Families of elements
By: Felicia McAlister
Physical Science
Period:4
Hydrogen
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Hydrogen has 1 valence electron.
It forms a +1 cation.
Its atomic number is 1
Its symbol is H
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Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe.
About 3 out of every 4 atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms
most of these are located in clouds of gas and star
hydrogen can react with many other elements.
Group 1 -Alkali Metals
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Alkali metals have 1 valence electron
Alkali metals form a +1 cation
It is a soft shiny metal that reacts violently with water
Francium:
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Its in this group because it is so reactive and they are rarely found in nature
as pure elements.
Its atomic number is 87
Its symbol is Fr
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Reacts violently with water
reacts quickly with oxygen
Its mass is 223
Its melting point is 300K( 27 degrees celsius or 81 degrees fahrenheit)
Group 2- Alkali Earth Metals
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Alkali earth metals have 2 valence electrons.
It forms a +2 cations
Its less active than Alkali metals
Magnesium:
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Its in this group because it has 2 valence electrons
Its atomic number is 12
Its symbol is Mg
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Used to build some airplanes
It is found in Epsom salts
Milk of Magnesium
Boiling point 1363K( 1091 degrees celsius and 1994 degrees Fahrenheit)
Group3-12 transition Metals
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They lose electrons to form positive ions.
They have 2 valence electrons
They are much less Reactive than the Groups one and two
Cobalt:
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Its in this group because its less reactive
Its atomic number is 27
Its symbol is Co
Facts:
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Cobalt plays a vital role in body chemistry
It was discovered in 1737
It was discovered by George Brandt
Its used in magnets, ceramics, and special glasses
Group 13 -Boron Family
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It has 3 valence electrons
It forms a +3 cation
It has 3 electrons in its outer energy level
none of these elements was known in a pure state before modern chemistry
isolated them
Boron:
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its in this group because it has 3 valence electrons
Its atomic number is 5
Its symbol is B
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Boron is used in detergents
Discovered by Joseph Louis gay- Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard
discovered in 1808
Boron is obtained today by heating borax.
Group 14- Carbon Family
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Contains 4 valence electrons
Shares electrons instead of forming ions
The most common Elements on earth
Silicon:
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Its in this group because it has 4 valence electrons
Its atomic number is 14
Its symbol is Si
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Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth’s outer layer
It was discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius
it was discovered in 1824
Today silicon is produced by heating sand and carbon to temperatures
around 2200 degrees celsius
Group 15- Nitrogen Family
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it has 5 valence electrons
It forms an anion with a -3 charge
Located in the P- block in group 15
Phosphorus:
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Its in this group because it has 5 valence electrons
its atomic number is 15
Its symbol is P
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It is a solid which can exist in yellow or red form
it is a basic part of organs and bones
It was discovered by Hennig Brand
It was discovered in 1669
Group 16- Oxygen Family
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It has 6 valence electrons
It forms an anion with a -2 charge
this group is also called the Chalcogens
Sulfur:
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Its in this group because it has 6 valence electrons
its atomic number is 16
its symbol is S
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its a yellow solid and is used to make matches and rubber tires
discovered in ancient times
In 1777 Antoine Lavoisier convinced the rest of the scientific community
that sulfur was an element.
A component of many common minerals
Group 17- Halogen Family
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It has 7 valence electrons
It forms a -1 anion
This family reacts most readily with alkali metals to form white solids
known as salts
Astatine:
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Its in this group because it has 7 valence electrons
Its atomic number is 85
Its symbol is At
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Was produced by Dale R. Carson, K.R. Mackenzie, and Emilio Serge
Astatine is radioactive
Its atomic weight is 210
It is a solid at room temperature.
Group 18- Noble Gases
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It has 8 valence electrons
Does not gain or lose electrons to form ions.
elements in this family are stable or inert and don’t interact with other
elements.
Xenon:
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It is in this group because it has 8 valence electrons
Its atomic number is 54
its symbol is Xe
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Discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Morris M. Travers
It was discovered on July 12,1898
It produces a brilliant white flash of light when it is excited electrically
Widely used in strobe lights.
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Lanthanides
The family begins with the element Lanthanum.
It starts at +3 cations and steadily decreases, valence electrons
are unpredictable
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Some lanthanides are used in the production of steel and glass.
Cerium:
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It is in this group because it is a rare metal.
its atomic number is 58
Its symbol is Ce
Facts:
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It was discovered in 1803
It was discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm Von Hisinger
Pure Cerium will ignite if it is scratched with a sharp object.
It is named for the asteroid Ceres
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Actinides
They form oxo-ions, valence electrons are unpredictable
All of the actinides are radioactive, they give off high energy particles
Actinide family begins with the element actinium
Uranium:
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It is in this group because it is radioactive
Its atomic number is 92
its symbol is U
Facts:
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It was discovered by Martin heinrich klaproth
It was discovered in 1789
It is a silvery-white metal
It is weakly radioactive because all the isotopes are unstable