ENGLISH
NG S 4U
U
CLIL – CONTENT LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING
FCE – First Certificate in English
Teacher: Mr Stroppa Pierluigi
Tutor : Mrs Pieroni Mazzanti M. Teresa
FROM THE BIG BANG TO ….??
BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
FROM THE BIG BANG TO ….?
BIRTH AND EVOLUTION OF THE UNIVERSE
By Newton, September 2007
Curiosity: why is the “big bang”
called like that?
…
The astronomer Fred Hoyle, in 1949,
pulled the leg to the astronomers
who affirmed that the universe had
come from a big explosion like a
big bang
bang”..
“big
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
What’ss the big bang?
What
…
It’s a big explosion which happened about 14
years ago.
g
billion y
• All the energy and the matter of the universe
were generated from here.
Explosion
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
How to simulate the big bang and the
universe
i
expansion
i
…
Draw dots (as
galaxies)) on the
g
balloon surface and
then blow…
blow the dots
seem to race away
f
from
eachh other.
th
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Big Bang simulation with a
balloon
…
I’m dog tired!!!
The teacher is blowing up a
balloon..what an effort!!
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Why the Big Bang?
1. Because it explains
the “red
red-shift
shift” phenomena
2. Because it explains the
2
“cosmic microwave
background radiation”
3. Because it explains the amount of the
universe chemical elements.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
First proof: the red shift
What Hubble saw
1) The expansion of the universe (Hubble, 1929)
By Newton, September 2007
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
First proof: the red shift
What Hubble saw in 1929
Hubble from
Mount Wilson
observatory
Galaxies are going far away from each other
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
First proof: the red shift
A red shift movie… in the classroom
The American
Th
A i
Edwin
Ed i Hubble
H bbl in1929
i 1929 saw, ffrom M
Mountt Wil
Wilson Ob
Observatory,
t
th
the shift
hift off the
th
galaxies spectrum light towards the red colour … that means the universe is expanding!!
Red shift simulation with
students of 1D class ,
November 2008
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
First proof: the red shift
First movie about RED SHIFT
a)) The
Th electromagnetic
l t
ti wave on the
th blackboard
bl kb d
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
By Class 1A, October 2008
First proof: the red shift
Second movie about RED SHIFT
b) “blue
“bl shift”
hift” and
d ““red
d shift”
hift” with
ith a rope
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
By Class 1A, October 2008
First proof: the red shift
Curiosity: the Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The second proof of the Big Bang: the
cosmic microwave background radiation
Second proof: the cosmic microwave
background radiation
By NASA
N.B. listen for about
15 seconds..finallyy
you’ll hear the sound
of the cosmic
microwave!
By MONDADORI
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Second proof: the cosmic microwave
background radiation
1. The cosmic microwave background radiation
By CNR
This picture shows the universe evolution from the Big Bang up to the present day.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
CURIOSITY: HOW TO OBSERVE THE PHOTONS OF
13 BILLION YEARS AGO
…
switch on your TV…
…
…. one dot on 100 could come from that time!
By tv
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
2. George Gamow suggested the cosmic
microwave background
b k
d radiation
d
existence
By INTRODUCING Stephen
Hawking
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
The cosmic background microwave radiation discovery
…
…
In 1964 the Americans Arno
Penzias and Robert Wilson,
while
w
e they
ey were
we e working
wo g with
w
an horn antenna,
accidentally discovered a
wave of 7,3 cm coming from
all directions of the space.
At first they thought it was
due to the p
pigeons..later
g
on
they realized they were
Gamow’s microwaves: the
cosmic microwave
background radiation!
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
By INTRODUCING Stephen Hawking
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
The cosmic microwave background radiation
…
The CMBR movie
Th
i att school
h l with
ith th
the fi
firstt grade
d students
t d t
of IPSAR (class 1B). We simulated different
temperatures off the
h universe.
i
By class 1B, November, the
14th, 2008 .
The students of first line don
don’tt
move at all! they rapresent
the absolute zero
temperature = -273°C
But there is a place
where the
temperature is even
lower: the LHC in
Geneva, its value is –
271°C!!
Italy-Slovakia twinning 2008-09
Clil – The Universe: birth
and evolution
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
The background cosmic microwave radiation has
been measured
…
…
…
By Cobe (COsmic Background Explorer)
satellite,, in1989
by
y Boomerang
g (Balloon
(
Observation Of
Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation And
Geophysics) test
test, in 2005
by Wmap
b
W
(Wilkinson
(Wilki
Mi
Microwave Anisotropy
A i t
Probe) satellite, in 2006
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
Sky map of variations in the CMBR
These small fluctuations are believed to have formed the
kernels of the later large-scale structure of the universe
By WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) satellite (2006)
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
Comparison between COBE and WMAP
COBE (1989). The red areas are hotter then the blue ones (by
Astronomia- de Agostini)
Astronomia
Difference of sensibility between COBE and
WMAP experiments.
p
In the second one
(WMAP) there is an improvement of the
image
WMAP (2006). By CNR
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Second proof: the cosmic microwave background radiation
Comparison between BOOMERANG (2005) and WMAP (2006)
In these three points you can think that three new
galaxies
l
were generated
d
By CNR.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Third proof: the amount of chemical elements
The following
g elements were formed in the first three
minutes of the universe life:
…
H = 75%
4He = 24%
2H = 0,1%
3He = 0,01%
7Li = 0,0000001%
The above
Th
b
table
bl corresponds
d to the
h amount off
chemical elements present in the universe today.
…
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The destiny of the universe
The destiny of the universe
The first destiny shows the endless
expansion of the universe.
It is definid
d f d ““cold
ld death”
d h” because
b
the
h
stars are going to switch off.
The end of the universe according to the “cold death”
The second destiny shows the repeating
universe, with an alternation between
big bang and big crunch.
I is
It
i ddefinid
fi id “hot
“h death”
d h” bbecause the
h
universe will begin again.
Th end
The
d off the
th universe
i
according
di to
t the
th “hot
“h t d
death”
th”
By Newton, September 2007
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The destiny of the universe
The Big Freeze
The “big cold” is also
called the “big
freeze”.
By Newton, September 2007
The end of the universe according
g to the “cold death”
If the universe expansion continues,
continues itit’llll become colder
and colder.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The destiny of the universe
An additional hypothesis: The Big Rip
If the universe expansion increases faster, there will be a big rip!!
Universe explosion
p
((big
g rip)
p)
Universe expansion
By class 1B, January 2009
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Poor Lorenzo: the balloon has
b t out!!
burst
t!!
On the right a neutron
(or a proton). The inner
of the atom will explode
at the moment of the big
g
rip!
The gluons are the particles that join the neutrons one another
to the protons
The destiny of the universe
Th Big
The
Bi C
Crunchh and
d th
the repeating
ti universe
i
If the universe expansion stops and all the galaxies come back to the
beginning, there will be a big crunch and maybe a further big bang!
By Newton, September 2007
The end of the universe according to the “hot death”
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The destiny of the universe
The Big
g Crunch in the class
The big crunch with a balloon. Here the balloon is deflating and it represents the
Big Crunch.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The destiny of the universe
Another picture of the repeating cycles
Here the expansion is at the
maximun level
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
The shape of the universe
THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSE
The point where
the three different
coloured lines
meet represents
the big bang
event
Big Freeze or Big Rip
DIST
TANCE B
BETWEEN THE
GALAXIES
OPEN
FLAT
Big
freeze
CLOSED
NOW
TIME
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Big
Crunch
The shape of the universe
THE SHAPE OF THE UNIVERSE
I thi
In
this picture
it
you can hhave an id
idea about
b t the
th different
diff
t shapes
h
off th
the universe
i
The open universe is similar to an horse saddle
The flat it looks like a carpet
The closed universe it looks like the upper part of a
parachute
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
OPEN
UNIVERSE
The open universe theory doesn’t follow
Euclide’s p
principle.
p In fact the sum of the
internal angles of a triangle is less than 180° .
By class 1C,
February the 14th,
2009
The shape of
the universe
Mah!
Where is
Mary?
Did you
understand?
α < 180°
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
By Compact Cosmos
The shape of the universe
FLAT UNIVERSE
The flat universe theory follows
Euclide’s
Euclide
s principle: the sum of the
internal angles of a triangle is 180°
By class 1C, February the
14 h 2009
14th,
α = 180°
By Compact Cosmos
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
THE CLOSED UNIVERSE:
MAYBE THE BEST ONE FOR US
By class 1C, February, the
14th, 2009
The shape of the universe
The closed universe theory doesn’t
follow Euclide’s principle
principle. In fact the
sum of the internal angles of a triangle
is more than 180° .
By Compact Cosmos
α > 180°
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Conclusions
The universe composition
Todayy we know jjust 4.6% of
the universe composition.
We know that the dark matter
exists but not directly; as the
universe is still expanding
(against the Newton’s gravity
force) we can suppose that
some forms of dark energy
exist.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Conclusions
The dark matter
How can we demonstrate that
the dark matter exists?
Scientists have noted that the
speed of the stars on the
border of the Milky Way (our
galaxy) is higher than the
supposed one.
This means that some matter
exists
i t there!
th !
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
Conclusions
Maybe dark energy doesn
doesn’tt exist?
Below the classic Newtonian formula of Gravitation which it is always attractive.
M1xM2
F = G -------------d2
The second
Th
d formula
f
l explain
l i th
thatt the
th Newtonian
N t i Force
F
could
ld b
be repulsive
l i when
h
distances become very great...this could be the answer to the universe expansion!
M1xM2
F = - G -------------d2
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution
For big distances (in my opinion):
Conclusions
Conclusions
The destiny and the shape of the universe depend not
only on the density of the visible matter, but also on the
so called “dark matter”, the one we can’t see yet.
In addition we have to consider the dark energy that
represents the counterpart of Newton’s gravity. In fact it
is repulsive, not attracting.
In Gran Sasso lab and in the LHC of Geneva they
are trying to calculate how much dark matter and
how much dark energy there are in the universe.
Clil – The Universe: birth and evolution