SCIENCE
STUDENT BOOK
6th Grade | Unit 5
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
SCIENCE 605
Chemical Structure
INTRODUCTION |3
1. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE 5
MASS, WEIGHT, AND STATES OF MATTER |6
EXPERIMENT 605.A (STATES OF MATTER) |8
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND ATOMS |10
MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS |13
EXPERIMENT 605.B (COPPER IODIDE) |14
EXPERIMENT 605.C (CALCIUM CARBONATE) |16
SELF TEST 1 |18
2. PERIODIC TABLE
21
CHEMICAL SYMBOLS |22
ATOMIC WEIGHTS |23
ARRANGEMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE |27
SELF TEST 2 |30
3. CHEMICAL CHANGE
32
DIAGRAMS OF ATOMS |34
ACIDS AND BASES |40
EXPERIMENT 605.D (TESTING FOR BASES) |41
SELF TEST 3 |45
LIFEPAC Test is located in the center of the
booklet. Please remove before starting the unit.
Section 1 |1
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
Author: Barry G. Burrus, B.S., M.A., M.Div.
Editors:
Alpha Omega Staff
Illustrations:
Brian Ring/Alpha Omega Staff
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2| Section 1
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
Chemical Structure
Introduction
God has created all things that we see in our universe. The substance of all things in our universe is called
matter. All matter consists of many different kinds of substances called chemicals. Chemicals make all
the substances that you see around you every day. In fact, your body is made up of many different kinds of
chemicals.
In this LIFEPAC® you will learn about the structure of chemicals. All matter contains tiny particles that
make its basic structure. This structure of matter forms the basic building blocks of all chemicals. God has
designed matter and chemicals with marvelous order. Human beings have discovered much about the
orderly structure of matter. You will learn about some ways that people have arranged these chemicals in
charts and tables. One of these, the Periodic Table, is very helpful in understanding the structure and properties of chemicals.
Finally, chemicals change by combining with other chemicals. They also change from solid state to liquid to
gas. You will learn more about chemical changes in this LIFEPAC.
Objectives
Read these objectives. The objectives tell what you should be able to do when you have completed this
LIFEPAC. When you have finished this LIFEPAC, you should be able to:
1.
Define and give examples of matter and chemicals.
2.
Describe and give examples of the different states of matter.
3.
Define and describe atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.
4.
Identify the symbols of some common elements.
5.
Name some chemical elements from the Periodic Table.
6.
Identify and explain the atomic number, atomic weight, and symbols of chemicals.
7.
Categorize certain elements such as metals, nonmetals, radioactive substances, and rare earth
elements.
8.
Write the chemical formulas for some compounds.
9.
Identify acids and bases.
Section 1 |3
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
Survey the LIFEPAC. Ask yourself some questions about this study and write your questions here.
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4| Section 1
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
1. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
In the beginning, God created everything that
exists (Genesis 1). Everything in our physical
universe is called matter. Matter is made of a
great variety of substances called chemicals.
The scientific study of substances and chemicals is called chemistry, and the scientists who
study chemicals are called chemists. Chemistry
is a very interesting subject. It permits us to see
God’s wonderful design of the basic structure
of matter in all things that exist.
All matter in the universe occupies space. It
also has an amount. The amount of matter in a
thing is called its mass. Therefore, matter can
be defined as anything that occupies space and
has mass. Much of the matter around you can
be seen. For example, your clothes, your books,
and your desk are all types of matter that you
can see. Some matter cannot be seen. You cannot see the air around you, but it is there. Air is
matter. It has mass and occupies space. However, air is matter that is in the gaseous state.
In this section of the LIFEPAC, you will learn
more about matter in its three basic forms or
states: solid, liquid, and gas.
The substances that build matter are called
chemicals. All chemicals consist of tiny, basic
building blocks. They are the basic “stuff ” of
all chemicals and matter. In this section of the
LIFEPAC, you will learn more about these tiny
units of matter and their basic structure. This
will help you understand the basic structure of
the chemicals that God has created.
Section Objectives
Review these objectives. When you have completed this section, you should be able to:
1. Define and give examples of matter and chemicals.
2. Describe and give examples of the different states of matter.
3. Define and describe atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.
Vocabulary
Study these words to enhance your learning success in this section.
atom (at әm). The small particle that makes up molecules. Each atom is unique for a chemical element.
chemical (kem ә kәl). Any of the many substances that make up the matter of the universe.
compound (kom pound). A substance whose molecules consist of atoms that are chemically united.
compress (kәm pres). Squeeze together; make smaller by pressure.
electron (i lek tron). An elementary particle of an atom which has a negative electrical charge.
element (el ә mәnt). A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical means.
gaseous (gas ē әs). In the form of gas; of or like a gas.
mass (mas). The amount of matter in a body or object, usually measured in units like grams or
pounds mass.
matter (mat әr). Anything which has mass and occupies space.
molecule (mol ә kyül). The chemical combination of two or more atoms.
Section 1 |5
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
neutron (nü´tron). An uncharged elemetary particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
proton (prō´ton). An elementary particle carrying a positive electrical charge which is located in
the nucleus of an atom.
swarm (swôrm). Fly or move about in great numbers.
weight (wāt). The measurement of the pull of gravity on an object or body. On earth, mass and
weight would be the same.
Note: All vocabulary words in this LIFEPAC appear in boldface print the first time they are used. If you are not sure of the
meaning when you are reading, study the definitions given.
Pronunciation Key: hat, āge, cãre, fär; let, ēqual, tėrm; it, īce; hot, ōpen, ôrder; oil; out; cup, pu·t, rüle; child; long; thin;
/ŦH/ for then; /zh/ for measure; /u/ or /ә/ represents /a/ in about, /e/ in taken, /i/ in pencil, /o/ in lemon, and /u/ in circus.
MASS, WEIGHT, AND STATES OF MATTER
As a useful background to exploring chemical
structure, it is helpful to examine the relationship between the mass of an object and its
weight. In addition, it is also helpful to explore
the three basic states of matter in which we
find all chemicals: solid, liquid, and gas.
Mass and weight. One of the general properties of all matter and chemicals is mass,
the amount of matter contained in an object.
Mass should not be confused with an object’s
weight. The weight of an object of a given mass
is directly related to the gravitational pull on
the object. Therefore, an object’s weight can
change depending upon the pull of gravity on
the object. Since the force of gravity decreases
as one moves away from earth, the weight of
the object would also decrease as one moves
away from earth. For example, a person with
a mass of 75 pounds (mass) would weigh 75
pounds (force) on earth; however, that person
would weigh very little in outer space. That
same person would weigh about 12 pounds
(force) on the moon because the force of
gravity on the moon is about 1/6 that on earth.
However, the person would still have the same
mass — 75 pounds (mass) — whether on the
earth, in outer space, or on the moon.
The variations of gravitational pull of objects on
earth change very little as the objects change
altitude on earth. Therefore, for all practical
6| Section 1
| Weight varies with gravity, but mass remains
the same
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
purposes, the measurement of an object’s
weight on earth is the same as its mass.
States of matter. Matter in the universe is normally found in three different forms or states:
solid, liquid, and gas. These three states are
easy to identify. Water is a common example
of matter in three different states. Solid water
is the ice found in your freezer and other cold
places. Liquid water is the normal state of
water on earth and is the form that you drink
from a glass. Water, as a gas, is found as steam
that is heated on your stove. In addition, water
vapor (gas) is found in the atmosphere from
the evaporation of earth’s oceans, lakes, and
rivers. Let’s briefly examine a little more about
solids, liquids, and gases.
A solid has a specific shape and a fixed volume.
For example, a block of wood has a fixed volume. A solid block of wood occupies a specific volume and has a definite shape. If you
move the block of wood to another location,
or if you place it in a different container, the
block of wood would still have the same shape
and occupy the same volume of space. If you
squeezed the block of wood, it would still keep
the same shape and volume.
A liquid has no fixed shape. It takes the shape
of its container. However, a liquid does have a
fixed volume. If you have a pint of water in a
glass, its volume is one pint and its shape is the
same as the glass it fills. If you pour this water
into a bowl, its volume will still be one pint.
| Ice is a solid
| Steam (water vapor) is a gas
However, its shape will change to the shape of
the bowl that it is in. If a liquid is squeezed, the
volume will not normally change. If the volume
of a liquid does change under very high pressure, the change will be by such a tiny amount
that the volume can be considered the same.
A gas has no fixed shape of its own. It takes
the shape of its container. Also, a gas does
not have a fixed volume. A gas will expand if
it enters a larger container, or it can be compressed or squeezed into a smaller container
by increasing pressure.
| Water is a liquid
Section 1 |7
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
View 605 States of Matter,
from the Grade 6 SCIENCE
EXPERIMENTS Video
Try this experiment to learn about states of matter.
Overview. You will examine some common items about you in a home or classroom to determine properties of a solid, a liquid, and a gas.
These supplies are needed:
„a balloon
„a clean, square, plastic refrigerator dish
„a small block of wood (or a rock)
„a soda pop (save it to drink)
Follow these directions. Place a check mark in the box as you complete each step, and answer
the questions as they are presented.
1. Identify some of the things in your room. Try to find a solid, a liquid, and a gas.
†
Write their names in the spaces below.
1.1 a. Solid: ________________________________
b. Liquid: ______________________________
c. Gas: _________________________________
2. Blow up a balloon. Squeeze it gently.
†
1.2 Is the statement true that a gas changes to take the shape of its container?
3. Examine the soda pop container before opening it.
†
1.3 Does the liquid take on the round shape of the bottle or can? _____________________________
4. Open the soda pop. Pour the liquid into the square refrigerator dish.
†
1.4 Does the liquid take on the shape of the container? _______________________________________
5. Observe the bubbles of fizz which come to the top of the liquid soda pop. This fizz is due to
†
the carbon dioxide gas which is dissolved into the drink. This is why it is called a “carbonated
drink.” Note carefully that the bubbles of the carbon dioxide gas leave the soda pop.
1.5 Does the carbon dioxide gas have a definite shape and volume, or does it take on the
shape and volume of the container? _____________________________
6. Examine the piece of wood.
†
1.6 Does the wood have a fixed shape and volume? __________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Experiment 605.A States of Matter
8| Section 1
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
Write the correct letter and answer in each blank.
1.7 _ Air is matter that is in the _______________________ state.
a. gaseous b. convertible c. solid
1.8 _ All matter consists of many different kinds of substances called _______________________ .
a. photons b. chemicals c. neurons
1.9 _ Matter is material that takes up space and has _______________________ .
a. weight b. volume c. mass
1.10 _Your weight on the moon would be _______________________ it is on the earth.
a. greater than b. less than c. the same as
1.11 _Your mass on the moon would be _______________________ it is on the earth.
a. greater than b. less than c. the same as
1.12 _A liquid __________________________________________________________________ .
a. has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container
b. has the volume and shape of its container
c. has a fixed volume and shape.
1.13 _A gas ____________________________________________________________________________ .
a. has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container
b. has the volume and shape of its container
c. has a fixed volume and shape.
1.14 _A solid _____________________________________________________________________________ .
a. has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container
b. has the volume and shape of its container
c. has a fixed volume and shape.
TEACHER CHECK
initials
date
Section 1 |9
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND ATOMS
All matter and chemicals are composed of the
most basic substances called elements. There
are ninety-two elements that occur naturally
on earth. An additional twenty-six elements
have been identified and believed to exist.
Twenty-three of these were produced in labs
and in nuclear reactions due to the efforts of
scientists. The other three exist only in theory
and don’t even have names yet. When those
three are proven to exist and receive names,
there will be 118. You will learn more about the
names and classifications of elements in Section Two of this LIFEPAC.
Elements and atoms. Robert Boyle (16271691) was an Irish scientist who lived most of
his life in England. He is considered to be the
founder of modern chemistry. Boyle introduced
many new methods for determining the identity and chemical composition of substances.
He also disproved a long-held theory that air,
earth, fire, and water were the basic parts of
all matter. Rather, Boyle suggested the idea
of many elements that compose matter. Boyle
defined the word element as a pure substance
that cannot be broken down by chemical means.
For example, copper, gold, hydrogen, carbon,
and oxygen are examples of well-known elements. These elements cannot be broken down
into simpler substances by chemical means.
Boyle also suggested that all basic physical
properties of matter and the elements were
due to very tiny particles which were in motion.
These tiny particles of elements are known
as atoms. Atoms are the smallest part of an
element that can exist as that element. Pure
elements are made up of atoms of that element. For example, copper is made of copper
atoms, gold is made of gold atoms, and carbon
is made of carbon atoms. The atoms of each
element are unique to that element. Atoms are
the basic building blocks of all matter.
Atoms are very, very tiny. They are more than
a million times smaller than the thickness of
a human hair! Atoms are so small that they
cannot be seen, even with the most powerful
microscopes. However, the presence of atoms
can be verified by x-rays and by chemical
reactions.
Parts of an atom. Even though atoms are so
tiny, they consists of even smaller particles!
These tiny particles that make up atoms are
called subatomic particles. There are three basic
types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Each atom of each chemical element has a definite and unique number
of these subatomic particles. Located at the
center of each atom is the nucleus. The protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus.
The rest of the atom outside the nucleus is
Earth
Sun
Nucleus
Gravitational
Attraction
Gravitational
Attraction
| The planetary model of an atom
10| Section 1
Electron
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
mostly empty space. The electrons travel about
through this empty space at incredible speeds!
The electrons complete billions of trips around
the nucleus in a millionth of a second!
Models of atoms. A model is something that
attempts to show or explain how something
looks or acts. Several models have been proposed that attempt to show or explain how the
subatomic particles of an atom operate.
One of the first models of an atom that was
developed is called the planetary model. It is
also called the Bohr model, named after Niels
Bohr (1885-1962), a Danish scientist who developed a theory about the structure of an atom.
The planetary model (or Bohr model) is based
on the appearance of our sun with the planets
of our solar system in orbit around the sun. In
this case, the nucleus of the atom would correspond with the sun and the electrons would
correspond with the planets that orbit the sun.
However, this model is not completely accurate.
Unlike the planets orbiting around the sun,
| The electron cloud model
the electrons in an atom do not follow regular,
orderly paths. In addition, the protons and neutrons in the nucleus constantly move around at
random. However, this model is still used today
because it is simple and easy to draw.
Another model of the atom is called the electron
cloud model. This model shows better the probability that an electron is at a given point at a
given time. It shows that the electrons actually
swarm about the nucleus in an incredibly fast
way. However, the electron cloud model is very
hard to draw!
Still another model of the atom can be called
the simplified model. It attempts to simplify the
positions of the electrons. This model helps
to show how the electrons move around the
nucleus, and it is much easier to draw than the
electron cloud model.
Perhaps none of these models are really correct, but they do attempt to show and explain
how the electrons move about the nucleus of
an atom.
| The simplified model
Section 1 |11
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
Match the following items.
1.15 _________ elements
a. Robert Boyle
1.16 _________ naturally occurring elements
b. Niels Bohr
1.17 _________ founder of modern chemistry
c. tiny parts of elements
1.18 _________ atoms
d. most basic pure substances
1.19 _________ protons, neutrons
e. twenty six
1.20 _________ electrons f. ninety two
g. subatomic particles that swarm about
the nucleus
h. subatomic particles of the nucleus
Do the following activities.
1.21 _List three different models of the atom and briefly describe what each attempts to show.
a. _ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_b. ______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_c. _______________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.22 _In the space below, draw an example of an atom with one electron using the planetary
model (Bohr model). Label the parts of the drawing.
12| Section 1
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS
Atoms of pure elements rarely exist alone in
nature. Atoms are usually combined with other
atoms to form molecules. Molecules may be
defined as the chemical combination of two or
more atoms. If the atoms combined in a molecule are different from each other, the material
is called a chemical compound. For example, a
water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom. Since the water molecule has two different types of atoms, it is also
a compound.
Molecules. Molecules may consist of two or
more atoms combined together. Some molecules contain thousands of atoms. In this
LIFEPAC, you will study molecules which are
rather simple and contain only a few atoms.
The human body contains substances whose
molecules are very complex. (The DNA molecule
studied in the last LIFEPAC is an example.) These
molecules may consist of thousands of atoms.
Compounds. When atoms of one kind combine
with atoms of another kind, they make compounds. As mentioned above, when two atoms
of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen,
water is formed. Both hydrogen and oxygen are
normally gases at room temperature; however, they combine to form a liquid compound
(water). Water is a compound whose molecules
are always made of two atoms of hydrogen
and one atom of oxygen. A compound may be
defined as a substance whose molecules consist
of different atoms which are chemically united.
When you breathe the air, you inhale the
element oxygen along with other gases found
in the air. Oxygen in the air does not exist as
single atoms. It is so reactive that two atoms of
oxygen combine to form an oxygen molecule,
H
H
O
| A water molecule has two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom
written chemically as O2. As you exhale, you
breathe out carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide is a compound whose molecules consists of
one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. It is written chemically as CO2. The prefix
dī - means two. The prefix dī - in the carbon
dioxide tells us that two atoms of oxygen are
combined with one atom of carbon in a carbon
dioxide molecule.
Another example of a common compound
is table salt. Pure sodium is a metal. Pure
chlorine is a gas. When sodium and chlorine
are combined, they form sodium chloride,
commonly called table salt. Its chemical composition is written as NaCl. This means that a
molecule of salt consists of one atom of sodium
and one atom of chlorine. Sodium and chlorine
in their original forms as elements are very
poisonous. Yet, when they are combined into
salt, they are harmless. This demonstrates that
a chemical compound can have properties and
characteristics that are very different from the
elements from which it is made.
Section 1 |13
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
View 605 Copper Iodide,
from the Grade 6 SCIENCE
EXPERIMENTS Video
Try this experiment to learn about compounds.
Overview. You will combine copper and iodine to form a new compound called copper iodide.
These supplies are needed:
„a copper penny
„a small pan for heating the penny
„iodine solution
„a hot plate or Bunsen burner for heating
the penny
„cotton swab
Follow these directions. Place a check mark in the box when you complete each step.
1. Ask your teacher or adult leader to approve the method of heating the penny.
†
TEACHER CHECK
2. Place the penny in the pan. Put a drop
†
or two of iodine on top of the penny,
and swab the iodine over the surface
of the penny with the cotton swab.
3. Heat the pan gently until the penny
†
initials
date
4. Note the white, dusty substance on
†
top of the penny. It is a new compound
called copper iodide. You have chemically combined copper and iodine to
make copper iodide.
gets hot and a white substance begins
forming on top of the penny.
Experiment 605.B Copper Iodide
14| Section 1
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
Complete the following statements.
1.23 _The smallest part of an element is called a(n) _________________________________ .
1.24 _Everything in the physical universe is composed of _________________________________ which
has mass and occupies space.
1.25 _Atoms are usually combined with other atoms to form _________________________________ .
1.26 _If the atoms combined in a molecule are different from each other, the material is called a
chemical _________________________________ .
1.27 _Water is a compound whose molecules are always made of two atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of _________________________________ .
1.28 __________________________________ is a compound whose molecules consist of one atom of
carbon and two atoms of oxygen.
1.29 _When sodium and chlorine are combined, they form sodium chloride, commonly called
_________________________________ .
1.30 _Copper and iodine combine to form a compound called _________________________________ .
Complete the following chart.
1.31 _List the three normal states of matter in the following chart. Write yes or no in the space for
volume and shape.
STATE OF MATTER
IS THE VOLUME FIXED?
IS THE SHAPE FIXED?
1.
2.
3.
TEACHER CHECK
initials
date
Section 1 |15
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
View 605 Calcium Carbonate,
from the Grade 6 SCIENCE
EXPERIMENTS Video
Try this experiment to learn more about compounds.
Overview. You will combine carbon dioxide (which is exhaled as you breathe) with limewater
(calcium hydroxide) to form a new compound called calcium carbonate.
These supplies are needed:
„clear limewater
(See Teacher’s Guide for instructions)
„a clear glass
„soda straw
Follow these directions. Place a check mark in the box as you complete each step.
1. Pour at least 3 tablespoons of clear
†
limewater into the glass.
2. Place straw into limewater. If needed,
†
tilt the glass so that adequate limewater covers the bottom of the straw.
3. Blow gently into the straw so that your
†
4. Observe the white, cloudy material that
†
has formed in the limewater. This new
compound is called calcium carbonate.
You have formed it by combining the
carbon dioxide in your breath with the
calcium hydroxide in the limewater.
breath bubbles through the clear limewater. Continue to blow through the
straw until the limewater turns noticeably cloudy or milky.
Experiment 605.C Calcium Carbonate
16| Section 1
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
Complete the following activities.
1.32 _Define “atom”
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.33 _Define “molecule”
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.34 _Define “element”
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.35 _Define “compound”
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.36 _What is formed when you blow carbon dioxide from your breath into a limewater solution
containing calcium hydroxide? _________________________________________________________________
1.37 _Write yes or no to the following items. Is calcium carbonate a(n):
a. atom? _______________
b. molecule? _______________
c. element? _______________
d. compound? _______________
TEACHER CHECK
initials
date
Review the material in this section in preparation for the Self Test. The Self Test will
check your mastery of this particular section. The items missed on this Self Test will indicate specific areas where restudy is needed for mastery.
Section 1 |17
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
SELF TEST 1
Answer true or false (each answer, 2 points).
1.01 _____________ All matter in the Universe consists of many substances called elements.
1.02 _____________ A chemical is always the same thing as an element.
1.03 _____________ Chemicals can change by combining with other chemicals.
1.04 _____________ Scientists who study the science of substances are called geologists.
1.05 _____________ Air is not matter because you cannot see it.
1.06 _____________ On earth, the mass of an object is almost exactly the same as its weight.
1.07 _____________ A solid has a specific shape and a fixed weight.
1.08 ____________ The tiny particles of elements are called atoms.
1.09 _____________ A molecule may contain two atoms of the same element.
1.010 ____________ Electrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.
Match the following items (each answer, 3 points).
1.011 _________H2O
a. most basic pure substances
1.012 _________NaCl
b. ninety-two
1.013 _________CO2
c. carbon dioxide
1.014 _________compound
d. salt
1.015 _________elements
e. water
1.016 _________atoms
f. copper oxide
1.017 _________ naturally occurring elements
g. measures gravitational pull
1.018 _________ simplified model
h. combined atoms are different
1.019 _________gas
i. tiny particles of elements
1.020 _________weight
j. shows structure of atoms
k. no fixed shape or volume
l. the amount of matter
18| Section 1
Unit 5 | Chemical Structure
Write the correct letter and answer in each blank space (each answer, 2 points).
1.021_ Matter is material that takes up space and has __________________________________ .
a. weight b. volume c. mass
1.022_ The mass on the moon would be __________________________________ it is on the earth.
a. greater than b. less than c. the same as
1.023_ A liquid ________________________________________________________________ .
a. has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container
b. has the volume and shape of its container
c. has a fixed volume and shape
1.024_ A gas ________________________________________________________________ .
a. has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container
b. has the volume and shape of its container
c. has a fixed volume and shape
1.025_ A solid ________________________________________________________________ .
a. has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container
b. has the volume and shape of its container
c. has a fixed volume and shape
1.026 The scientist who said matter was made of many elements and is considered the founder of
modern chemistry was __________________________________ .
a. Niels Bohr b. Francis Bacon c. Robert Boyle
1.027_ The tiny particles that make up atoms are called __________________________________ .
c. enzymes
a. compounds b. subatomic particles
1.028_ The total number of elements that have been identified is ______________________________ .
a. 92 b. 118 c. 126
1.029_ When carbon dioxide is bubbled through limewater, ___________________________ is formed.
a. carbon lime b. sodium chloride c. calcium carbonate
1.030 Atoms are more than __________________________________ times smaller than the thickness of
human hair.
a. a million b. ten thousand c. a thousand
Section 1 |19
Chemical Structure | Unit 5
Create drawings with labels of electron(s) and nucleus (each drawing, 5 points).
1.031 _ In the space below, draw an example of an atom using the planetary model.
1.032 _ In the space below, draw an example of an atom using the simplified model.
Write yes or no on each blank line (each answer, 2 points).
1.033_ Is copper oxide a(n):
a. atom? __________
b. molecule? __________
c. subatomic particle? __________
d. element? __________
e. compound? __________
Answer the following questions (each answer, 5 points).
1.034_ What is the electron cloud model and what does it attempt to show?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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1.035 _ What is the definition of an element?
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