!,79 )81'$0(17$/ &21&(376 !,79 ,1752'8&7,21 &RQFKVKHOO JRUJHW IURP 6WRNHV &RXQW\ 1RUWK &DUROLQD $' ¤ %ULWLVKDUFKDHRORJLVW6WXDUW3LJJRWWRQFHFDOOHGDUFKDHRORJ\¦WKHVFLHQFHRIUXEELVK§7KHUHLV WUXWKWRKLVVWDWHPHQW$UFKDHRORJLVWVVSHQGOLIHWLPHVLQYHVWLJDWLQJWKHDEDQGRQHGUHPDLQVRI DQFLHQWVRFLHWLHV&RQWUDU\WRSRSXODULPDJHVDERXWDUFKDHRORJLVWVZKDWLQWULJXHVWKHPLVQRW VSHFWDFXODUWUHDVXUHEXWWKHEXULHGDQGPXQGDQHSLHFHVRIGDLO\OLIH7RGD\©VDUFKDHRORJLVWVDUH DVLQWHUHVWHGLQZK\SHRSOHOLYHGWKHZD\WKH\GLGDVLQWKHREMHFWVWKH\PDGHDQGWKHEXLOGLQJV WKH\HUHFWHG7RGD\©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©V7UR\LQOHIWDPL[HGOHJDF\:LWKOLWWOHUHJDUGIRU SUHVHUYDWLRQKHOLNHRWKHUHDUO\DUFKDHRORJLVWVGHVWUR\HGDOPRVWDVPXFKDVKHGLVFRYHUHG ([FDYDWLRQWHFKQLTXHVZHUHEUXWDODVKLUHGODERUHUVVKRYHOHGRXWGLUWWRVHDUFKIRUSUHFLRXV REMHFWVWRGLVSOD\LQPXVHXPVRUSULYDWHFROOHFWLRQV 0RGHUQDUFKDHRORJ\KRZHYHULVDFRPSOH[SURFHVVWKDWKDVWZRIDFHWV2QHFRPSULVHVWKH WHFKQLTXHV¥OLNHSUHFLVHH[FDYDWLRQDFFXUDWHUHFRUGLQJDQGODERUDWRU\DQDO\VLV¥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¦WRGLJ§LQDFDUHIXOZD\$UFKDHRORJLVWVPXVWGHFLGHZKDWVDPSOLQJDQG WUHQFKLQJV\VWHPVWRXVHGHYHORSUHFRUGLQJVWUDWHJLHVGHDOZLWKSUHVHUYDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVIRU IUDJLOHREMHFWVVHOHFWDQGZRUNZLWKVSHFLDOLVWVLQRWKHUGLVFLSOLQHVVXFKDVERWDQLVWVDQG JHRORJLVWVDQGGRP\ULDGRWKHUWKLQJV 7HFKQLFDOVNLOOVRYHUODSZLWKPHWKRGRORJLFDOVNLOOV$VDUFKDHRORJLVW%ULDQ)DJDQSXWVLW NQRZLQJDERXWVRPHWKLQJ¦LQWKHRU\§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©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¥WKHRUHWLFDOPHWKRGRORJLFDOWHFKQLFDODGPLQLVWUDWLYHPDQDJHULDODQDO\WLFDO DQGZULWLQJ¥DUHHVVHQWLDOWRDUFKDHRORJ\%XWWKHGLVFLSOLQH©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©VVWDUWWRKHOSH[SODLQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHVLWHRUUHJLRQ3XEOLVKLQJWKHUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVLV WKHDUFKDHRORJLVWV©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©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¦FXOWXUDO SURFHVV§XVXDOO\LQYROYHVDUFKDHRORJLVWV©FRQFHUQZLWKH[SODLQLQJZK\DQGKRZFXOWXUHV FKDQJHGDQGDGDSWHG7RH[SORUHWKLVIDFHWDUFKDHRORJLVWVGHYLVHDIUDPHZRUNRIWHVWDEOH SURSRVLWLRQVLHLQIHUHQFHVEDVHGRQREVHUYDWLRQVWKDWFDQEHVXSSRUWHGPRGLILHGRUUHMHFWHG ZKHQWKH\UHYLHZH[FDYDWHGDQGDQDO\]HGDUFKDHRORJLFDOGDWD $UFKDHRORJ\:LQGRZRQ7LPH $UFKDHRORJLVW%ULDQ)DJDQVXPPHGXSDUFKDHRORJ\©VUHOHYDQFHWKLVZD\$UFKDHRORJ\LVWKH RQO\YLDEOHZD\WRGLVFRYHUWKHKLVWRU\RIPDQ\RIWKHZRUOG©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©DFWLYLWLHVVWXGHQWVZLOOEHJLQWRGLVFRYHUZK\ DUFKDHRORJLVWVVWXG\WKHSDVWDQGLPSRUWDQWO\ZK\WKH\DSSURDFKLWDVWKH\GR 6RXUFHV :DUG+7UDZLFNDQG536WHSKHQ'DYLV-U7LPH%HIRUH+LVWRU\7KH$UFKDHRORJ\RI 1RUWK&DUROLQD&KDSHO+LOO8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK&DUROLQD3UHVV>7KHLPDJHLQWKLVFKDSWHU©V PDLQKHDGLQJLVWDNHQIURP)LJXUH@
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz