SOCIETY
SOCIETY – LECTURE OUTLINE

Types of human societies
 Hunting
and gathering
 Agrarian
 Pastoral
 Traditional
(civilizations)
 Industrialized (modern)
 Post-industrial (late-modern)
SOCIETY – LECTURE OUTLINE

Types of human societies
 Hunting
and gathering
 Agrarian
 Pastoral
 Traditional
(civilizations)
 Industrialized (modern)
 Post-industrial (late-modern)
SOCIETY – LECTURE OUTLINE

Types of human societies
 Hunting
and gathering
 Agrarian
 Pastoral
 Traditional
(civilizations)
 Industrialized (modern)
 Post-industrial (late-modern)
TYPES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES

hunting and gathering societies
 for
most of their existence as a species, humans
have lived in this type of society
 moves around a lot
 very little inequality, no divisions of rich and poor,
few differences in power
 Compared
with larger societies—particularly modern
societies, such as the United States—most hunting and
gathering groups were egalitarian.
 affords older people a lot of respect within the group
HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES
 organizes
itself in highly participatory ways
 participatory
decision making
 emphasis on cooperation rather than competition
 The
Original Affluent Society – Marshall Sahlins
(discussion)
 Would
you like to live in a hunting and gathering society
described by Marshall Sahlins?
SOCIETY – LECTURE OUTLINE

Types of human societies
 Hunting
and gathering
 Agrarian
 Pastoral
 Traditional
(civilizations)
 Industrialized (modern)
 Post-industrial (late-modern)
TYPES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES

Agrarian societies -- Societies whose means of
subsistence are based on agricultural
production (crop growing).
 the
use of small gardens that were cultivated by the
use of simple hoes or digging instruments
 provides a more reliable food source
 could support larger communities
 promoted amassing larger amounts of material
possessions
SOCIETY – LECTURE OUTLINE

Types of human societies
 Hunting
and gathering
 Agrarian
 Pastoral
 Traditional
(civilizations)
 Industrialized (modern)
 Post-industrial (late-modern)
TYPES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES

nonindustrial (traditional) civilizations
 development
of larger cities
 rule by kings and emperors
 pronounced inequality in wealth and power (see
next slide)
 written language
Louis XIV
(1638-1715)
Palace of Versailles
SOCIETY – LECTURE OUTLINE

Types of human societies
 Hunting
and gathering
 Agrarian
 Pastoral
 Traditional
(civilizations)
 Industrialized (modern)
 Post-industrial (late-modern)
TYPES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES

Industrial societies

The emergence of machine production based on
the use of inanimate power resources (such as
steam or electricity).
rapid pace of discoveries, inventions, and technological
innovations
 a population densest in cities and working primarily in
factories, offices, or shops (urbanization)

 E.g.,
The process through which Brazil is shifting from
workers mostly working in fields and living in rural
villages to people living in cities and working in factories,
offices, and the like.
INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
a social life that is impersonal with many encounters
with strangers
 predominately large-scale organizations
 nation-states

SOCIETY – LECTURE OUTLINE

Types of human societies
 Hunting
and gathering
 Agrarian
 Pastoral
 Traditional
(civilizations)
 Industrialized (modern)
 Post-industrial (late-modern)
TYPES OF HUMAN SOCIETIES

Late-modern societies
 Globalization
accelerated by new communications
technologies
 Increasing inequality (see Kuznets curve)
 Organizations in late-modern societies
 McDonald’s
 Work
system (see slides)
and family life in late-modern societies
 The
Emotional Geography of Work and Family Life (see
slides)
 Consumption
 Care
in late-modern societies
and Belonging in the Market (see slides)
Kuznets curve
MCDONALDIZATION
MCDONALDIZATION
The McDonald’s system is built on the idea that
we have too little time, money, or desire to be
surprised or challenged.
 Characteristics of a McDonaldized system

 efficiency
 calculation
 predictability
 control
MCDONALDIZATION

Ritzer thinks the strongest criticisms of the
McDonald’s system are ones that show the way
people’s potential is limited by “overly
rationalized” organizations.

Downside
 Dehumanization
 Constrain
creativity
THE EMOTIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF WORK
AND FAMILY LIFE
THE WORK-FAMILY SPEED UP

By “speed up” Hochschild is describing an
increase in numbers of working parents, people
working longer days, more days per week, and
taking less vacation time from work.
REACTIONS TO THE WORK-FAMILY SPEEDUP

Cool modern
 “normalizing
it” and making minor adjustments so
everything can be accomplished

Traditional
 having
women resume a traditional role of
helpmate and supporter of the husband’s role

Warm modern
 company
policies like job-sharing and flex time to
help people adjust to the reality of speed-up
REJECTED HYPOTHESES FOR WHY PEOPLE
ACCEPT THE SPEED-UP

Among the many hypotheses Hochschild offers
about why many people accept the “speed-up”,
which did she REJECT?
 most
people really need the money to make ends
meet
 people feared they would be laid off if they did
things that lessen the impact of the speed-up on
their lives
 managers kept workers in the dark about
alternatives to the speed up
THE EMOTIONAL GEOGRAPHY OF WORK
AND FAMILY LIFE

Hochschild’s conclusions about people is that
many – more than she had expected – are not
resisting the “speed up” but shifting their
loyalties, sense of self-worth and feelings from
home to work
 Work
is becoming more like family
 Family is becoming more like work
REASONS FOR SHIFTING LOYALTIES

The shifting focus of loyalties and commitments
Hochschild finds in some sectors of society can be
attributed to:
gender integration of workplaces that, along with
working longer hours, make jobs sites also the site of
courtship, mate selection, and other forms of intimacy
 the stress many people feel at home and in their
families
 changes in corporate culture that have tried to make
peoples’ jobs more personally fulfilling

ALLISON J. PUGH
CARE AND BELONGING IN THE MARKET
CARE AND BELONGING IN THE MARKET

Method:
 Allison
Pugh spent more than three years
interviewing parents and caregivers, as well as
working with and observing children alone and
during interactions with their parents
CARE AND BELONGING IN THE MARKET

economy of dignity

Everywhere, children claim, contest, and exchange
among themselves the terms of their social belonging.
 The
economy of dignity refers to the “system of social
meanings” by which young consumers understand the items
they are encouraged to possess

The effort of a child to possess a particular
consumer product allows that child to form a
connection with other children who have the item,
making the product the basis for their relationship
CARE AND BELONGING IN THE MARKET

Class differences
 Symbolic
deprivation (affluent parents)
 Withholding
goods or experiences as evidence of their
worthiness
 Symbolic
indulgence (low-income parents)
 Making
sure to buy things with significant symbolic
meaning as a way of demonstrating their worth.

Pugh found that parents in less affluent families often planned
purchases for their children far in advance and spent a larger
proportion of their income on items for their children than did
affluent parents.
SOCIETY – LECTURE OUTLINE

Types of human societies
 Hunting
and gathering
 Agrarian
 Pastoral
 Traditional
(civilizations)
 Industrialized (modern)
 Post-industrial (late-modern)