
20,000
0
Poultry (1,000)
190,626
744
189,882
0
0
0
0
27
-27
0
852
1,075
-223
0
22
0
0
1,078
-1,078
3,101
96
3,005
-22
12
-12
971
-971
857
-857
4
418
-414
4
656
-652
235
402
-167
742
21
721
Value (1,000 US$)
77
11,343
Sheep and goats
0
Pigs
Cattle
11,420
270
49,230
0
0
0
4
-4
2
-2
0
0
0
0
150
-150
110
-110
0
124
-124
0
948
-948
3
1,241
-1,237
2
1,882
-1,880
11,420
201
11,219
49,500
1,218
48,282
238
1,797
-1,559
744
2,015
-1,271
Poultry (1,000)
Total
49,500
Net trade: Exports less Imports
Blanks represent no data
Source: FAO (2005a)
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Trade in livestock products
Product
1980
Export
Import
2000
1990
Net trade
Export
Import
Net trade
Export
Import
2002
Net trade
Export
Import
Net trade
Quantities (metric tonnes)
Meat, total
Beef
0
39
-39
0
470
-470
634
2,704
-2,070
548
1,035
-487
0
0
0
0
357
-357
458
1,832
-1,375
491
513
-22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mutton and goat
Pig
0
4
-4
0
62
-62
0
190
-189
0
117
-117
Poultry
0
4
-4
0
24
-24
166
353
-187
52
378
-325
Other
0
31
-31
0
26
-26
10
329
-339
5
27
-33
Milk, equivalent
0
86,521
-86,521
150
18,556
-18,406
19,438
68,038
-48,601
24,067
54,785
-30,718
Eggs, total
0
0
0
0
25
-25
236
29
207
110
19
91
394
0
394
3,959
12
3,947
935
47
889
2,221
24
2,197
Hides and skins
Value (1,000 US$)
Meat, total
Beef
0
86
-86
0
1,120
-1,120
953
3,734
-2,782
779
1,171
-392
0
0
0
0
676
-676
796
2,521
-1,725
732
459
273
0
0
0
0
1
-1
1
-1
Mutton and goat
Pig
0
5
-5
0
232
-232
0
302
-302
0
143
-143
Poultry
0
7
-7
0
29
-29
157
540
-384
47
531
-484
Other
0
74
-74
0
183
-183
0
370
-370
0
37
-37
Milk, equivalent
0
18,052
-18,052
276
4,852
-4,576
5,379
17,683
-12,304
8,536
14,596
-6,060
Eggs, total
0
0
0
0
47
-47
183
80
104
54
64
-10
Hides and skins
4,118
0
4,118
7,613
10
7,603
968
46
921
1,909
21
1,888
Total
4,118
18,138
-14,020
7,889
6,029
1,860
7,483
21,543
-14,060
11,278
15,852
-4,574
Net trade: Exports less Imports
Blanks represent no data
Source: FAO (2005a)
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LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF | BOLIVIA
6. LIVESTOCK HEALTH
Total number of cases/outbreaks of selected diseases reported in all susceptible species
Disease
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
…
-
-
-
-
-
-
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
…
…
-
-
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Classical swine fever
(1996)
6/1
10/2
(08/1999)
-
-
+
Foot and mouth disease
835/33
80/33
22,667/22
5,716/…
3,303/144
178/18
968/16
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
-
17/1
(1998)
(1998)
…/3
20/4
…/…
Peste des petits ruminants
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Rift Valley fever
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
…
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
-
-
-
-
-
-
000
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
African swine fever
1
Avian Influenza
Bluetongue
BSE
2
3
CBPP
Lumpy skin disease
Newcastle disease
Rinderpest
Sheep and goat pox
Swine vesicular disease
Vesicular stomatitis
1
Highly pathogenic avian influenza;
2
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy;
3
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
no./no. number of cases/outbreaks, ... no information, - disease not reported, 000 disease never reported, (month/year) date of the last reported
occurrence of the disease in previous years
Source: OIE (2004)
•
Veterinary services are provided both by the private and public sector. The government plans to modernize the national service of
animal health, through strengthening the National Decentralized System of Animal Health (SIDESA) and through modernizing the
present legislation. As a first step, in March 2004 the Government endorsed the National Program for Poultry Health (PRONASA).
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LIVESTOCK SECTOR BRIEF | BOLIVIA
7. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Bellot Alcazar, R., Morales Sanchez M.A., Rojas, A. (2003) Livestock services and
the poor in Bolivia: A Case Study, Mimeo, Danida, IFAD & The World Bank.
FAO (2001) Agro-ecological Distributions for Africa, Asia and North and Central
America, Consultants’ Report. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
FAO (2005a) FAOSTAT data. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
http://faostat.external.fao.org/default.jsp (accessed March, 2005).
FAO (2005b) Global Livestock Production and Health Atlas. Food and Agriculture
Organisation, Rome. http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/glipha/index.jsp (accessed March,
2005).
Government of Bolivia (2001) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, La Paz.
Government of Bolivia (2002) Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganaderia Y Desarrollo Rural,
Cadenas Productivas, La Paz.
LandScan (2002) Global Population Database. Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
Oakridge. http://www.ornl.gov/gist/
OIE (2004) HANDISTATUS II. Office International
http://www.oie.int/hs2/ (accessed March, 2005).
des
Epizooties,
Paris.
UNDP (2004). The Human development Reports, United Nations Development
Programme, New York. http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/
World Bank (2002) The 2002 World Bank development indicators CD-Rom. The World
Bank, Washington DC.
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