Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist Pages 1-­12 Date Tools of the Scientist What you need to know: •
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Matter is a substance that is defined by mass and volume
Mass is the amount of matter in a substance.
Volume is the space a substance occupies.
Density is mass per volume.
The metric system is based on powers of 10.
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance.
Temperature is measured using the Celsius, Kelvin, or Fahrenheit scale.
Scientists use the Celsius and Kelvin scales for temperature measurements.
Topic Binder Notebook Suggested Assessments Common Laboratory Equipment 3 Student use of equipment Measurements of Matter 4 -­‐ 5 Responses to questions Units of Measure 6-­‐7 Responses to questions Measuring Temperature 8-­‐9 Use of temperature scales What is STEM? 10-­‐11 Identify and give examples Glossary 12 Quiz/Entrance card Resources: Chemical Building Blocks pp. 150-­‐151 Copy the concept map into your notebook and complete the information. Measurements
Mass is…
Volume is…
Temperature is….
SI Unit of Measure
SI Unit of Measure
SI Unit of Measure
Measurement Tool
Measurement Tool
Measurement Tool
Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 2 Date Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 3 Date Measurements of Matter Mass is the amount of matter in a substance. The basic unit of measure of mass in the metric system is the kilogram. A kilogram is 1000 grams. Tools for Measuring Mass Double Pan balance Triple beam balance Electronic balance Warning Mass is not the same as weight. Weight is a measure of the pull or acceleration of gravity on an object’s mass (w = mg or weight equals mass times the acceleration of gravity). The acceleration of gravity near Earth’s surface is 9.8 m/sec2. The weight of an object can change if gravity changes. The amount of matter in an object does not change even if the pull of gravity changes. Therefore the mass of an object does not change even if the pull of gravity changes. Volume is the amount of space that matter takes up. Volume has three dimensions: length, width, and height. A metric ruler or meter stick can be used to measure the dimensions of a solid substance. A graduated cylinder is used to measure the volume of a liquid. The volume is measured at the bottom of the meniscus, or curve of the liquid in the cylinder. Tools for Measuring Volume Meter stick 1000 mm3 = 1 cm3 = 1 ml Graduated cylinder Density is the amount of matter in a given amount of space. Density is mass per volume. Density = Mass ÷ Volume Density = Mass/Volume Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 4 Date Measurements of Matter-­ Problems Mass of a Paper Clip Students measured the mass of 10 small paper clips and recorded a mass of 10.135 grams. What type of balance should the students use? ___________________________________________________ because ____________________________________________________________________________________________. What is the mass of 1 paper clip? __________________________ How many paper clips are in 1 kilogram (1000 grams) of paper clips? ________________________ A gram is approximately the mass of ____________________________________________________________. Mass of 50-­ml of Water Students measured 50 ml of water. What tool should they use to measure the water? ________________________________________________ The students placed a 100-­‐ml container on an electronic balance and zeroed the balance. Why did the students zero the balance? The students carefully poured the 50 ml of water into the container on the balance. The mass of the water was 50 grams. What is the mass of 1 ml of water? ___________________________________________ What is the mass of 1 liter of water? _________________________________________ Density of Water If the mass of 50 ml of water is 50 g, what is the density of water? ______________________________ Volume of a Rectangular Solid What tool should be used to measure the dimensions of the rectangular solid shown to the left? Why? What is the volume of the rectangular solid? If the mass of the box is 500 grams, what is the density of the rectangular solid? _________________ Would it sink or float in water? Explain. Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 5 Date Units of Measure Common Units of Measure Prefix Exponent Decimal Mass Length Volume kilo 103 1000 kilogram kilometer kiloliter -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐ 100 1 gram meter liter centi 10-­‐2 0.01 centigram centimeter centiliter milli 10-­‐3 0.001 milligram millimeter milliliter micro 10-­‐6 0.000001 microgram micrometer microliter nono 10-­‐9 0.000000001 nanogram nanometer nanoliter To go from a small unit to a large unit, move the decimal to the left. 1 meter = 0.001 kilometers To go from a large unit to a smaller unit, move the decimal to the right. 1.000 kilogram = 1000 grams By definition, a liter is 10 cm X 10 cm X 10 cm of volume, therefore 1000 cm3 = 1000 ml = 1 liter 1 liter of water has a mass of 1 kilogram, therefore the mass of 1 ml of water = 1 gram Common Units of Pressure and Equivalents Unit of Pressure mm Hg torr atm kPa millimeters of mercury 1 1 0.0013 0.1333 (mm Hg, 0O C) torr 1 1 0.0013 0.1333 (torr) atmospheres 760 760 1 101.3 (atm) kilopascals 7.5 7.5 0.0098 1 (kPa) Common Reference Temperatures Temperature Scale Centigrade (OC) Kelvin (K) Fahrenheit (OF) Absolute temperature -­‐273 0 -­‐459.7 Freezing point of water 0 273 32 100 373 212 Boiling point of water Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 6 Date Units of Measure Use the word below to complete the table. Atom, Cell, DNA, Electron, Galaxy, Mountain, Dog, Atomic Nucleus, Planet, Proton Meters Object Tool 1024 Radio telescope 1012 Telescope 104 Human eye 10 Human Eye 10-­‐4 Microscope 10-­‐8 Electron microscope 10-­‐10 Particle accelerator 10-­‐14 Particle accelerator 10-­‐15 Particle accelerator < 10-­‐18 Particle accelerator Volume Volume of a Regular Object Rectangular Objects Volume = L x H x W Spherical Objects Volume = 4/3 π r3 Cylindrical Objects Volume = π r2 h Volume of an Irregular Object The volume of an irregular substance can be measured using a graduated cylinder containing a known amount of water. When the object is lowered into the cylinder it will displace a volume of water equal to volume of the object. This is also called the water displacement method of measuring volume of an irregular object. Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 7 Date Measuring Temperature Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance. There are 100 intervals between the freezing point of water and boiling point of water on the Celsius (OC) and Kelvin (K) scales. There are 180 intervals between the freezing point of water and boiling point of water on the Fahrenheit (OF) scale. Conversion Formulas Fahrenheit = (1.8 X Celsius) + 32 Celsius = 0.556 X (Fahrenheit – 32) Kelvin = Celsius + 273 Celsius = Kelvin -­‐ 273 Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 8 Date Temperature Questions What is 72O F in Celsius and Kelvin? Show the calculation formula used to find each conversion. In August 2011, it was 30O in Kyoto, Japan, as reported during the local Japanese television news broadcast. Does Japan report temperatures in Celsius or Fahrenheit? Explain your answer. The zero point of the Kelvin scale is set at absolute zero, the theoretical coldest possible temperature. What advantage does the Kelvin scale have compared to the Celsius or Fahrenheit scale? Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 9 Date What is STEM? is for science. Science is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. is for technology. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. is for engineering. Engineering is the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures. is for mathematics. Mathematics is the study of measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets using numbers and symbols. Read the following paragraphs and then answer the questions. In 1640, Gaspar Berti conducts an experiment using a lead tube and bucket of water and demonstrates how an air vacuum can be created. Three years later, Evangilista Torricelli conducts the experiment substituting mercury for water. This leads to his invention of the barometer. By carefully calibrating the rise of mercury in a glass tube that is sealed at one end and open on the other, Torricelli is able to measure the effect of air pressure on the column of mercury. The barometer responds to changes in air pressure known as atmospheric pressure. In 1646, Pierre Petit uses the barometer to test Blaise Pascal’s theory that atmospheric pressure decreases with height. Petit carries a barometer up a small mountain in France. He records changes in air pressure at various altitudes. His experiment confirms that the atmosphere has weight and that air pressure decreases with altitude. S T E M Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 10 Date During the 1660’s, Robert Boyle conducts a series of landmark experiments that uncovers the scientific principles behind the barometer. Boyle is credited with being the first person to use the barometer to predict weather. Image sources
http://de.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dewiki/349222
http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/pressure_wind.html
http://www.uwsp.edu/geO/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/circulation/air_pressure_p_1.html
1. Today we take it for granted that a change in barometric pressure means a change in weather. Use the information in the paragraphs to cite examples of why the invention of the barometer is an example of STEM. 2. Give your own STEM example using something from your everyday life. Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 11 Date Glossary Density is the amount of matter in a given amount of space. Engineering is the branch of science and technology concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines, and structures. Mass is the amount of matter in a substance. Mathematics is the study of measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets using numbers and symbols. Science is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in a substance. Volume is the amount of space that matter takes up. Weight is a measure of the pull or acceleration of gravity on an object’s mass (w = mg or weight equals mass times the acceleration of gravity). Living in Our Ocean of Air Tools of the Scientist 12