No. 7]
Proc.
Intense
deuterium
coagulated
By Yoshiaki
Japan
Acad
., 78, Ser. B (2002)
201
nuclear
fusion
of pycnodeuterium-lumps
locally within
highly
deuterated
ARATA, M. J. At)
Hiroshi
atom
FUJITA, and Yue-Chang
clusters
ZHANG
Cooperation Research Center for Science and Technology, Osaka University,
2-1, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
(Contributed by Yoshiaki ARATA,
M.J. A.,Sept. 12, 2002)
Abstract:
Embedded nano-Pd particles of 5 rim in size instantly absorb abundant D-atoms more than
250% in the atomic ratio against Pd-atoms at room temperature when they are kept in D2 gas pressurized
to less than 10 atm. In such ultrahigh densities, 2-4 D-atoms can be coagulated inside each octahedral space
of Pd lattice(pycnodeuterium-lump).
When a stimulation energy such as latticequake causing by ultrasonic wave was supplied to these highly deuterated Pd particles, intense deuterium nuclear fusion ("solid
fusion") was generated there and both excess heat and 4He gas were abundantly produced. Naturally, these
facts can not be realized at all in bulk Pd. The results show that the nuclear fusion occurs without any hazardous rays in pycnodeuterium-lumps coagulated locally inside the each cell of the host metal lattice. These
unit cells correspond to minimum unit of the solid fusion reactor as a "Lattice Reactor".
Key
fusion;
words:
atom
DS-cathode;
cluster;
latticequake;
pycnodeuterium-lump;
stimulation
Introduction.
We have investigated on creation
of excess heat together with generation of helium gas as
reaction products under deuterium nuclear fusion
inside solid(hereafter "solid fusion") using two methods
of the electrolysis and the sonoimplantation. In the former method'
a great number of the "DS-cathodes"
(double structure cathodes) including Pd-black/nanoparticles were utilized in electrolysis through long period
over ten years. In the latter one,2~ strong ultrasonic energy were given to many kinds of bulk metals kept in
D20/H20 working liquids. From those results, we concluded that the followings are necessary conditions to
cause the "solid fusion"; 1) Content of D-atoms must be
larger than at least 200% in atomic ratio against that of
host-metal atoms. It is well known that such condition is
impossible to realize in bulk metals because the maximum content is less than 80% even in bulk Pd. 2) Liquid
D20 is the most effective electrolyte for realizing solid
fusion. 3) When two DS-cathodes with and without
electrolysis are connected with a pipe for their pressure
to be the same, solid fusion occurs only in the DS-cathode with electrolysis. This means that important factors
U
Correspondence
to: Y . Arata.
Lattice-Reactor;
deuterium
nuclear
fusion;
solid
energy.
are not only pressure but also stimulation energy such as
electrolytic current for solid fusion. 4) Much D-atoms are
also easily sono-implanted into fine metal powders
resulting from fragmentation of bulk foils by ultrasonic
energy. 5) Although these two methods mentioned
above have been developed for solid fusion, their
excess energy were only about 10% of the input power
through over 100 times repeated experiments. Indeed,
these methods can not be used for solid fusion commercially as a new energy source.
On the other hand, we have also shown that materials anomalously change their behavior when their size
becomes smaller than a critical size on the manometer
scale.3~ 5) These nano-particles are named "atom clusters", and their critical sizes reflecting difference in
bonding mode, binding strength and the surrounding
conditions. A typical example of the anomalous behavior
is spontaneous mixing of foreign atoms into atom clusters. For example, when the isolated Au-atom clusters
are smaller than about 15 nm in size, vapor deposited Cuatoms in vacuum at 300 K are instantly absorbed into
them.3~
Recently, we have discovered a new method to produce "pycnodeuterium-lump"
with ultrahigh density
202
Y ARATA H. FUJITA , and
[Vol. 78(B),
Y.-C. ZHANG
Fig. 2. Absorption characteristics of D-atoms into the reactant (Pdclusters and Zr02 powder) set inside a closed vessel made of
stainless steel.
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of an experimental
device for deuterium solid fusion. Marks 1-4 show a closed vessel, reactant,
ultrasonic vibrator and transfer medium for ultrasonic energy,
and marks 5-8 are pipes for vacuum evacuation, gas injection, liquid injection
and exhaust
of hot and high pressure
gases,
respectively.
deuterium;
for example,
embedded
in ZrO2 crystals
D-atoms,6~'7~
them.6~
while
Indeed
particle
pressure,
terium-lumps
body
Moreover,
"metallic
confirmed
higher
than
nal structure
tures
and/or
ultrahigh
In the
mental
present
results,
intense
deuterium
fusion
intensely
inside
Lattice
tion
show
energy
solid
occured
Reactor
metal-atom
cluster,
energy
pure
and
and
helium
Experimental
a new
fusion.
in the
when
as ultrasonic
solid
about
50
tempera-
108 atm.
our
these
experi-
method
of generating
By this
method,
they
received
within
solid
such
n* = n0/
stimula-
Pd and/or
mass-production
of both
Here,
other
300%
clean
the
realized.
results.
Fig, l shows
1. Experimental
show
principle
of the
fusion
reaction.
nuclear
a closed
ticles/Pd-black,
vessel,
reactant
ultrasonic
experimental
Marks
consisting
vibrator
nH.
the
at points
ultrahigh
value
of n*
B and
became
about
C, respectively,
density
of D-atoms
255%
and
in Fig. 2, and
thus
was
named
can
absorb
"pycno-
deuterium-lump".6~
con-
This
ditions.
clarifying
pure D2 gas was injected into the closed vessel through
pipe 6 with a fixed flow rate (vG) of 20 cc/min until the
inner pressure (Pln) reached at 10 atm, as shown in Fig.
2.
We note in Fig. 2 that the value of Pln suddenly
begins to increase linearly from zero level after a certain
incubation time (TG). Since absorption of D2gas does not
occur into ZrO2, as shown in Fig. 2, rG corresponds to the
time at which D-atoms are fully absorbed into the reactant Pd-atom clusters. Therefore, the total volume (VG)
of absorbed D2 gas is expressed by (VG x tG), and the
total number (nD) of absorbed D-atoms becomes
VG/22.4[mol]. Here, the atomic ratio (n*) of nD against
host Pd-atoms of nH[mol], can be obtained as follows:0
pycnodeuterium-lumps
wave
were
a
cell of
of a hexago-
ultralow
on
with
of D-atoms
to
of several
based
are
unit
density
under
pressures
paper,
we
lattice"
within
the
and
in D2-gas
as pycnodeu-
deuterium
formed
250%
2-4 D-atoms
space
of a deuterium
are
nano-Pd
atm
corresponds
that
which
these
that
absorbed
200%,
100
structure
a pycnodeuterium-lump
times
than
octahedral
abundant
never
within
3 and
cuboctahedral
It was
itself
more
0.1,
each
forming
centered
Pd lattice.6~
in
realized
at about
inside
of 5 nm in size
instantly
concentration
respectively.
coagulated
crystal
deuterium
D-atoms
clusters
absorbed
ZrO2
can be easily
300%
Pd-atom
for ultrasonic energy, and marks 5-8 are pipes for vacuum evacuation, D2/H2 gas injection, D20/H20 liquid
injection and exhaust of highly pressurized hot gases,
respectively. Pd-atom clusters of 5 nm in size embedded
into ZrO2 crystals was used for the reactant in the following experiment. The reactant was set on the bottom
of the closed vessel, and baked at 150 °C in 10-6 Torr for
3 days to take 10-7 Torr at room temperature. After that,
device
for
1-4 in Fig.
of nano-Pd
and transfer
par-
medium
1
shows
high
density
atm
or less.
tant,
small
tion,
as shown
perature
that
the
of D/H-atoms
During
was
under
absorption
temperature
by the
reactant
of
rise occurs
curve
measured
instantly
low gas pressures
D2 gas
into
by the
chemical
the
A in Fig. 3 in which
on
the
of 10
outside
wall
reacreac-
the
of
temthe
No. 71
Deuterium
fusion
of pycnodeuterium-lumps
203
Fig. 3. Chronological change of temperature inside closed vessel by
chemical reaction energy (curve A) and sono-reactant energy
(curve B).
closed vessel.
When the inner pressure of DZgas in the closed vessel reached the setting value of 10 atm, D20/H20 liquid
was injected through pipe 7 into the closed vessel until
the ultrasonic vibrator was sufficiently immersed into the
liquid, as shown in Fig. 1. Then the ultrasonic energy was
supplied to the pycnodeuterium-lump
as a stimulation
energy through transfer medium D,O/H.,O.
2. Mass-production
of excess heat and helium
gas under deuterium solid fusion.
a) Excess heat: Curve B in Fig. 3 is an example
showing temperature rise ("sono-reactant energy") of
the pycnodeuterated
Pd-reactant of 2 g in weight
induced by ultrasonic energy. It was clarified that the
temperature
rise of curve B demonstrates
to be
extremely larger than that of curve A.
Characteristics of sono-reactant energy in curve B
are displaced by both phenomena of a quite large rate of
temperature rise at the beginning and successive further
temperature rise as the result of excess energy (about 7
KW) due to the solid fusion for about 40 min.
Furthermore, we demonstrate that any hazardous
rays such as neutrons and y-rays were scarcely
observed during the experiment of the pycnodeuterium
nuclear fusion.
b) Mass analyses of both exhausted gases inside
the closed vessel and residual gases within the reactant: When the experiment was finished, both exhausted
gas inside the closed vessel ("reacted gas") and residual
atoms within the reactant ("reacted sample") were analyzed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer
system
(QMS), as shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 [A] shows a typical
example of the chronological change of logarithmic
QMS intensities of M2, M3 and M4 components in the
exhausted gas. Since the system was evacuated by a get-
Fig. 4. Chronological change of QMS intensities of relevant masses
measured on the gases exhausted
inside the closed vessel; [A]
and [B] show "reacted gas" and "reacted sample", respectively.
ter pump during gas analysis, intensities
of generated
gases except inert gases decreased chronologically, and
thus helium gas was exactly detected.
It is emphasized in Fig. 4 [A] that intensity of M4 is
extremely large compared with those of M2 and M3.
Here, M4 corresponds to both 4He and D2, but intensity
of M4 in Fig. 4 [A] did not decrease, while those of M2
and M3 remarkably decreased with elapsed time. This is
a reason why, it can be concluded that almost all M4 in
Fig. 4 [A] corresponds to 4He.
Since the analyzed gas kept in a standard lcc volume were measured by QMS spectrum, the intensity of
'He in Fig . 4 [A] can be considered to result from solid
fusion of almost all of D-atoms in picnodeuterium-lump
whose density is 250% in the atomic ratio.
On the other hand, Fig. 4 [B] shows time dependence of QMS intensities of all relevant mass species
released from the reactant Pd-atom clusters by heating
at 1300 °C. We note that intensity of M4 remarkably
decreased in comparison with that in [A], and it also
decreased with increasing the elapsed time as well as
those of M2 and M3. This means that most of M4 in [B] is
D2, and almost all 4He-atoms created by solid fusion in
pycnodeuterium-lumps
have been exhausted from the
reactant. In other words, it seems that the deuterium
tank changed to a helium tank after the reaction.
Concept
of deuterium
"solid fusion".
Two
processes can be considered on nuclear fusion by deuterium reaction. The first one is the well-known binary
collision of deuterium ions in vacuum and also within the
Debye shielding length in an ultra-high temperature gas
plasma. This reaction was discovered by Rutherford to be
204
Y ARATA , H. FUJITA, and
[Vol. 78(B),
Y.-C. ZHANG
implantation
only
effect.
about
times
10%
repeated
fore,
the
new
energy
solid
fusion
of nuclear
fusion potential
terium ions; (a) vacuum and/or
barrier
ultrahigh
plasma, (b) deuterium
molecule,
lump, (d) nuclear fusion.
for deu-
temperature
(c)
gas
pycnodeuterium-
Reactor"
reactions:
clean
with
very
ultrahigh
energy
the
iD+ID=2He+on and iD+iD=T+~p.
University
In this case, two deuterium ions must climb over a
large Coulomb's potential barrier, whose concept is
drawn in Fig. 5 (a).
The other process, which we have discovered, is
due to the reaction of the pycnodeuterium-lumps
coagulated locally in unit cells of the metal crystal lattice. This
is different in the principle from the first process. As
shown in Fig. 5 (c), the deuterium ions can easily climb
over a very low space-charge barrier by a little stimulation energy, so that this is a very unique reaction in a
high density solid-deuterium,
where the reaction is
considered to be
Institute
Indeed,
and pure
helium
without
result
of Fleischman
nodeuterium-lump
metal
researchers
could
this
except
point
repeatedly.
the
is
present
Here,
results
Pons,s~
realized
in
been
past,
at all. Indeed
reaction
our
be
have
us in the
be realized
fusion
not
which
not
tional
that
can
materials
and
and
1)
thus
that
solid
fusion
emphasized
the
the
reaction
but
"solid
methods
of
electrolysis
with
on deuterium
years using two
DS-cathode
and
sono
as the
and/or
mass-production
gas could
authors
of
be realized
rays.
would
like
Emeritus
at
to
the
Professor
of Tohoku
Professor
of
kind
making
Kitami
cooperation,
specimens
and
for
the
Proc. Japan
Acad. 71B, 98-103;
(1995)
Proc.
(1999)
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38,
L774-L776;
(2000) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39, 4198-4202;
(1999) Proc.
Japan Acad. 75B, 281-286; (2000) Proc. ICCF8 70, 11-16;
(2002) Proc. Japan Acad. 78B, 57-62.
Arata, Y., and Zhang, Y.-C. (1998) Proc. Japan Acad. 74B, 201205; (2001)
Proc. Japan
Phys. Lett. 76, 2472-2474;
Acad. 77B,
43-46; (2000)
Appl.
(2002) Appl. Phys. Lett. 80,1-3;
3)
(2002) Proc. Japan Acad. 78B, 63-68.
Fujita, H. (1990) Mater. Trans. JIM 31, 523-537.
4)
Fujita, H. (1999) J. Electr. Microsc.
5)
Fujita, H., and Fujita, N. (2001) Mater. Trans. JIM 42, 1474-
6)
Arata, Y., and Zhang, Y.-C. (2002) Proc. Japan
48 (Suppl.),
983-994.
1479.
Acad. 78B, 57-
62.
7)
Conclusion.
We have investigated
fusion"
for a long period
over ten
lattice,
such
Pd
Arata, Y, and Zhang, Y.-C. (1994) Proc. Japan Acad. 70B,106-
L1274-L1276;
of "solid-
deuterium".
for their
"Lattice
vol. 23 (Special vol.), pp. 1-56; (1998) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37,
conven-
of "gaseous-deuterium",
are
all
inside
Japan Acad. 71B, 304-309; (1997) J. High Temp. Soc. Jpn.,
bulk
by
M. Futamata,
in
solid
deuterium
Professor
Dr. A. Inoue,
Inoue
111; (1995)
pyc-
any
used
we have
we insist
the
Dr.
Prof.
intense
any hazardous
The
Yamazaki,
and
Namely,
metallic
clusters.
safety
we
References
2)
the
T.
result,
Pxnerimont
~D+ ;D= 4He+ latticeenergy.
Since
as a
of generating
a stimulation
energy
ultrasonic
wave
within
of Technology,
especially
commercially
deuterium
of the
of Tokyo,
University,
100
there-
"pycnodeuterium-lumps"
density
cell
receive
by
high
Dr.
methods,
method
fusion.
in
Acknowledgments.
thank
was
over
experimental
a new
nuclear
metal-atom
both
be used
on these
occurred
in each
when
they
"latticequake"
other
following
based
have
coagulated
Fig. 5. Concept
however,
through
By these
not
developed
deuterium
fusion
can
energy,
power
source.
further
intense
excess
input
experiments.
Recently,
have
Their
of the
Yamaura, S., Sasamori,
K., Kimura, H., Inoue, A., Zhang, Y.-C.,
and Arata, Y. (2002) J. Mater. Res. 17, 1329-1334.
8)
Fleischmann,
M., and Pons, S. (1989)
261, 301-308.
J. Electronal,
Chem.