SOCIAL STUDIES • GRADE 4
Benchmark
Grade-Level Indicator
Histor y: B
Settlement: 2
People In Societies: A
Cultures: 1
Geography: C
Human Interaction: 8
The First
Ohioans
F O C U S curriculum
Curriculum materials for your content standards
33 Milford Drive, Suite 1, Hudson, OH 44236
866-315-7880 • www.focuscurriculum.com
On Level
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The First Ohioans
Ohio’s Academic Content Standards Met
GRADE 4 SOCIAL STUDIES
HISTORY: B—Describe the cultural patterns that are evident in North America today as a result of exploration, colonization, and conflict.
Settlement: 2—Describe the earliest settlements in Ohio including those of prehistoric people.
PEOPLE IN SOCIETIES: A—Compare practices and products of North American cultural groups.
Cultures: 1—Describe the cultural practices and products of various groups who have settled in Ohio over time.
GEOGRAPHY: C—Identify and explain ways people have affected the physical environment of North America and analyze the positive
and negative consequences.
Human Environmental Interaction: 8—Identify how environmental processes (i.e., glaciation and weathering) and characteristics
(landforms, bodies of water, climate, vegetation) influence human settlement and activity in Ohio.
GRADE 4 ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS
ACQUISITION OF VOCABULARY
Contextual Understanding: 1—Determine the meaning of unknown words by using a variety of context clues, including word,
sentence, and paragraph clues.
READING PROCESS: Concepts of Print, Comprehension Strategies and Self-Monitoring Strategies
Comprehension Strategies: 3—Compare and contrast information on a single topic or theme across different text and
non-text resources.
Comprehension Strategies: 5—Make inferences or draw conclusions about what has been read and support those conclusions
with textual evidence.
Comprehension Strategies: 6—Select, create and use graphic organizers to interpret textual information.
SOCIAL STUDIES • GRADE 4
Benchmark
Grade-Level Indicator
Histor y: B
Settlement: 2
People In Societies: A
Cultures: 1
Geography: C
Human Interaction: 8
On Level
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The First Ohioans
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OL
The First Ohioans
Academic Content Standards Met
GRADE 4 SOCIAL STUDIES
HISTORY: B—Describe the cultural patterns that are evident in North
America today as a result of exploration, colonization, and conflict.
Settlement: 2—Describe the earliest settlements in Ohio including
those of prehistoric people.
PEOPLE IN SOCIETIES: A—Compare practices and products of
North American cultural groups.
Cultures: 1—Describe the cultural practices and products of various
groups who have settled in Ohio over time.
GEOGRAPHY: C—Identify and explain ways people have affected the
physical environment of North America and analyze the positive and
negative consequences.
Human Environmental Interaction: 8—Identify how environmental
processes (i.e., glaciation and weathering) and characteristics
(landforms, bodies of water, climate, vegetation) influence human
settlement and activity in Ohio.
GRADE 4 ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS
ACQUISITION OF VOCABULARY
Contextual Understanding: 1—Determine the meaning of unknown
words by using a variety of context clues, including word,
sentence, and paragraph clues.
READING PROCESS: Concepts of Print, Comprehension Strategies
and Self-Monitoring Strategies
Comprehension Strategies: 3—Compare and contrast information on
a single topic or theme across different text and non-text resources.
Comprehension Strategies: 5—Make inferences or draw conclusions
about what has been read and support those conclusions
with textual evidence.
Comprehension Strategies: 6—Select, create and use graphic
organizers to interpret textual information.
SOCIAL STUDIES • GRADE 4
Benchmark
Grade-Level Indicator
Histor y: B
Settlement: 2
People In Societies: A
Cultures: 1
Geography: C
Human Interaction: 8
The First
Ohioans
by
Linda Barr
SOCIAL STUDIES • GRADE 4
Index
Adena, 12, 13
Archaic Indians, 8, 9
Delaware, 20
Fort Ancient, 14 –15, 16
Fort Ancients, 12, 16–17, 19
Hopewell, 12, 14, 16
Iroquois, 19, 20
Miami, 20
Mingo, 20
Moundbuilders, 11–17
Ottawa, 20
Paleo-Indians, 5, 6
Serpent Mound, 11, 12
Shawnee, 20
Woodland Indians, 14
Wyandot, 20
Benchmark
Grade-Level Indicator
Histor y: B
Settlement: 2
People In Societies: A
Cultures: 1
Geography: C
Human Interaction: 8
The First
Ohioans
by
Linda Barr
F O C U S cur r iculum
Curriculum materials for your content standards
Copyright ©2008 FOCUScurriculum
33 Milford Drive, Suite 1, Hudson, OH 44236
866-315-7880
Order # OHSS41OL
24
Table of Contents
Introduction:
The Very First Ohioans . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 1: Paleo-Indians . . . . . 4
Chapter 2: Archaic Indians . . . . 8
Chapter 3: Moundbuilders . . . . 10
The Adena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The Hopewell . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
The Fort Ancients . . . . . . . . . 16
To Find Out More . . .
Want to learn more about the first Ohioans?
Try these books
The Adena, Hopewell, and Fort Ancient of Ohio
by Greg Roza. PowerKids Press, 2005
Chief Tecumseh (Native American Biographies)
by Anne M. Todd. Heinemann, 2004.
Ohio Native Peoples by Marcia Schonberg.
Heinemann Library, 2003.
Prehistoric People of North America by Diana
Childress. Chelsea House, 1996.
Woodland Indians (Native Peoples of the
Americans) by Elaine Cleary. Evan-Moor
Educational Publishers, 1995.
Chapter 4: Historic Indians . . . 19
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
To Find Out More . . . . . . . . . . 23
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
What do you think you will
learn from this book?
Access these Web sites
Ohio History Central Online Encyclopedia
http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/
Ohio History for Kids
http://www.ohiokids.org/
Ohio Historical Society
http://www.ohiohistory.org/
Write for more information
Ohio Historical Society
1982 Velma Avenue
Columbus, OH 43211
23
Glossary
Adena—the first group of Moundbuilders, living from about 800 BC
to 100 AD
Archaic Indians—a group of people who lived in North America from
about 8000 BC to 1000 BC
flint—a very hard stone
Fort Ancients—the third and last group of Moundbuilders, living
from about 1000 AD to 1600 AD
glacier—a very large body of thick ice
historic Indians—groups of Native Americans with a written history
Hopewell—the second group of Moundbuilders, living from about
100 BC to 500 AD
Ice Age—a time when the climate was much colder and most of the
land was covered with thick ice
mammoths—animals that no longer live on Earth; much like an
elephant with large, curved tusks and long hair covering its body
mound—a pile of dirt or soil
Moundbuilders—groups of Native Americans who built large mounds
Paleo-Indians—a group of people who walked to North America
from Asia after the Ice Age from about 14,000 BC to 7000 BC
parallel—two or more lines the same distance apart never touching
permanent—lasting or meant to last a long time
I N T R O D U C T I O N
The Very First Ohioans
Was Ohio always covered with forests and
farmland, cities and towns? Not at all!
Over 14,000 years ago, the land we now call
Ohio was covered with glaciers. Grass didn’t
even grow here. As the Ice Age ended, the
glaciers melted. Ohio began to change.
The melting ice formed lakes and rivers.
The huge glaciers had ground the rocks
under them into a layer of rich soil. Warmer
temperatures allowed plants to grow in this
soil. Then animals came to eat the plants.
Soon people followed the animals into Ohio.
This is the story of these people—the
very first people to live in Ohio.
plaza—a place in the center of a village where people gather
prehistoric—the time before history was written down
serpent—a snake
shoulder blade—a flat, thin bone
Woodland Indians—the Adena and Hopewell
22
glacier: a very large body of thick ice
Ice Age: a time when the climate was much colder and most
of the land was covered with thick ice
3
C H A P T E R
1
Native American Groups in Ohio
Paleo-Indians
Michigan
Mingo
Wyandot
Pennsylvania
Ottawa
Indiana
About 12,000 BC a boy watched a herd of
mammoths in the distance. The animals
were on the move again, and his family had
to follow them. It had been a week since his
father had killed a mammoth. The boy was
hungry and tired—so tired of walking.
Lake Erie
Miami
Months ago, the family had crossed a
narrow icy bridge of land. At least, the boy
thought there was land under all that ice.
Angry ocean waves crashed on both sides
of them, trying to sweep them away.
Delaware
Shawnee
West Virginia
Kentucky
mammoths: animals that no longer live on Earth; much like an
elephant with large, curved tusks and long hair covering its body
4
Why Indians? When Columbus sailed west, away
from Europe in 1492, he was searching for the Indies.
That included India, China, and nearby countries.
When Columbus landed on an island in the
Caribbean, he thought he had found the Indies.
He and others began calling the native people living
there Indians. Today, most of these people prefer to
be called Native Americans.
21
However, the Iroquois could not keep
this rich land to themselves. By the late
1700s, six Native American groups were
living in what is now Ohio. They were
the Shawnee, Miami, Wyandot, Ottawa,
Delaware, and Mingo.
Ahead, the land stretched as far as he
could see, but much of it was still covered
with ice. In the distance, the mammoths
lumbered away, heading for warmer lands
where plants grew. The family hurried to
catch up.
The six groups of Native Americans
lived in different parts of Ohio. They had
different customs and traditions. Yet they
spoke only two languages. Four of the
groups spoke Algonquian. The Mingo
and Wyandot spoke Iroquois.
By the late 1600s, white, European
settlers were moving into Ohio, too.
Sometimes the Native Americans and
settlers helped each other. Much of the
time, though, they battled for the land.
The settlers also brought diseases, such
as smallpox. Smallpox could kill an entire
village of Native Americans.
By this time, the very first Ohioans
were long gone.
20
5
C H A P T E R
The boy’s father carried a long spear
tipped with flint. Some day, the boy hoped
to find some flint for his own spear. Then
he might kill a mighty mammoth.
That night, the family ate berries and
nuts they had found days ago in some
woods. They huddled together under a tent
of mammoth skin. They tried to keep warm
until daybreak. Maybe tomorrow the father
would bring down a mammoth, and they
could eat meat again.
This was a family of Paleo-Indians.
Paleo (PAY-lee-oh) means “very old.”
They first came to Ohio after 14,000 BC.
These hunter-gatherers followed the
mammoths into Ohio and other places.
They never stayed long in one place.
4
Historic Indians
The Fort Ancients were the last prehistoric
group to live in Ohio. We know little about
prehistoric groups. They left behind no
written history. However, in the late 1500s,
the Europeans came to North America.
Then, people started writing down history.
The first historic Indians arrived in
Ohio in about 1650. They were the
Iroquois. The Iroquois chased away the last
of the prehistoric groups. They also tried to
keep other groups out. The Iroquois hunted
on the land. However, they did not live on
the land. In fact, no one lived in Ohio for
about fifty years!
Can you describe some cultural practices
and products of the Paleo-Indians?
flint: a very hard stone
Paleo-Indians: a group of people who walked to North America
from Asia after the Ice Age from about 14,000 BC to 7000 BC
6
prehistoric: the time before history was written down
historic Indians: groups of Native Americans with a written history
19
Ice Age Migration Routes
Arctic
Ocean
Greenland
Glacier
North
America
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
South
America
The historic Indians came to Ohio in the late 1600s.
The Iroquois might have been the first historic group
to live in Ohio.
18
About 14,000 years ago, people walked from Asia to
North America. They crossed the Bering Sea land bridge,
which is gone now. Some of these people walked all the
way to what is now Ohio.
7
C H A P T E R
2
Archaic Indians
The Ice Age was nearly over. Thick forests
grew. Now the mammoths could not find
the kinds of food they needed. Many died.
Some headed back north, to colder places.
Like the mammoths, the Paleo-Indians died
or followed the herds north.
As the Paleo-Indians disappeared, the
Archaic Indians came to live in Ohio
around 8000 BC. Archaic (are-KAY-ihk)
also means “very old.” The Archaics were
hunter-gatherers, too. They followed herds
of animals, ate plants and berries, and lived
in tents.
Fish Hawk spent a lot of time on the
central plaza. There, he listened to music
played with rattles and flutes. He and his
friends often played games with sticks and
stones. Fish Hawk also helped build small
mounds that were used as sundials to
tell time.
After a while, the Fort Ancients’ crops
no longer grew well in the soil. They had
also cut down all the trees for firewood.
It was time to move to new land. Over time,
the Fort Ancients disappeared from Ohio.
Why did the Fort Ancients keep moving to new land?
What does hunter-gatherer mean?
Archaic Indians: a group of people who lived in North America
from about 8000 BC to 1000 BC
8
17
The Fort Ancients
After the Hopewell left Fort Ancient,
others came. They did not build the fort,
but these new people are called Fort
Ancients because they lived there. They are
also known as the Mississippian Indians.
Fish Hawk helped his family farm. They
were good farmers. The Fort Ancients
developed better methods of growing crops.
They grew corn, squash, and beans.
Because the Fort Ancients were so good
at growing food, they set up permanent
villages. Several hundred people lived
together in a single village. A typical village
had rectangular houses grouped around a
central plaza. The plaza was used for social
or religious gatherings.
Yellow Flower was an Archaic girl.
She loved to roam through the forests.
She helped her mother gather berries,
nuts, and seeds. Her father and brothers
hunted bears, deer, and turkeys.
In Ohio, flint was easy to find. Yellow
Flower’s father made spear points, knives,
and arrowheads from flint. He made an ax
from a hard rock called granite. He also
traded with other groups of people. Yellow
Flower had a beautiful seashell, but she had
never seen the sea. Her father had traded a
knife for it.
Can you describe some cultural practices
and products of the Archaic Indians?
permanent: lasting or meant to last a long time
plaza: a place in the center of a village where people gather
16
9
C H A P T E R
3
Moundbuilders
Around 800 BC Little Wolf used the
shoulder blade of a deer to dig soil out
of the ground and dump it into a basket.
When the basket was full, it weighed more
than 35 pounds!
Kicking Bird dug basket after basket of
soil for the fort. When the fort was finished,
it held enough soil to fill a long line of dump
trucks. The dump trucks could stretch
across what is now the entire state of Ohio!
Little Wolf lugged the heavy basket over
to the mound and dumped it. When he
looked closely, the mound was just a long
pile of dirt, but when he stood back, he
could see the serpent shape. The mound
was three feet high.
shoulder blade: a flat, thin bone
mound: a pile of dirt or soil
Moundbuilders: groups of Native Americans who built large mounds
serpent: a snake
10
Over many years, wind and rain have damaged the walls
of Fort Ancient. All that remains after 1,900 years is the
foundation and some low walls. However, this is the
shape of how the fort probably looked. You can still visit
Fort Ancient in Warren County.
15
The Hopewell
In time, the Adena were replaced by the
Hopewell. Both groups were also called
Woodland Indians. The Hopewell were
even better at building mounds than the
Adena. Some of their mounds were
rectangles, pyramids, or parallel lines.
Others were shaped like animals. The
Hopewell also built walls.
No one would live on the Serpent
Mound, though. It would be a place
to worship the spirits and bury
important people.
Kicking Bird was a Hopewell boy. Day
after day, he helped his people build Fort
Ancient. It is the largest fort of its kind
in the United States. The Hopewell had
no shovels or wheelbarrows. By hand,
they built 18,000 feet of dirt walls.
What three groups of people are called Moundbuilders?
Woodland Indians: the Adena and Hopewell
parallel: two or more lines the same distance apart never touching
14
11
Little Wolf probably belonged to the
Adena (ah-DEE-nah). Or he might have
been a Fort Ancient. We are not sure which
tribe built the Serpent Mound. These two
tribes, along with the Hopewell, are called
Moundbuilders. The first group came to
Ohio around 800 BC. They were Ohio’s first
farmers, and the first to live in villages.
The Adena
The Adena were probably the first
Moundbuilders to live in Ohio. They lived in
villages near rivers. They planted pumpkins,
sunflowers, tobacco, and squash. They also
hunted. The Adena built round mounds.
They also built some in the shape of animals.
They probably used the mounds as places to
meet, hold ceremonies, and bury their dead.
Serpent Mound in Adams County is the longest
mound in the United States. It stretches 1,330 feet.
Adena: the first group of Moundbuilders, living from about
800 BC to 100 AD
Fort Ancients: the third and last group of Moundbuilders,
living from about 1000 AD to 1600 AD
Hopewell: the second group of Moundbuilders, living from
about 100 BC to 500 AD
12
The Adena built round houses from woven grass mats,
animal hides, and wooden poles. A house might be
18 to 20 feet wide.
13
ENGLISH LA NGUAGE ARTS • GRADE 4
Benchmark
On Level
Grade-Level Indicator
Acquisition of Vocabular y
Contextual Understanding, 1
Reading Process
Comprehension Strategies, 3
Reading Process
Comprehension Strategies, 5
Reading Process
Comprehension Strategies, 6
English Language
Arts Activities
The First Ohioans
Print pages 20-24 of this PDF for the reading activities.
Compare and Contrast
T R Y
When you compare two things, you tell how they are
alike. When you contrast them, you tell how they are
different. This Venn diagram compares and contrasts
the Paleo-Indians and the Archaic Indians.
Paleo-Indians
hunted
mammoths and
giant buffalo;
came to
Ohio right
after Ice Age
ended
Both
huntergatherers;
moved often;
lived in tent
Archaic Indian
T H E
S K I L L
Use this Venn diagram to compare and contrast the
Moundbuilders and Historic Indians. Read the phrases
in the box. Put the phrases in the correct place on the
Venn diagram.
Moundbuilders
Both
Historic Indians
hunted deer
and bear; came
to Ohio after
Paleo-Indians
disappeared;
lived in forests
have a written history
lived in Ohio
built mounds
have no written history
battled white settlers
lived in villages
Reading Process: Comprehension Strategies, 3
Make Inferences
T R Y
To infer, you think beyond what you read or see and
what you already know. Then you come to a new idea.
For example, read this paragraph from the book.
Little Wolf probably belonged to the Adena
(ah-DEE-nah). Or he might have been a Fort Ancient.
We are not sure which group built the Serpent
Mound. These two groups, along with the Hopewell,
are called Moundbuilders. The first group came to
Ohio around 800 BC. They were Ohio’s first farmers,
and the first to live in villages.
Was Little Wolf the name of a real person?
You can infer the answer to this question. First, think
about what you have read. You know that prehistoric
Indians did not leave behind a written history. The
author of this book says that Little Wolf might have been
an Adena or one of the Fort Ancients. Now you can
answer the question:
T H E
S K I L L
To practice making inferences, read the paragraphs
below. Then answer the question.
That night, the family ate berries and nuts they
had found days ago in some woods. They huddled
together under a tent of mammoth skin. They tried
to keep warm until daybreak. Maybe tomorrow the
father would bring down a mammoth, and they could
eat meat again.
This was a family of Paleo-Indians. Paleo (PAY-leeoh) means “very old.” They first came to Ohio around
12,000 BC. These hunter-gatherers followed the
mammoths into Ohio and other places. They never
stayed long in one place.
Why did the hunter-gatherers live in tents? Explain
what you read and what you know that helped you
answer this question.
Little Wolf was probably not the name of a real
person. We don’t even know why the prehistoric Indians
disappeared, so we are not likely to know the name of
one boy.
Reading Process: Comprehension Strategies, 5
Sequence of Events
T R Y
When you sequence events, you put them in the order
they happened. A time line is one way to show a
sequence of events.
14,000 BC
12,000 BC
10,000 BC
8000 BC
T H E
S K I L L
Use this time line to show when different prehistoric
groups of people moved into and lived in Ohio.
Write the name of the group above the correct dates.
6000 BC
4000 BC
2000 BC
0
2000 AD
Reading Process: Comprehension Strategies, 6
Context Clues
T R Y
To figure out the meaning of unknown words, look for
words in the same sentence or nearby sentences that
give you clues. Look for word clues in each sentence
below to figure out which word or phrase from the
box should complete it. Then write the correct word
or phrase on the line.
prehistoric
Archaic
Ice Age
Adena
historic
Woodland Indians
Hopewell
Moundbuilders
Fort Ancients
Paleo-Indians
1. During the
covered the ground.
S K I L L
did not build
4. The
Fort Ancient, but they lived there.
5. The Adena and the Hopewell are also
called
.
6. The Adena, Hopewell, and Fort Ancients are
.
also called
7. Now we write down our history, so we are
time.
living in the
, glaciers
8. The
first Ohioans.
2. The
were the first
group of Moundbuilders to live in Ohio.
3. During
had no written language.
T H E
were the very
were hunter9. The
gatherers, but they did not hunt mammoths.
times, people
10. The
lived in Ohio
after the Adena and before the Fort Ancients.
Acquisition of Vocabulary: Contextual Understanding, 1
Answer Key
Compare and Contrast
Moundbuilders
have no written history, built mounds
Sequence
14,000–7000 BC—Paleo-Indians
8000–1000 BC—Archaic Indians
Historic Indians
have a written history, battled white settlers
800 BC–1600 AD—Moundbuilders
Both
lived in Ohio, lived in village
Context Clues
1. Ice Age
Make Inferences
Possible answer: They lived in tents because tents are
easy to move. I read that these groups never stayed
long in one place, and I know that tents are easy to
pick up and move.
2. Adena
3. prehistoric
4. Fort Ancients
5. Woodland Indians
6. Moundbuilders
7. historic
8. Paleo-Indians
9. Archaic
10. Hopewell