Clauses
There aie two baslc ldnds of claus€s: indeDendentclauses
and sulrordhate clauses.
@
An lldcpcldcnt
cLu.o has a sub1€ctand
a verb and can stand by lbclf as a complete s€ntence. I
SV
Th€ alr !.tbrated.
5V
In the momlrul. hc began to play the cello.
!!|@[!tfl
A i$ot{Lrtc
cL!... alsoknownas a
dependentclause.has a subject and a verb but cannot stand
by ttself as a cornplete sentenc€. It ts only part of a s€ntence. r
5V
SUBORDINATE after shc performed her solo
CIIUSES:
5V
whlle the band practiced ii the garage
Why is the thought tn a subordlnate clause nol complete?Pan
of the answer ls found ln the 0rst \ ,ord of each claus€. Such
words as qft€r and u'hiilewlll otlen make a clau* dependant ot
another clausf,. To make a oompletethought fiom a subordlnate
claus€. lt ls necessaryto add an independent clause.
In the folld'ing example. the subordinate claus€ ls
Itallclzed:the indeD€ndenlclausc ls not
EMllPLE:
ttffit
5V 5V
AJler she FrJomed" Debbte felt releved.
Hentrfyrng
andcrassitingcraure3copythe
following sentences. underltntng the indep€ndent claus€s once
and the subordlnate clauscs tMce. Some s€ntences have no
subordlnate claus€.
l. The singer was telrlflc.
2. Before she came out on stage. the band played several
lnstrumental numbers.
The gultar player. who was esp€ctally good. played one
solo wtth his teeth.
The muslc II'as extfemcly loud.
The audicnc€ cheered l*'lldly when she bcgan slnglig the
llrst song.
6. The l8hts focus€d on hcr as she sang and danccd.
7. In the middle of the concen. the band took a break.
8. My favortte song l{?s callcd 'ln the Mtdnlght Hour."
9. Everyone sang along as they performed the last song.
10. When the curtaln closcd and the lights came on. we knew
the show was over.
{3E . Phroscs
ond(lcusrs
Co
tt-
Adjective Clauses
A subordinate clalrse rvill somcrimes acr as an adjective in a
An ldjcctle. chusc is a subordinate
clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. r
Likc one-word adjectlvcs aJld adjective phrases, an adJecliL'"
clause answers whar kid or rtlich one.
Recognizing
Adjective Clauses Most erdjectiveclauses
begin with the words lhdl. u'hictr. lr.ho. Lrtrorn.and !.trose.
SomctiDes, an adlecti\'e clause b€gins wilh an adverb. such as
sirce. arJhere.or rrrhen.
'lhe adjectivc clauses in lhe follow,ingchart are italicized. The
arorv in each sentence potnts from the adjcc[\'e clause to lhe
word in thc indelrndenl clause lhat the adjective clause modifies. Notlce that the adjective clauses come right alter thc words
thcv nlodifv.
,^
The student uhom I asked./br help turned pages of music
for me. (Whicft student?l
'...---...\\
By pushtng the pe&f lhd't Is @NEcteA b the dmnq you wlll
makc cound. (Which p€dal?)
The harp. .rhlch u.,asplaged in o clent Egqpl, was forbtdden
for women to play. (Which harp?l
^\ sinae that ttrE. othcr tnstruments \r'lth
In th€ centurles
strlnlF have bcen Inventcd. (Whlch centurtes?)
l CriticalViewing
In a shortparagraph,
u5eindependent
and
subordinate
clauses
to
compare
thiscellowith
otherstrin9edinstruments.Howarethey
similar?
Howarethey
ditferent?[Distingulsh]
The plano, uhose strlngs qre hlt bg hann@ts to prdtEe
sounal can b€ made louder or softe! b'Jrfoot pedals. {lv}lat
kind of ptano?)
._.
At the moment rrhen 0e F<lalls pnshd" thc damper lnside
the pfano changcB the tonc. (WhLh rnoEent?)
People rrho mafte strirged tEturnents have to keep in
mind the size, shape, matedal, and strlng tenslon of the
instnrment in order to create the perfect sound. (What kind
of people?)
(louser
r 439
tr!@E
'
toenufymgAote..,'GLtaut€i uopyure tol-
lowlng sentences. and underllne the adlcctlve clause ln each.
l. A p€rson who ls wtlllng to derota much tlme and effort to
it may find a car€€r ln muslc satbt lng.
2. For a future ln muslc. start taklng lessons fiom a tcacher
who has excellent cr(denuals.
After htgh school, you can enioll ln a consewatory, whlch
la a speclalted muslc school.
4. Students who are lnquisldve can nnd maay yra).s to u3€
thelr litcrcst in muslc.
Many muslclans who study ln clnscrvatorles plian to
bccllnc profeaslonal compos€rs or p€rforoers.
wnung lentcncat w'.n Aotocuve L,.us€tl
I@
- Us€ cach of the adlcruve cliausesbelos to Erlte a completc
scrrtenc!.
EXAIIPI.I: that the band featur€d
AI{S:WER: The tnstnrment that &e bardJeotuted was an
electronlc keyboard.
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
E.
9.
10.
whose ta.lent ls excepflonal
whcr€ the n€west bands play
whtch has a beautlful sourd
who ar€ kr professlonal oachestras
that you can flnd ln the mustc field
whtch t8 playcd the loudest
wher€ I buy prlnted mualc
that plays the lowest notes
who enjoy cLa&gtcalmustc
whom I uranted to hear
> Crltic.l Mewlng Us€adiectiveclaus€s
to de5cribe
the oualitieithat theseb.ar5
instrurnents
sha.€.[cLrrlfyt
l{0 o Phrclu
ond0ousrs
GrammarEr.rdra
. pp. 79-40
On-llncEnrdr. !. Scctbn20.2
P-tl5cho=ol.som
EnterW6 Cd.:
ebk-7002
Adverb Clauses
Subordinate clauses can also be used ds advrrbs.
@
An ralectb cl.usc is a subordtnate clause
that modilles a verb. an adjective. or an adverb. a
Adverb clauses can answer any of the followlng questlons
about the words they modlfyi Wlere? Whcn? In ut@l uaA? To
urhat e.\.tent? Under ulhot condillotls? or Whg? Adverb clauses
begin with subordi4alirg ooniuncttons. The folloMng chart lists a
number of common subordinating conjunctlons:
so tlrat
tban
thouglr
unlesc
un$l
whan
whenevrr
whcrc
wircrevel
after
although
as
as tf
as long as
becaus€
before
evcn though
rf
ln order that
slnce
$,h0c
A subordinating conjunction always lntroduces the advcrb
clause. In a sentence. tl.e conjunction will usually appear in
one of two places ---elther at the beginning. when an adverb
claus€ begns tl'e sentencc. or in the mlddle. connecting the
indeDendent clause to the subordinate claus€.
A D V ER C
ELAU5t
np
tlspelltng
8e carefulwhenwriting the word
olthough.Yoll may be
temptedto writeo//
though,but the subordinatingconiunction o/thoughis one
word with only one L
IN D C LA U S E
EMMPLES: Sinceyou expectto be late. I will preparedinner.
A D V ER C
ELAUsT
I N D C LA U S I
Itr4€nelJer you are late, I expect you to call.
IN D C L A U IE
I Mll prepare dinner
A DV E R C
E LA U 5I
since you expect to be late.
A D V E RC
B LA U S E
N D C IA U S E
I expcct you to call Lnhener€r you are late,
tsilfiraffl
A subordtnittngcon u.ncttoDintroduces
an adverb clause, a
( lo u s e s .l 4 l
ln thc chart below. the ad\€rb clauses are italicized. The
arrows point to the words the clauses modify. Notice that each
clause answers Where? Wtvn? In rllh4t uaq? To ,Jhat exle ?
Under u'haf conditiirns? or Whu? about the word it modllles.
Modffytng
Verbs
Put the package @hereoergoujnd, r@nr
lPlut uheen
The concertwll bcgtn uthenuE condt6tor
€nt'ers.wlll b€gtn 4rhana \
I.€ospokeos fhe ureretbhlened. (Spoke
Irt lrl|dt ,'lntlr1€fA
I wlll have some lemonade tf Wu do t@.
IwlI have urder rt,hat @nd,Lfrotrsz
@
Modl$tug
an Adjectlve
I atn tlrfd
-. futts€ I haue been
cll',p&ng udalldag.
ffbd @hyA
Modiidng
anAdverb
She knows more than the other
engtncers do. (More to trtlal elanq
writing sentences
with Adverbclausesuse
each of the adverb clauses below to s'rite a comDlete sentence.
Crammar€xercir.
EXIAMPLE: before we pcrformed
Be[ore ue per.fornpd. we practiced daily.
. pp El-E2
Onlin€ Exercire8. se<tion20.2
ANSWER:
L
2.
3,
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
L
lO.
when a composer \,q_itessome musi('
until thc music delelops the prop€r sound and rhythm
unless somconeplays the music
untll the music is played pcrfectly
when the two musicians gct logether
whenever the music begins
if the music catches on Mth the publlc
so that their songs are played on the radlo
since music lnfluences our emotions
alter a composer sets poetry to music
442 . Phroses
ond(lourel
PHS(hool.(tr'tntet WebCode
ebk/002
<O!:4,
Cornpletethe et.rq'
online!Exercise
22o
available
on-lirEc'
on CD-ROM.
ClassifuingSentences
by Structure
All s€ntencescan be classlfed accordlnq to the number and
kinds of clausesthcy contain.
The Simple &ntencc
The simple sentenc?ts the most
common tlrye of sentence structure.
Iffi,A
.laplc rcnt.Dc.constsrs
ofa single
Simple s€ntencesvary in len€gh.Some are quite shorti others
c'anbe s€veral llnes long. All simple sentenc€s.however.contain
just one subject and one verb. They may also contain adje\ctives, adverbs. complements, and phrases tn dtlTerent
combinatlons.
Simple sentencescan also have various compound parls.
They c€n have a cpmpound subject. a compound verb, or both.
Somettnes, they will also have other compound elements, such
as a compound dlrect object or a compound ptras€.
All of the folloi!'tng sentencesare simple sentences.The subjects are underlined once, and the verbs are underlined fir'ice.
ONEg'BJECT
A D VERSI The monsoon came,
@MPOUND
SIIE.ICCT:
l,andslides and avalanches are
C9MPOUI{o
VERBI
The door squeaked and rattled.
COMPOUND
SUBJECT My mother and father said goodbve
ANDVERBI
and left on vacation,
CO POUND
DIREC]
OUECT:
!9 9gS!
DO
DO
the letter and the box.
PREPPHRASI
@MPOUt{D
I! qq4 t4!! from the east or
PREPOSITIOI{AL
PHRASE: PREPPHRASE
from the west.
What does a slmpl€ s€ntence not have? First. a simple sen
tence never has a subordlnate clause. Second. it nevcr has
more than one independent clause.
(lousso l'13
l!l
[3n
Re(ognizing
simplesentences
copveach
slmple senlence bclo\r' onlo your paper. and underline the
subject once and the verb nvice. Notice that some ol lhe subiects and Yerbs are comDound,
EXAMPTE: Miles Davis Dlaved the tnrmDet and made more
.pp8386
On.lineEr€rci5€Eanr
. Section20.2
than lit], jaTz recordtngs.
L ln the late l9,l0 s. a new style ofjazz emerged. known as
2. Miles Da\is and other young musicians were inllucned br"
arld :rdopted this new sttle.
3. Ther approach to cool jazz blended slrong rhlthms with
Ilo$'ing melodies.
:1. The musicians used solier tones. slrncoparion. and a mon'
even beat than olherjazz players.
5. Cool Jivz players also created complex harmonies and
er?erinrcnted on ncw instrunrents.
6. For the first tinre. cellos, flutes. and tubas were featured in
jazz performances.
7. Throu(hout the 1950 s, manl' jazz groups becaDreidenti
lied $ilh this ncw sound.
8. Sonre nnrsic critics objected to the new stvle and \\'rote
ncgalve re\lcws.
9. 'I]le ncw sound becamc popular v/ith college sludcnts and
intellecruals.
10. Jazz .onrcns be( anle more popular than e\'er bcfore.
The Compound
Sentence A conlx,u,rd senlen.e ls madc
up of more than one sinlple sentence.
A compoutd
sctrtctrcc
consists of iwo or
more independent
In ost conrpound sentences- the independcnt
clauses arc joined by a colnm:r and a coordinaling
conjuncti(n land. but.
nor or so. or Uct).They nray
-tbr
also be connccted with a semicolon (r) or a colon {:).
EMMPLES:J anral manned a tB'o da) nrusic festival, 4!I! etght bands agreed to plar".
All the bands performed on lhe lirst
dav: t\\'o were missing the second day
Notice in both of thc preceding examples that there
arc two scpiriate and complete indepenclenl clauses.
each with irs own subiect and verb. Like simple sen
tences. conlpound serrtencesnel€r contain subordi
nate clauses.
444 . Phroses
ond(louses
J
i l '! - f l t 2
Cet innant feedb.r.,
Erercises
23 and 2.
'r
availableon-lineo/ :.
CD-ROM.
V Criti(alViehlr{
U5esample
senl€_.:6
to adentifyyo!r
lavorite musicd
inttrumentand
explainwhy yoL
preferit. ISuppdt.
!!!![!!!t
Recognizing
compoundsentences
Thesen
tences below are compound sentences, Copy each onto your
paper. Then, underline the subject once and the verb tv/ice in
each independent clause.
EMMPLES:Country music !4$qqq!qg very popular today,
and severalradio sLar.tons
feqllle country arrisrs.
l. Country music is played all over the country, but its roots
are in the Appalachian region.
2. Actually. the history of country music go€s back to
Europe; settlers brought folk balads with them to their
new homeland.
3. Appalachian musiclans used different tnstruments to DIav
Lhe folk ballads, and they trted differenl singing sryles.
4. Radio played an important role in spreading country
music, Ior people in remote areas were able to hear it,
5. Singers in the Southwest added a westem swing style, so
they called their blend country westem mustc.
The Complex
Sentence
Cornplex setuences contatn subordinate clauses, which can be either adlective clauses or adverb
clauses.
A complct rcttcDcc consists of one
independent clause and one or morc subordliate clauses. r
In a complex sentence, the independent claus€ is often called
the nmin cl&rs€. The main clause has its ov,Trsubiect and verb.
as does each subordinate clause,
MAINCLAIJSE
SUEORD.
CLAUSE
EXAMPLES:January 26. 1947, is the day that !4!!q won its
independence.
SUBORD,
CLAUsE
MAINCLAUSE
Because Lhe day is so importanl, manv ol lhe
festivities are-o1n;al.
@[echnologY
Whentypingon a
computet makesure
to put onlyone space
aftereverycommaor
penod,
In the next example. the complex sentence is more complicat,
ed because the matn clause is split by arl adjecrtveclause.
EMMPLE:
MA IN C L AU S E
C LA
CLAU5E----r
Schoolchildren. . -5
who
who
have
have
the dav
daw
oft DaraiciDare
d
off.
U8O
R D . the
-5UBORD.
in an exciting pamde.
The two parts of the independent clause form one main
clause: School,ch len prticqnte
in cn e-rciting ptrade.
(louses
r 445
Recognizing
comprexsentences
Thefonow
)l?zrrra
ing arc complex sentences. Copy cach onto vour paper.
Underline thc subjcct oncc and the verb tivice in each clause.
Then. Dut Daientheses around each subordinate clause.
EMMPLE: (Since manl, teenagers love to dance). l!!y gq
. pp. El E6
Oniine ExerciseBank
. Se.tion 20.2
rock and rcll music.
l
Rock-and-roll mclodies are sjmple, which makes them
easy to plav and sing.
2. Whcn singers perlbrm on stage, peoplc in thc audience
sing along with them.
3. The electric guitars that sone musicians play add exciting
<n
n .l<
ln r h c
sn n d q
4. Teenage girls in the audience often screamed while Eh'is
Presley perldrmed on stage.
5. Though Presley was very poplrlar. several other singers
sold jusl as many rccords.
EtrlElE
ebk 7002
Cet instantfeedbackl
Exercises
25, 26 and
27 areavailable
on
lineor on CD-ROM.
ldentifying
of sentences
theStructure
on
volrr DaDer.identifu thc structure of each of the followin€ senrencc\ as simplp. compou't.l. r compl^.
EMMPLE: When the Beatles arri\€d in New York in 1964,
thev beqan a _Briti\h invasjon-ol Americ.rn
ANSWER: complex
l
The Beatles consisted of four musicians in their twenties.
2. Because thcy were quite poor. they stnlgtqled at first.
3 . They could not afford music lessons. so they taught them
selves to play and sing.
4. ThcJ had been playing together for sereral years before
they had their lirst hit record.
5 . They listened to m.rnv American rccordings. and then they
added new ideas to their music.
6. Because lhe group s voices blended so well. manl, of their
songs feature strong harDronies.
7. The Bcatlcs had long hair. but theJ wore suits on stage.
L Others. such as the Rolling Stones. had a different image.
9. 'Drelr wore casual clothes and sang more raucous songs.
t o . whereas the Beatles sang a lot of love songs, the Rolling
Stones focused on blues.
445 . Phroses
ond(louses
t:":TIi:''r
.
A complexsentenc€
a good way to efie(
tively combine two
stmptesenrence5