LIST OF CONTENTS
Title
Page No.
Introduction ......................................................................................................... i-ii
Literature Review .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.-66
1. Agriculture wastes ...................................................................................... 1
Abundance and quantity of agriculture wastes ................................... 1
Agriculture wastes as substrate for cellulases production .................. 5
Composition of agriculture wastes ...................................................... 11
2. Cellulases ................................................................................................... 16
Types of cellulases .................................................................................. 18
Mechanisms of enzymes ....................................................................... 20
Applications of cellulases ...................................................................... 23
3. Cellulases producing microorganisms .................................................... 26
Cellulases producing fungi ................................................................... 28
Cellulases producing bacteria .............................................................. 39
Cellulases producing yeast ................................................................... 42
4. Production of cellulases on solid state fermentation ............................. 43
Definition of solid state fermentation ................................................... 43
Advantages of solid state fermentation ................................................ 45
Disadvantages of solid state fermentation .......................................... 49
Comparing between SSF and SmF....................................................... 50
Applications of solid state fermentation ............................................. 54
5. Conditions influencing cellulases production ......................................... 56
Moisture content ................................................................................... 58
Substrate ................................................................................................. 59
PH ........................................................................................................... 62
Temperature .......................................................................................... 63
Incubation period .................................................................................. 64
Induction of overproducing mutant .................................................... 65
Materials and Methods................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.-76
1. Materials ..................................................................................................... 67
Source of organisms ................................................................................ 67
Media ........................................................................................................ 67
Buffers ...................................................................................................... 68
Enzyme assay .......................................................................................... 69
LIST OF CONTENTS
Title
(Cont…)
Page No.
Protein determination ............................................................................ 71
Source of gamma radiation ................................................................... 71
Preparation of spore suspension ........................................................... 71
2. Methods ....................................................................................................... 72
Isolation of fungal isolates from agriculture wastes ............................. 72
Screening for cellulolytic activities of the isolated fungi ...................... 72
Selecting the best substrate for cellulases production by solid state
fermentation ............................................................................................ 73
Factors influencing cellulases production ............................................ 74
Effect of initial PH of medium .................................................... 74
Incubation period ......................................................................... 74
Moisting agents ............................................................................. 74
Inoculum size ................................................................................ 75
Effect of gamam radiation on the viable count of the isolates ............... 75
Selection of inhanced cellulose producing mutants .................. 75
Identification of the most potent cellulase producer isolated strains 76
Results .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.-113
Discussion .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.-124
Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 124
Recommendations ........................................................................................... 125
Summary .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.-128
References .......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.-184
Arabic Summary ..................................................................................................... –––
LIST OF TABLES
Tab. No.
Title
Page No.
Table (1):
Reducing sugars and Carboxymethyl cellulase produced by
different fungal isolates. ....................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (2):
Cellulases produced by T. viride on different agriculture
wastes using SSF .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (3):
Cellulases produced by A. niger MAM-F13 on different
agriculture wastes using SSF ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (4):
Cellulases produced by Aspergillus sp. MAM-F40 on
different agriculture wastes using SSF . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (5):
Cellulases produced by Aspergillus sp. MAM-F35 on
different agriculture wastes using SSF . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (6):
Cellulases produced by Aspergillus sp. MAM-F23 on
different agriculture wastes using SSF . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (7):
Cellulases produced by A. niger MAM-F5 on different
agriculture wastes using SSF ............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (8):
Effect of different pH values on cellulase production by T.
viride on SSF. ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (9):
Effect of different pH values on cellulase production by
Aspergillus flavus MAM-F35 on SSF. . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (10):
Effect of different pH values on cellulase production by
Aspergillus terreus MAM-F23 on SSF.Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (11):
Effect of incubation period on cellulase production by T.
viride on SSF. ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (12):
Effect of incubation period on cellulase production by
Aspergillus flavus MAM-F35 on SSF. . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (13):
Effect of incubation period on cellulase production by
Aspergillus terreus MAM-F23 on SSF.Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (14):
Effect of moisting agent on cellulase production by T.
viride on SSF. ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (15):
Effect of moisting agent on cellulase production by
Aspergillus flavus MAM-F35 on SSF. . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (16):
Effect of moisting agent on cellulase production by
Aspergillus terreus MAM-F23 on SSF.Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (17):
Effect of inoculum size on cellulase production by T. viride
on SSF. ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
LIST OF TABLES
Tab. No.
Title
(Cont…)
Page No.
Table (18):
Effect of inoculum size on cellulase production by
Aspergillus flavus MAM-F35 on SSF. . Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (19):
Effect of inoculum size on cellulase production by
Aspergillus terreus MAM-F23 on SSF.Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (20):
Effect of gamma-radiation doses on the viable count of
Aspergillus flavus MAM-F35. ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (21):
Effect of gamma-radiation doses on the viable count of
Aspergillus terreus MAM-F23. ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (22):
Cellulase production of Aspergillus flavus MAM-F35
mutants on SSF. ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table (23):
Cellulase production of Aspergillus terreus MAM-F23
mutants on SSF. ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.