S T A A R C O N N E C T I O N™
EOC
English I
Reading
Teacher Edition
Diagnostic Series™
KAMICO®
Instructional Media, Inc.
© KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc.
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KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc.
STAAR CONNECTION™
Diagnostic Series™
EOC English I Reading
Table of Contents
Reporting Categories and Related TEKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Assessment
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. 13
. 25
. 34
. 42
. 50
. 61
. 69
. 79
. 92
104
112
120
127
135
149
Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Student Bubble Answer Sheet .
Student Written Answer Sheet
Bubble Answer Key . . . . . . . .
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157
171
173
174
TEKS Reading Alignment Chart and Cross-Curricular Alignments
(Social Studies, Science, and Physical Education) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Student Progress Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Letter to Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Test-Taking Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Strategies for Reducing Your Students' Test Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
KAMICO® Product Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Assessment
Name ___________________________________________
Date ______________________
Historically Speaking
Monthly Newsletter of the Gulf Coast Historical Society
April Issue
www.gchsociety.net
Just Where Was Columbus When He Discovered America?
by Kenneth Rapaport, Texas State College at Lipan
1
On October 12, 1492, around 2:00 in the
morning, the sailors aboard three small merchant
vessels first spotted land after weeks at sea. The
men steered their vessels, the Niña, the Pinta, and
the Santa María de la Inmaculada Concepción,
toward the strange distant shores.
When
Christopher Columbus and his men landed on the
island, their footprints on the sandy beaches made
history and marked the beginning of one of the
greatest cultural exchanges the world would ever
know. Although Native Americans had lived in the
"New World" for thousands of years before 1492
and although the Vikings were actually the first
Europeans to arrive in North America, Columbus's
landing is indelibly carved into the popular mind as
the "discovery" of America.
2
It would seem that such a momentous event would be meticulously
documented and that historians would know exactly where it took place.
However, this is not the case. Though many valid ideas have been put forth, to
this day, the island on which Columbus first set foot is a mystery that has been
debated for centuries. Historians know he landed in the Bahamas, but no one
knows exactly on which island. Why is it so hard to determine this spot?
© KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Frustrating Records
3
Several problems frustrate the search for Columbus's first landing.
Columbus kept good records during his voyage, but unfortunately his logs were
lost. When he returned to Spain in 1493, he gave the logs of his voyage to
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who had underwritten the trip. The latter
ordered the logs copied. The originals disappeared around that time, but the
copy was given to Columbus later in 1493, before his second voyage. It
remained in his possession until his death in 1506, whereupon it was inherited
by his son. Unfortunately, that copy, too, was lost. The logs survive only in
abstracted, reduced versions as described by Bartolomé de las Casas in his
Historia de las Indias, which, though written in the 1500s, was not published
until 1825. That version is referred to as the Diario.
Generally accepted course of Columbus's first exploration of the New World
4
Even with the information contained in the Diario, ascertaining which island
Columbus first touched is a problem. One problem is that the Diario gives
measurements in both leagues and miles. Depending on which unit one adopts
in figuring distances, Columbus's itinerary changes substantially. A second
problem is that Columbus's descriptions do not always perfectly match the
physical attributes of the islands being described. No one island seems to match
© KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
perfectly the description of the island where Columbus says he made landfall.
Conversely, every island seems to match some of his descriptions, especially the
details he provides on vegetation. Finally, surrounding topography as described
by Columbus does not always match reality. He said he could see islands, for
example, that are not visible from one island but are visible from another. All of
these obfuscate the determination of his landing spot.
5
To further complicate matters, there is uncertainty over the method by
which Columbus navigated. He could have used dead reckoning or celestial
navigation. Where he was exactly might well depend on which method he used.
Most scholars believe he used dead reckoning, which involves calculating a
position based on a previously determined position, rather than celestial
navigation, which relies on using measurements of angles between celestial
bodies (the sun, moon, and stars) and the horizon. By applying either of the two
different methods to the descriptions in the Diario, however, one may arrive at
several different destinations.
And the Nominees Are . . .
6
No fewer than ten separate islands or locations have been suggested as the
first place Columbus landed. From south to the northwest the leading candidates
are Grand Turks Island, Caicos Islands, Mayaguana Island, Plana Cays, Samana
Cays, Conception Island, Watlings Island, Cat Island, Egg Island, and Lignum
Vitae Island. The distance between the southernmost and northernmost islands
is about 500 miles. The earliest conjectures date back to the eighteenth century.
The controversy grew considerably, however, in the 1820s, when various
competing theories were advanced by such distinguished scholars as Antonio
Varnhagen (proposing Mayaguana Island in 1824), Fernandez de Navarette
(offering Grand Turks Island in 1825), and Alexander S. Mackenzie (suggesting
Cat Island in 1828). The controversy has continued in print ever since those
early debates. A few of the conjectures seem patently absurd, but many of
them prove to be nearly as plausible as the next.
7
What did Columbus say about where he landed? Among his observations
were that there was a large pond in the middle of the island, that it had a
peninsula with a narrow neck, that he explored the island in a boat going northnortheast along its coast, that a reef surrounded the island, that a large harbor
existed between the reef and the island, that the harbor entrance was quite
narrow, and that it was five to seven leagues from that island to the next one
upon which he landed. With such a detailed description, it seems as if
discovering the island would be a simple matter. So far as is known, however,
no place has been discovered that perfectly matches what Columbus described.
© KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
8
The most popular candidate is Watlings Island. The first place Columbus
landed was, according to Columbus, called Guanahani by its native inhabitants.
Columbus renamed it San Salvador, meaning "Holy Savior," in gratitude for the
good fortune he had on the month-long ocean voyage. Of course, nobody is
quite sure to which island precisely he gave that name, but in 1926 the
government of Watlings Island renamed it San Salvador. Under that name, this
island is the one that in the public eye enjoys the honor of being the first place
Columbus discovered.
9
However, as with many of the suggested islands, Watlings Island has both
proponents and detractors. On the positive side, there is a large pond in the
middle of the island, a peninsula with a narrow neck, and a large harbor between
the reef and the land. On the other hand, there is no reef completely surrounding
the island. Second, the gap in the reef leading into the harbor is hardly narrow;
it is about a third of a mile wide. Finally, after leaving the first place he landed,
Columbus reported seeing several islands during his five to seven league sail to
the next island. Only one island is near enough Watlings to be readily visible,
so the seascape in the area does not match Columbus's report. Similar
contradictions arise with every island proposed as the landfall.
The Answer Is . . . We Still Don't Know
10
Regardless of where his landfall was,
it is certain that Columbus was not filled
with enough nostalgia to ever revisit
the place. Had he done so, he might
have positively identified it for future
generations. His subsequent voyages,
however, took him south of his first
landfall, as he continued to seek a shorter
route to India and China. As a matter of
fact, until his death, Columbus
maintained that the island he landed on
was very near Asia.
11
All we know for certain is that Columbus landed somewhere the morning
of October 12, 1492, and that he named the place San Salvador. Somewhere
in the Caribbean, however, lies the island that first received Europeans in the
area. The controversy will continue, old theories will be debated, new theories
will be developed, and explorations for physical evidence will probably continue.
Perhaps someday the definitive answer as to the location of the most famous
unknown island in American history will be found.
© KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1
2
Which of these sentences from the selection best expresses the author's
main point?
A
On October 12, 1492, around 2:00 in the morning, the sailors aboard
three small merchant vessels first spotted land after weeks at sea.
B
Though many valid ideas have been put forth, to this day, the island on
which Columbus first set foot is a mystery that has been debated for
centuries.
C
Columbus renamed it San Salvador, meaning "Holy Savior," in gratitude
for the good fortune he had on the month-long ocean voyage.
D
However, as with many of the suggested islands, Watlings Island has
both proponents and detractors.
What is the purpose of this selection?
F
to convince the reader that Watlings Island is most likely the place
Columbus first landed
G
to entertain the reader with a story of a brave explorer arriving in a new
strange land
H
to express the author's admiration for Columbus because of the
challenges he overcame
J
to inform the reader about the controversy surrounding the actual island
on which Columbus first landed
© KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
3
Look at the diagram.
Which of the following best completes the diagram?
A
Surviving accounts of Columbus's first voyage contain different units of
measurement.
B
Columbus's sailing logs from his first voyage were copied by order of
Queen Isabella.
C
Columbus's descriptions of his landing were not detailed.
D
Columbus believed that he had landed near Asia.
© KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
4
5
How do the illustrations in this selection improve the reader's understanding?
F
The illustrations help the reader solve the mystery of where Columbus
first landed.
G
The illustrations help the reader understand the economic forces that
motivated Columbus's voyage.
H
The illustrations help the reader appreciate the difficulties Columbus
faced on his first voyage.
J
The illustrations help the reader better visualize the events and people
described in the selection.
The style of this selection can best be described as —
A
experimental.
B
simple.
C
academic.
D
informal.
© KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
6
Which time line shows the correct order of events described in the selection?
F
G
H
J
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7
Read this sentence from paragraph 4.
All of these obfuscate the determination of his landing spot.
What does the word obfuscate mean in this sentence?
8
A
make unclear
B
resolve
C
provide evidence for
D
satisfy
Use information in the selection to write a summary of "Just Where Was
Columbus When He Discovered America?".
© KAMICO® Instructional Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
STAAR CONNECTION™
Diagnostic Series™ EOC English I Reading
TEKS Reading Alignment Chart and Cross-Curricular Alignments
KAMICO® supports cross-curricular teaching strategies and encourages efforts to apply,
transfer, and integrate knowledge across multiple content areas. Therefore, many
assessments in this reading book reinforce at least one physical education, social studies,
and/or science TEKS.
For each grade or course, TEA has identified some of the TEKS eligible to be assessed on
STAAR as readiness standards. These readiness standards will be emphasized on the STAAR
assessments. The remaining TEKS eligible to be assessed on STAAR are considered
supporting standards. Although supporting standards will be assessed, they will not be
emphasized on STAAR. KAMICO® has shown whether each question assessed in this book is
aligned to a readiness standard or a supporting standard.
Readiness standards
• are essential for success in the current grade or course,
• are important for preparedness for the next grade or course,
• support college and career readiness,
• necessitate in-depth instruction, and
• address broad and deep ideas.
Supporting standards, although introduced in the current grade or course,
• may be emphasized in a subsequent year,
• may be emphasized in a previous year,
• play a role in preparing students for the next grade or course but not a central role, and
• address more narrowly defined ideas.
Assessment
Question
Number
Answer
Reporting
Category
TEKS
Readiness or Supporting
Standard
1
B
3
8A
Readiness
2
J
3
8A
Readiness
3
A
3
9C
Readiness
4
J
3
12A
Supporting
5
C
3
Figure 19B
Readiness
6
H
3
Figure 19B
Readiness
7
A
1
1B
Readiness
8
s/a
3
9A
Readiness
Cross-Curricular Alignments
World History Studies
TEKS 10, 7A
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