History of Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeléev
Russian
1872
Periodic not just a name; property change with position (Z)
4500
Modern Periodic Table
Law of Octaves
60
Melting Point
4000
Temperature (K)
ordered by FW: noted trends in chemical properties
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
30
20
0
0
Ge
40
10
500
Ga
Heat of Fusion
50
3500
Heat (KJ/mole)
John Newlands
English
1864
0
20
40
60
Atomic Number
80
0
100
20
40
60
Atomic Number
80
Tc
St. Petersburg, Russia
National Metrology Institute
Periodic not just a name; property change with position (Z)
6000
Heat of Vaporization
800
Boiling Point
Periodic not just a name; property change with position (Z)
25
2000
1000
500
400
300
200
Volume (cm3/mole)
3000
Density (g/cm3)
Heat (KJ/mole)
4000
15
10
5
100
0
20
40
60
Atomic Number
80
100
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
Atomic Volume
70
20
600
Temperature (K)
80
Density
700
5000
0
0
20
40
60
Atomic Number
80
100
0
0
20
40
60
Atomic Number
Periodic Properties
80
0
100
20
40
60
Atomic Number
80
100
Atomic Radius
Periodic not just a name; property change with position (Z).
3
80
2
Atomic Volume
Cs
250
K
60
1
0
Rb
1
200
50
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Na
Radius (pm)
Volume (cm3/mole)
70
40
30
20
10
150
Li
10
11
12
13
7
14
15
16
17
6
5
4
3
2
1
Ln
Ac
18
Xe
100
Ar
Kr
Ne
50
He
0
0
0
20
40
60
Atomic Number
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Atomic Number
1
Ionization Energy: IE1
IE1 Exceptions
Ne
2.0
He
2
2.0
F
1
Ne
N
0
IE (MJ/mole)
1
1.5
2
3
4
Ar
N
5
6
7
8
9
10
Kr
O
11
12
13
Xe
7
14
15
16
6
5
4
3
2
1
Ln
Ac
17
18
Rn
1.0 Be
B
Li
0.5
IE (MJ/mole)
2.5
O
C
Be
1.0
B
Li
Na K
Rb
Cs
40
60
0.0
0.0
0
20
80
100
3
4
Atomic Number
5
6
7
8
9
10
Atomic Number
IE1 – IE8 For Na – Ar
Electron Affinity
100
50
0
IE1
IE2
IE3
IE4
IE5
IE6
IE7
IE8
496
738
578
787
1012
1000
1251
1521
4562
1451
1817
1577
1903
2251
2297
2666
6912
7733
2745
3232
2912
3361
3822
3931
9544
10540
11578
4356
4957
4564
5158
5771
13353
13628
14831
16091
6274
7013
6540
7238
16610
17995
18378
19785
21269
8496
9362
8781
20115
21704
23295
23786
25397
27106
11018
11995
25490
25656
27459
29252
29854
31670
33605
13842
35
-150
-200
-250
-300
200
-350
100
P
20
Si
Ar
15
Al
Mg
10
12 13
14 15
16 17
18
6
5
4
3
2
1
Mg
S
25
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11
Ne
Cl
30
IE (MJ/mole)
-50
-100
EA (kJ/mole)
Element
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
0
Na
-100
-200
-300
F
Na
5
Cl
Br
At
I
-400
0
1
2
3
4
IEX
5
6
7
8
0
20
40
60
80
Atomic Number
Electron Configuration and Radii of Ions
cations: remove highest E e–, usually
anions: add e– to lowest E orbital
4s, 5s, 6s e– first for TMn+: Fe2+ 4s
3d
ionic radius: in family; same charge: Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Rb+ < Cs+
Be2+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+ < Ba2+
ionic radius: in period; same e– configuration: isoelectronic
consider Z
3–
1s22s22p6
N
1s22s22p __ __ __
7N
2–
O
1s22s22p __ __ __
1s22s22p6
8O
–
F
1s22s22p6
F
1s22s22p __ __ __
9
Ne 1s22s22p6
1s22s22p6
10 Ne
+
1s22s22p6
Na 1s22s22p63s1
11 Na
2+ 1s22s22p6
Mg 1s22s22p63s2
Mg
12
3+
Al
1s22s22p63s23p1
1s22s22p6
13 Al
2