Dear Delegates,
We are glad to have your participation in this event that we have prepared for you.
A Model of United Nation is a great opportunity for you, since you can get
knowledge, experience, oral abilities, and leadership, and at this PASMUN 2014
you will find it and more. We have done the best that we can for making this event
possible, and we hope you enjoy it and take advantage of this event. I expect for
you delegates to gain knowledge at this PASMUN 2014, because during this
simulation you will know what a leader is able to do; a leader is that person that
can control a group of people, a person that is the head of the decisions of the
others, and a person that has followers and guides them. So that's why we
prepared this PASMUN specially for you, so that you can gain the ability to guide
people, control a situation, and be that person that everyone calls "leader".
So delegates, I further recommend you to take advantage of this PASMUN 2014
that will leave a mark on your life, because during these three days you will gain
experience, knowledge, and a good friendship with other delegates that are looking
for the same thing you are looking for, leadership. So delegates I hope this
PASMUN 2014 will help you in your future life, and delegates give your best effort
and don't waste this opportunity were you can become a leader.
Good luck delegates,
Luis David Guerra
Secretary General
Committee: Organization of the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
Topic: Repository of information provided by Nuclear Weapon States
Director: José Emiliano Esparza Pinelo
Moderator: José Roberto Dominguez Reyes
I. Committee Background
The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an
intergovernmental organization, located in The Hague, Netherlands. The
organization promotes and verifies the adherence to the Chemical Weapons
Convention which prohibits the use of chemical weapons and requires their
destruction. The verification consists both of evaluation of declarations by member
states and on-site inspections. At all operational chemical weapons destruction
facilities (as of August 2010 only in Russia and the United States), 24/7 inspections
by the OPCW take place on site to verify the success of the destruction as well as
the amounts of weapons being destroyed. The organization is not an agency of the
United Nations, but cooperates both on policy and practical issues. On 7
September 2000 the OPCW and the United Nations signed a cooperation
agreement outlining how they were to coordinate their activities.
II. History of topic
The UN reaffirms that the strict observance of all the provisions of the countries
remains central to achieving the shared objectives of the total elimination of
nuclear weapons, preventing, under any circumstances, the further proliferation of
nuclear weapons and preserving the state´s vital contribution to peace and
security. The UN recognizes that breaches of the obligations undermine nuclear
disarmament, non-proliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The UN
recalls that the overwhelming majority of States entered into legally binding
commitments not to receive, manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or
other nuclear explosive devices in the context, inter alia, of the corresponding
legally binding commitments by the nuclear-weapon States to nuclear
disarmament. Nuclear weapons are the most dangerous weapons on earth. One
can destroy a whole city, potentially killing millions, and jeopardizing the natural
environment and lives of future generations through its long-term catastrophic
effects. The dangers from such weapons arise from their very existence. Although
nuclear weapons have only been used twice in warfare—in the bombings of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945—about 22,000 reportedly remain in our world
today and there have been over 2,000 nuclear tests conducted to date.
Disarmament is the best protection against such dangers, but achieving this goal
has been a tremendously difficult challenge. The five states that detonated a
nuclear device prior to 1 January 1967 (China, France, the Soviet Union, the
United Kingdom, and the United States). Coincidentally, these five states are also
permanent members of the UN Security Council. States that acquired and/or tested
nuclear weapons subsequently are not internationally recognized as nuclearweapon states.
III. Current Issues
United States
The United States developed the first atomic weapons during World War II in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada as part of the Manhattan Project,
out of the fear that Nazi Germany would develop them first. It tested the first
nuclear weapon in 1945 and remains the only country to have used nuclear
weapons against another nation, during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki. It was the first nation to develop the hydrogen bomb, testing an
experimental prototype in 1952 and a deployable weapon in 1954. Throughout the
Cold War it continued to modernize and enlarge its nuclear arsenal, but from 1992
on has been involved primarily in a program of Stockpile stewardship. The U.S.
nuclear arsenal contained 31,175 warheads at its Cold War height (in 1966).
During the Cold War the United States built approximately 70,000 nuclear
warheads, more than all other nuclear-weapon states combined.
Soviet Union / Russian Federation
The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon in 1949, in a crash project
developed partially with espionage obtained during and after World War II (see:
Soviet atomic bomb project). The Soviet Union was the second nation to have
developed and tested a nuclear weapon. The direct motivation for their weapons
development was to achieve a balance of power during the Cold War. It tested its
first megaton-range hydrogen bomb in 1955. The Soviet Union also tested the
most powerful explosive ever detonated by humans with a theoretical yield of 100
megatons, intentionally reduced to 50 when detonated. After its dissolution in 1991,
the Soviet weapons entered officially into the possession of the Russian
Federation. The Soviet nuclear arsenal contained some 45,000 warheads at its
peak (in 1986); the Soviet Union built about 55,000 nuclear warheads since 1949.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon in 1952. Britain had provided
considerable impetus and initial research for the early conception of the atomic
bomb, aided by the presence of refugee scientists working in British laboratories
who had fled the continent. It collaborated closely with the United States and
Canada during the Manhattan Project, but had to develop its own method for
manufacturing and detonating a bomb as U.S. secrecy grew after 1945. The United
Kingdom was the third country in the world after the United States and Soviet
Union to develop and test a nuclear weapon. Its programme was motivated to have
an independent deterrent against the Soviet Union, while also maintaining its
status as a great power. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1957 (Operation
Grapple), making it the third country to do so after the United States and Soviet
Union. The UK maintained a fleet of V bomber strategic bombers and ballistic
missile submarines (SSBNs) equipped with nuclear weapons during the Cold War.
It currently maintains a fleet of four 'Vanguard' class ballistic missile submarines
equipped with Trident II missiles. The British government announced a
replacement to the current system to take place between 2007-2024.
France
France tested its first nuclear weapon in 1960 based mostly on its own research. It
was motivated by the Suez Crisis diplomatic tension vis-à-vis both the Soviet Union
and the Free World allies United States and United Kingdom. It was also relevant
to retain great power status, alongside the United Kingdom, during the postcolonial Cold War. France tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1968. After the Cold
War, France has disarmed 175 warheads with the reduction and modernization of
its arsenal that has now evolved to a dual system based on submarine-launched
ballistic missiles and medium-range air-to-surface missiles. However new nuclear
weapons are in development [citation needed] and reformed nuclear squadrons
were trained during Enduring Freedom operations in Afghanistan. In January 2006,
President Jacques Chirac stated a terrorist act or the use of weapons of mass
destruction against France would result in a nuclear counterattack. France signed
the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992.
China
China tested its first nuclear weapon device in 1964 at the Lop Nur test site. The
weapon was developed as a deterrent against both the United States and the
Soviet Union. Two years later, China had a fission bomb capable of being put onto
a nuclear missile. It tested its first hydrogen bomb in 1967, a mere 32 months after
testing its first nuclear weapon (the shortest fission-to-fusion development known in
history). The country is currently thought to have had a stockpile of around 240
warheads, though because of the limited information available, estimates range
from 100 to 400. China is the only NPT nuclear-weapon state to give an unqualified
negative security assurance due to its "no first use" policy. China signed the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992.
IV. UN reaction
The United Nations has sought to eliminate such weapons ever since its
establishment. The first resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1946
established a Commission to deal with problems related to the discovery of atomic
energy among others. The Commission was to make proposals for, inter alia, the
control of atomic energy to the extent necessary to ensure its use only for peaceful
purposes. The resolution also decided that the Commission should make
proposals for "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of
all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction."A number of multilateral
treaties have since been established with the aim of preventing nuclear
proliferation and testing, while promoting progress in nuclear disarmament. These
include the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Treaty
Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere, In Outer Space And Under
Water, also known as the Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), and the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), which was signed in 1996 but has yet to enter
into force. A number of bilateral and plurilateral treaties and arrangements seek to
reduce or eliminate certain categories of nuclear weapons, to prevent the
proliferation of such weapons and their delivery vehicles. These range from
several treaties between the United States of America and Russian Federation as
well as various other initiatives, to the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Missile
Technology Control Regime, The Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile
Proliferation, and the Wassenaar Arrangement.
V. Conclusion
As a confidence-building measure, all the nuclear-weapon States are encouraged
to agree as soon as possible on a standard reporting form and to determine
appropriate reporting intervals for the purpose of voluntarily providing standard
information without prejudice to national security. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations is invited to establish a publicly accessible repository, which shall
include the information provided by the nuclear-weapon states. Giving a nuclear
weapon to terrorists would be as suicidal as launching a nuclear strike directly.
Evidence shows that guilty terror groups in normal high-casualty attacks are almost
always identified. Attribution of nuclear terrorism would be even easier; tracing a
guilty group to its state sponsor would be simple. The fear of nuclear attack by
proxy is unfounded.
VI. Important Questions
1. Does your country is involved with the creation or distribution of nuclear
weapons?
2. Does your country approve the distribution of nuclear weapons to terrorist?
3. Does your country is part of a treaty against or in favor of nuclear weapons
4. (if yes) What does this treaty is about, and what are their benefits to society?
5. Is your country linked with the actions given by the United Nations?
6. How does your country uses their nuclear weapons (if has)?
7. Is the government using the nuclear weapons on its population?
8. In what way is your country related with nuclear weapons?
VII. Bibliography
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http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Chemical/
http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/cbwprolif
http://www.theguardian.com/world/opcw
http://usmilitary.about.com/od/armyweapons/a/chemicalsuit.htm
http://www.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/553?OpenDocument
http://www.opcw.org/about-chemical-weapons