World War I
Years: 1914-1918 (4)
Nicknamed: “Great War”
“The War to End All Wars”1
Vocab to know
 Militarism
 Fourteen Points
 Alliances
 Armistice
 Imperialism
 No Man’s Land
 Nationalism
 Archduke Franz Ferdinand
 Trench Warfare
 Woodrow Wilson
 Zimmerman Telegram
 Gavrilo Princip
 Propaganda
 Black Hand
 Rationing
 League of Nations
 Alliances
 Lusitania
 Reparations
 Unrestricted Sub Warfare
 Stalemate
2
Essential Question
How did the MAIN causes set the
stage for WWI?
3
4 MAIN Causes of War

Militarism: glorifying military power
and keeping an army prepared for
war

Alliances: agreements or promises to
defend/help another country
4
 Imperialism: one nation directly/indirectly
controls gov’t/economy of another
Goal: to expand its empire, more powerful
 Nationalism: deep devotion to one’s country
5
Alliances during WWI
Triple Entente (Allied Powers)
Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
1.
Great Britain
1.
Germany
2.
France
2.
Austria-Hungary
3.
Russia
3.
Ottoman Empire
Japan-few weeks later (Aug. 1914)
Italy-1914
Italy-1915
Bulgaria-1915
US-1917
6
STOP
7
Essential Question
Summarize the “spark” that set
WWI into motion.
8
The
“Spark”
• Archduke visits Sarajevo, capital
of Serbia
• On June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
Austria-Hungary & his wife were assassinated by a
Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, member of
Black Hand: secret society committed to ridding
Bosnia of Austrian rule
9
Why were the Serbs resentful towards
Austria Hungary (motivation for the
assassination?
10
Woodrow Wilson: US President during
WWI
declared the US would remain neutral: not
taking a side in a conflict
US stayed out of the war for 3 years (1917)
11
STOP
12
Essential Question
Justify how Germany drew the US
into WWI.
13
14
US entered WWI on April 2, 1917 because of
two reasons
1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
2. Zimmerman Telegram
 Us joined the Triple Entente (Allies)
Why?
 Similar culture to France and Britain but
also were trading partners
15
A. Sinking
of the
Lusitania
• Lusitania: British passenger liner attacked by
German U-boats in waters by Ireland on May
7 1915
•
1,198 people died, 128 were Americans
•
US urged Germany to give up their policy of
unrestricted submarine warfare since it attacked
innocent & neutral ships without warning
16
17
Bullets found in the hull of the
Lusitania
18
President Wilson threatened sever diplomatic
relations with Germany unless it refrained from
attacking all vessels
1916 another boat, called the Sussex was sunk.
Americans were outraged.
Sussex Pledge: Germany’s pledged to stop the
unrestricted submarine warfare on May 4, 1916.
Did the Pledge last? No
19
B.
Zimmerman
Telegram
•
1917- A Telegram sent from German Foreign Minister
Arthur Zimmerman to the German Ambassador in Mexico
City
•
Telegram promised the Mexican gov’t that Germany would
help it recover land from the US if they would join in a war
against the US
•
The British intercepted it & sent it to President Woodrow
Wilson.
20
Why did the Zimmerman note motivate
the US to enter the war?
Germany was asking/bribing Mexico to declare war
on the United States.
telegram announced Germany was going to resume
unrestricted submarine warfare
21
Zimmerman telegram-coded & decoded
22
23
STOP
24
Essential Question
In what ways did countries use
propaganda to support their
involvement in WWI?
25
President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress
for permission to enter the war.
Soldiers and weapons were needed
Rationing: system of limiting the amount
of foods and materials
The war improved the economy as jobs were
created to help with the war
E.G.
26
Support for the War
Propaganda: one sided information designed to
persuade, to keep up morale, and support for the
war
Some American propaganda described the
Germans as bad, barbaric, dangerous
governments censored
control public opinion
keep up spirits
27
28
How did propaganda cause the Us to
enter the war?
People only saw what the gov’t wanted them to see
Start believing what they saw & enraged
Helped make people ready and willing to go to war
29
How did European nations such as France,
Great Britain and Germany use
propaganda?
30
STOP
31
Early Battles of WWI
32
33
Essential Question
Analyze the outcome of major
battles of WWI.
34
AUGUST 14-24, 1914
 Battle of the Frontiers, France & Belgium (W. Front)
Germany vs. France & Great Britain
heavy losses on both sides
Central Power victory: Germany won
35
AUGUST 26-30, 1914
Battle of Tannenberg, Poland
One of first battles of WWI
Russia vs. Germany
Germans intercepted Russian battle plan-well
prepared
Central Power Victory: Germany won
Eastern Front: border between Russia and
Germany- Austria-Hungary-Romania
36
July1-Nov. 13 1916
Battle of the Somme, France
British & French armies attacked Germans
along the Somme River in France
60,000 British killed, 40,000 injured in 1 day
Central Powers Victory
Later called the “futile”: no results
37
SEPTEMBER 1914
Battle of the Marne, Northern France
Allies vs. Germany
Allies won  pushed Germany back
Schlieffen Plan: German military plan at the outbreak
of war
-Germany’s defeat at Marne forced it to abandon the plan
and fight a two front war
Western Front : across France from North Sea to
38
Swiss border (between France/Belgium & Germany)
STOP
39
A New Kind of War
40
Essential question
Describe the conditions of
trench warfare that led to high
casualties rates throughout
WWI.
41
Trench Warfare
Trench warfare: ditch dug in the ground to protect
soldiers during war
Resorted to when mobility was
 The first row had barbed wire: wire with sharp points that are evenly
spaced
 Trenches typically had three layers of support:
Traditional charge tactics were used
42
No man’s land: open ground between the
trenches where attacks took place
Would become obsolete with advancement in
airplanes, tanks & submarines during WWII
43
LIFE IN THE TRENCHES
lived very close to other soldiers
not much room
Parallel: Each side had 2-4 sets of trenches
dug in a zig zag pattern
Why Zig Zag?
44
45
46
trenches could be miserable sometimes
rainstorms
“trench foot”
sanitation
lice & rats
47
Duck Boards (also known as trench boards) were
a solution trench foot but didn’t always solve the
problem
48
STOP
49
New & powerful weapons
50
Essential Question
How did technology change
modern warfare?
51
1. MACHINE GUNS
most commonly used
Machine gun: fires ammunition automatically
52
2. Poison gas
Germans were the first to use chlorine gas in 1915
different types of gases
Bromacetone: blind or tear gas
Chlorine Gas: choke
Mustard: burn or blister
Slowly suffocate
Gases had limited value; wind
Need for gas masks
53
54
55
3. TANKS
Armored combat vehicle that moved on chain
tracks
could cross many types of terrain
Introduced in 1916 (Battle of Somme)
56
4.
AIRCRAFT
Uses of aircraft:
observe enemy positions
armed with machine guns & bombs
attacked battlefields & cities
attacked enemy planes
(“dogfights”)
useful from beginning of war
57
58
5. SUBMARINES
U-boat: German submarines used in WWI and
WWII
first country to use subs in war
Short for “undersea boat”
Torpedo: Primary weapon against ships
Unrestricted submarine warfare: German
submarines would sink without warning any
ship in the waters around Britain
59
6. Zeppelins
Long tube-shaped body that was filled with highly
flammable gas
Move quickly in the air
Easily damaged when hit by gunfire
60
STOP
61
THE WAR Is over
62
WWI comes to an end
63
Essential question
Evaluate how the Allied victory & the
Treaty of Versailles did not create long
term international stability.
64
Differing Allied Goals-”big four”
The allies were able to stop the German advance
 France, Georges Clemenceau
punish Germany
make Germany pay for costs of war
 Great Britain, David Lloyd George
punish Germany
don’t weaken Germany
wanted Germany to stop communism from spreading 65
out of Russia
Italy, Vittorio Orlando
wanted to gain territory
-Italy was essentially ignored
America, Woodrow Wilson
- Fourteen Points: Wilson’s plan for organizing
postWorld War I Europe & for avoiding future wars
-reduction of weapons
-right of all people to choose their own
governments
-organization for world’s nations to join, to
protect from future aggression
66
Treaty of Versailles
Allies finally compromised on goals
Treaty of Versailles was closer to
Clemenceau’s goals than Wilson’s
Germany had to accept the terms
of the treaty
67
Treaty of Versailles
 The “Unhappy compromise”
 Signed June 28, 1919 in Versailles, France
 Germany was forced to:
1. pay reparations: compensation in money, payable by
a defeated country to another for loss suffered during
war
2. take full responsibility for conflict
3. return conquered land to France & Russia
4. give land for formation of new country of Poland
5. give colonies around world to various world powers
6. limit size of military
68
69
Treaty of Versailles
70
 Armistice:
war
cease-fire or making a truce, ended the
 Signed
on Nov. 11, 1918- Today known as
Veteran’s Day
Wilson did get one thing he asked for:
League of Nations: international association
whose goals would be to keep peace among
nations
-Germany was excluded from the League
-United States did not join because it might be
forced to fight more foreign wars
71
United Nations: international organization
organized among the world nations in 1945
Keep and maintain peace
Develop friendly relations among nations
World hunger, peace, illiteracy, civil rights
72
Nov. 11, 1918
73
The Costs of War
Human Costs
-9 million soldiers died
-21 million soldiers wounded
-13 million civilians died
-22 million people died
from Spanish Flu Pandemic
74
Economic costs
Economic Costs
-France, Belgium, & Russia
-farmland & cities were destroyed
-countries started importing from different sources or
develop own products
-American & Japanese economies prospered
-$338 billion = total “cost of war”
75
Essential Question
Analyze the effect WWI had on the
geographical boundaries in Europe.
76
Political Changes
-communist revolution in Russia
-monarchies in Austria-Hungary, Germany,
& Ottoman Empire were overthrown
77
Geographical/Boundary Changes
Russia and Germany lost land and colonies and
new nations were created:
Austria & Hungary was divided into Austria,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, & Yugoslavia
Ottoman Empire was divided into 5 areas that
were given to France and Britain: Palestine, Iraq,
Transjordan, Syria and Lebanon
78
The Last Day of WWI
79