B1. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of cell structures.
1. Describe the function and structure of these organelles. (p. 49-57)
Cell Organelle
cell membrane
cell wall
chloroplast
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm
Golgi bodies
lysosomes
mitochondria
incl. christae and matrix
nucleus
nuclear pore
nucleolus
chromatin
nuclear envelope
chromosomes
ribosomes
polysomes
smooth ER
(endoplasmic reticulum)
rough ER
(endoplasmic reticulum)
vacuoles
vesicles
Function
Structure
2. State the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration. [Explain the relationship to the
mitochondrian.] (p. 56)
3. Describe how the following pairs of organelles function to compartmentalize the cell and move
materials through it. [Where are proteins made and how are they processed, transported and
exported.]
a. Rough and Smooth ER (p. 53)
b. Golgi bodies and vesicles and lysosomes (p. 54)
4. Identify these two organelles:
[label diagram a cristae,matrix and indicate O2,
CO2, H2O, ADP +P to ATP
b) _____________________________
a) ____________________________
c) Label:
label vesicles and lysosomes. Show direction of
protein processing.
plasma membrane, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum
4
5. Label:
plasma membrane, mitochondrion, centriole, rough ER, cytoplasm, smooth ER,
Golgi body, microfilaments, microtubules, ribosomes, nucleus,, nuclear envelope, nuclear pore,
nucleolus, chromatin, vacuole, lysosome. (p. 50)
5
B2. Describe the characteristics of water and its role in biological systems
6. Describe how water acts as a...
(p. 26-27)
solvent
temperature
regulator
lubricant
7. Draw a diagram that clearly shows how the polarity of the water molecule results in hydrogen
bonding. Explain clearly. (p. 26)
B3. Describe the role of acids, bases, and buffers in biological systems
8. Describe the distinguishing feature of each: (p. 28-29)
acids
bases
buffers
9. Why is pH important to biological systems? (p. 29)
6
B4. Analyze the structure and function of biological molecules.
10. Use this diagram to show the relationship between: organic monomers, polymers,
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Explain the relationships.(p. 31)
7
11. (p. 32-33)
Carbohydrates
main
functions:
empirical
formula:
Structure
polysaccharides
disaccharides
monosaccharides
Example
8
Function
12. (p. 34-35)
Lipids produced by?
Type
Location
Structure
Function and
interaction with
water if any.
label: glycerol, fatty acids
Label
Glycerol, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids,
phosphate.
Which is the unsaturated fatty acid and which is the saturated one, and why?
9
13. (p. 37-39)
Proteins
main functions
and chemical
composition:
Structure
Draw and label: amino group, acid (carboxyl group) and the R-group
generalized
amino acid
Circle the peptide bond, describe how it forms.
dipeptides
Hilite the peptide bonds
Level of
structure?
________________?
Level of
structure?
Polypeptides
How is each
level unique?
Level of
structure?
Level of
structure?
10
__________________________________?
14. (p. 40-41)
Nucleic Acids
nucleotide
DNA
RNA
sugar
sugar
phosphate
phosphate
nitrogenous base
nitrogenous base
Hilite and Label
the three parts
Name
Structure
Function
label: sugar-phosphate backbone, base, hydrogen bonding,
Draw the double helix,
Explain complementary base pairing.
________
Circle one
nucleotide.
label: sugar-phosphate backbone, the 4 bases,
(3 functions)
Circle the high energy bond
Where is this molecule made
and how is it used?
_______
_______
11
B5. Describe DNA replication
(p. 489)
15. Identify the three major steps in and explain semi-conservative replication of DNA.
16. Describe the purpose of DNA replication.
17. Identify the site of DNA replication within the cell.
B6. Describe recombinant DNA
(p. 498)
18. Describe recombinant DNA. Include the enzymes required for the formation of rDNA.
19. Describe at least three uses for recombinant DNA.
B7. Demonstrate an understanding of the process of protein synthesis
20. (p. 490-495)
Use diagrams and Describe both processes
transcription
12
translation
Describe each molecules’ role in Protein Synthesis
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
ribosomes
20. Predict the amino acid sequence produced by this sequence of bases on an mRNA molecule:
mRNA= CGC-UAU-UGG (use the table on p. 492)
Amino
Acids =__________________________________
22.
Predict the amino acid sequence produced by this sequence of bases on a DNA molecule:
label transcription and translation
DNA=
TAC-GAA-CTT-GGG-TCC (p. 492)
MRNA=_________________________________
Amino
Acids =__________________________________
13
23. What anti-codon would be present on the tRNA that is complementary to the mRNA codon
(p. 493)
AGA____________________
UAA____________________
CGU____________________
B8. Explain how mutations in DNA affect protein synthesis
24. Give examples of two environmental mutagens that can cause mutations in humans. How do
they cause a mutation?
(p. 497)
25. Use examples to explain how mutations in DNA change the sequence of amino acids in a
polypeptide chain, and as a result may lead to genetic disorders. (p. 497)
a. point mutations, sickle cell anemia
b. gene mutation, hemophilia.
c. chromosomal mutation, Trisomy 21
B9. Analyze the structure and function of the cell membrane
26. Make a diagram and identify these structuures: hydrophobic region, hydrophilic region,
phospholipid, carbohydrate, glycoprotein, glycolipid, cholesterol, and six types of imbedded
proteins. Describe the functions of each structure(p. 68-69)
14
27. Explain why the cell membrane is described as “selectively permeable’. (p. 70)
Include a description of how a molecule’s size, shape, charge and lipid solubility affect the
permeability.
28. (p. 71-76) refer to the following table.
What is a concentration gradient?
What form of energy is used?
Comparison of Transport Processes
Type of transport
Concentration
Gradient
(with or against)
Uses channel
or carrier
protein?
(Y or N)
Uses
energy?
(Y or N)
diffusion
osmosis
facilitated
active
endocytosis:
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
omit
omit
exocytosis
29.
What are the functions of the following membrane proteins.
•
Receptor
•
Enzyme
•
glycoprotein
15
Types and sizes of molecules
transported
30.
A]Explain how the following factors affect the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane:
(p. 70-71)
Factor
Effect:
↑, ↓, or
no change
Explanation
increased temperature
increased size of molecule
larger concentration gradient
larger pressure gradient
charged molecules (ions)
instead of neutral molecules
B. Explain osmosis
30.
Predict and explain the effects of the following environments on osmosis in animal cells.
(p. 72-73). Use illustrations in your answer.
a. Hypertonic:
b. Isotonic:
c. Hypotonic
16
B10. Explain why cells divide when they reach a particular surface area-tovolume ratio
31.
Complete the table to compare the SA:V ratio of two cube-shaped cells.
length of one side (s)
Cell #1
Cell #2
2
4
2
surface area (6s )
3
volume (s )
surface area : volume ratio
32.
Why is the surface area-to-volume ratio important to cells?
33.
How do cells increase their surface area-to-volume ratio without increasing their volume?
Give three examples.
B11. Analyze the roles of enzymes in biochemical reactions
34.
Explain the following terms: (p. 104, 106)
a. Metabolism:
b. Enzyme:
c. Substrate:
d. Coenzyme:
e. Activation energy:
17
35.
Use a graph to explain how enzymes lower the activation energy of a biochemical
reaction. (p. 106)
36.
Use a diagram and explain the induced-fit model of enzymatic action. (p. 107)
37.
How is the role of an enzyme different from the role of a coenzyme in a biochemical
reaction? (p. 109)
38.
What is the relationship between some vitamins and coenzymes? (p. 109)
18
39.
Apply your knowledge of proteins to explain the effects of each of the following on
enzyme activity. (p. 108-109) Use graphs to help in the explanation.
pH
temperature
substrate concentration
enzyme concentration
competitive inhibitors
non-competitive inhibitors
(e.g. heavy metals)
40.
What is the source gland for the hormone thyroxin.? Describe how thyroxin controls
metabolic rate. Include all glands, hormones involved and negative feedback .(p. 394-395)
41.
What is a metabolic pathway? How are enzymes involved?
19
C1. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the digestive
system.
42.
Complete the table and label the diagrams. Add lines to the diagrams as needed.
Digestive System
Structure
Function
Page Ref.
mouth
260
tongue
260
teeth
261
salivary glands
261
pharynx
262
epiglottis
262
esophagus
262
cardiac sphincter
263, notes
stomach
264
pyloric sphincter
263, notes
duodenum
265
gall bladder
269
pancreas
268
small intestine
265
appendix
266
large intestine
(colon)
266-267
rectum
266
anus
266
20
B] label all structures from the previous table on these diagrams.
43.
Describe swallowing. (p. 262)
44.
Describe peristalsis (p. 263)
45.
What is the source gland for insulin? ____________________________ (p. 404)
46.
How does insulin maintain blood sugar levels? (p. 404)
Include protein receptors,channels, liver, muscle fat cells and body cells in your
description.
21
47.
1
Describe at least six functions of the liver. (p. 269)
2
3
4
5
6
48.
49.
Explain the role of bile in the digestion of fats. (p. 265)
How is the small intestine specially designed for each of the following tasks? (p. 265)
a. Chemical digestion
b. Physical digestion
c. Absorption
50.
Describe and label the structures in this villus.
Include the functions of the microvilli,
Trace the path way of all digestion products in to the villus. (p. 265)
22
51.
Describe the functions of anaerobic bacteria in the colon. (p. 266)
C2. Describe the components, pH, and digestive actions of salivary, gastric,
pancreatic, and intestinal juices.
52.
A] Complete the table. (p. 270-271)
Optimal
Enzyme
Source Gland
pH
Reaction Catalyzed
substrate + H2O → product
salivary amylase
→
pancreatic amylase
→
pepsinogen/pepsin
→
Trypsinogen/trypsin
→
lipase
→
peptidase
→
maltase
→
nuclease
→
B] Why are the enzymes trypsinogen and pepsinogen secreted in and inactive form? What
activates them?
23
53.
Draw a graph to show the enzyme activity of pepsin and trypsin at various pH.
Explain why the curves are different. (p. 271)
54.
What is the importance of the pH level in the various regions of the digestive tract?
(p. 270-271)
55.
Describe in detail the role of each of these substances.
Component
Role
water in digestive juices (p. 270)
sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice
(p. 270) two functions
hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice
(p. 264, 270)
three functions
mucus in gastric juice (p. 264)
two functions
24
C3. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the heart
56.
Complete the table to show the functions of these heart structures. (p. 220-221)
The Heart Itself
Function
left and right atria
left and right ventricles
coronary arteries and veins
Within the Heart
Function
atrioventricular
and
semilunar valves
chordae tendineae
septum
Attached to the Heart
Function
anterior and posterior vena cava
aorta
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries and veins
25
57.
Label these diagrams of the internal and external features of the heart. (p. 221)
C4. Analyze the relationship between heart rate and blood pressure
58.
A]Complete the table: (p. 222)
Structure
Location in Heart
sinoatrial (SA) node
atrioventricular (AV) node
Purkinje fibers
B]How do these structures maintain a regular cardiac cycle?
C] Draw and describe your EKG.
26
Function
59.
Describe how the autonomic nervous system increases and decreases heart rate and blood
pressure. (p. 222-223)
60.
•
Define blood pressure______________________________________________________
What cause the difference between your systolic and diastolic pressures? (p. 226)
61.
Define hypertension and describe five causes of this disease. (p. 234)
62.
Define hypotension and describe three causes of this disease.(notes )
27
C5. Describe the inter-relationships of the vessels of the circulatory system.
63.
Complete this table showing the function of these blood vessels.
This Blood Vessel…
carries blood TO or
FROM…
aorta
hepatic vein
hepatic portal vein
anterior vena cava
posterior vena cava
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
mesenteric arteries
jugular veins
carotid arteries
subclavian arteries
subclavian veins
renal arteries
renal veins
iliac arteries
iliac veins
28
(p. 224-225)
this Organ or Region
64.
Use the chart to differentiate among the five types of blood vessels: (p. 218-219)
Name of
Blood Vessel
Structure
Label and give the function of each layer
Valves
present?
(Y/N)
Type of
valve?
Label the three layers
artery
arteriole
How is the structure designed for it’s function?
capillary
venule
Label
valve.
Describe
its
function.
vein
29
Direction of
Blood Flow
65.
On this diagram label all the vessels from #63. label the heart chambers. Colour the
structures carrying oxygenated blood red, and those carrying deoxygenated blood blue.
66.
Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circulation with respect to vessels
involved, and oxygen content. (p. 224)
30
67.
You are a red blood cell starting at the aorta and then traveling through the body. For
each pathway, use arrows and blood vessel names to show your path from the aorta, through
the body and back to the left ventricle. Each pathway must enter and exit the heart twice,
why? (p. 224)
Pathway #1. Kidneys: Aorta →
Pathway #2. Leg: Aorta →
Pathway #3. Digestive system: Aorta →
Pathway #4. Heart itself:
Aorta →
Pathway #5. Head: Aorta →
Pathway #6. Arm: Aorta
31
68.
Why does blood pressure , blood velocity and total cross-sectional area of
these 5 types of blood vessels vary. (p. 226)
a. Which type of blood vessel has the most cross-sectional area? _____________ Why?
b. Which type of blood vessel has the slowest blood velocity? ______________ Why?
c. In which type of blood vessel does diffusion of gases, nutrients and wastes take place?
____________________. Relate this to cross-sectional area and velocity.
32
d. Which type of blood vessel has the most variation in blood pressure? ___________
Why?
69.
Capillary-tissue fluid exchange occurs as a result of the balance between the opposing
forces of _________________ pressure and ______________________ pressure. (p. 232)
a. Describe why water leaves the bloodstream at the arterial end of a capillary bed X.
b. Why does most of the water return to the capillary at the venous end of the capillary bed
Y?
c. Describe what happens in the middle of the capillary bed, at Y in the diagram below.
33
d. What happens to the water that does not return to the capillary?
70.
Identify and describe differences in structure and circulation between fetal and adult
systems. Be sure to label and describe the functions of the: umbilical vein and arteries, oval
opening, venous duct, arterial duct. Colour vessels according to oxygen concentration. (p. 455)
Deoxygenated blood = blue Oxygenated blood = red
34
Mixed blood = purple
C6. Describe the components of blood
71.
Complete the table. (p. 227)
Name of Blood
Shape
Cell
Function
72.
List the major components and functions of plasma. (p. 227)
73.
Explain the origins, shape and roles of antigens and antibodies. (p. 246)
35
Origin
C7. Describe the inter-relationships of the structures of the lymphatic system
74.
Describe the functions of the lymphatic system. (p. 240)
75.
Complete the table. Make a diagram below the table that clearly shows the first three
structures.(p. 240)
Lymphatic Structure
Function
lymph capillaries
lymph veins
lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Thymus gland
36
C8. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the respiratory
system
76.
Give functions for each of the following: (p. 286-289)
Structure
Function
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
diaphragm and ribs
pleural membranes
thoracic cavity
77.
Label the structures listed above on the diagrams below:
37
78.
Explain the roles of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract. (p. 288)
C9. Analyze the processes of breathing
79.
Describe the interactions of the following structures in the breathing process: respiratory
center in the medulla oblongata, lungs, pleural membranes, diaphragm, intercostals (rib)
muscles, stretch receptors (p. 292-3)
80.
Compare the processes of inhalation and exhalation. (p. 292-293)
81.
Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the respiratory center
in the medulla oblongata. (p. 293)
82.
Explain the roles of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in stimulating carotid and
aortic bodies. (p. 293)
38
C10. Analyze internal and external respiration.
83.
Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal respiration. Mention
where it occurs, and the conditions that favour the exchange at that location (e.g. pH,
temperature). (p. 294)
84.
Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during external respiration.
Mention where it occurs, and the conditions that favour the exchange at that location (e.g.
pH, temperature). (p. 294)
39
85.
Explain the roles of each of the following in the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen
in the blood: (p. 294)
Substance
Role in Transport of Blood Gases
oxyhemoglobin
carbaminohemoglobin
reduced hemoglobin
bicarbonate ions
carbonic anhydrase
86.
Write the chemical equations for internal respiration. (p. 294)
87.
Write the chemical equations for external respiration. (p. 294)
C11. Analyze the transmission of nerve impulses
88.
Draw lines to identify the first three parts of a neuron and complete the table. (p. 320)
Name of
Structure
Function
dendrite
cell body
axon
Axoplasm
axomembrane
40
89.
Differentiate among sensory, motor, and interneurons with respect to structure and
function. (p. 320-321)
Name of
Neuron
Diagram
Function
Motor
neuron
90.
Explain the transmission of a nerve impulse through a neuron, using the following terms:
resting and action potential
refractory period
sodium-potassium pump
depolarization and repolarization
sodium and potassium gates
41
axoplasm
polarity
91.
Describe the action of the sodium/potassium pumps, sodium/potassium ions, and
sodium/potassium gates at each stage labeled on the graph. (p. 322)
Label stages V,W,Y,Z on this graph
Use this chart to explain the processes at each stage.
Stage
Na/K Pump
Na+
K+
V
W
X
Y
Z
42
Na+ gates
K+ gates
92.
Relate the structure of a myelinated nerve fibre to the speed of impulse conduction, with
reference to myelin sheath, Schwann cell, node of Ranvier, and saltatory transmission (p.
322)
93.
Label these major components of a synapse: synaptic ending, presynaptic and
postsynaptic membranes, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicle, calcium ions and contractile
proteins, excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters e.g norepinephrine and acetylcholine
(Ach), receptor, acetylcholinesterase (AchE). (p. 324-325)
94.
Explain the process by which impulses travel across a synapse. (p. 325)
43
95.
Describe how neurotransmitters are broken down in the synaptic cleft. (p. 325)
96.
How does the design of a synapse ensure nerve impulses travel in on direction?
97.
Explain the concepts of threshold,‘all or none’ response, inhibitory and excitatory
nerotransmitters, and summation as they relate to synaptic transmission. (p. 325)
98.
Label the neurons and indicated parts of this reflex are and relate its structure to how it
functions.What are reflexes and how do they benefit us? (p. 337)
44
C12. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the divisions of the nervous
system.
99.
Complete the table to compare the locations and functions of the central and peripheral
nervous systems: (p. 326, 336)
Main Division of the
Nervous System
100.
Location
Functions
Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram. (p.328)
Parts of the Brain
Structure
Function
medulla oblongata
cerebrum
thalamus
cerebellum
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
corpus callosum
meninges
45
101. Explain how the hypothalamus and pituitary gland interact as the neuroendocrine control
center. (p. 396-397)
102. Differentiate between the functions of the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. (p.
339)
103. Complete the chart to compare the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of the autonomic nervous system. (p. 339)
Autonomic Nervous System
Body Function
Sympathetic NS
heart rate
46
Parasympathetic NS
breathing rate
pupil size
digestion
neurotransmitter
overall response
“fight or flight”
relaxed state
104. What is the source gland for adrenalin? _________________________. Explain its role
in the “fight or flight” response. (p. 339)
C13. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the urinary
system.
105. Draw lines to identify the following structures on the diagram and explain their function
in the table. (p. 305)
Urinary System
Structure
kidney
ureter
urethra
urinary bladder
Adrenal Gland
47
Function
106. Draw lines to identify the following structures on the diagram and explain their function
in the table. (p. 305)
The Kidney
Structure
Function
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
Renal artery and
Vein
ureter
107.
Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram of the nephron.
(p. 306-308)
The Nephron
Structure
Function
glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillary network
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
loop of Henle
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
48
108.
List the pathway of a red blood cell from the aorta to the vena cava through the nephron.
109.
Describe the components of urine and the source of all nitrogenous wastes.
110. Describe how these processes produce of urine and the excrete of metabolic and other
wastes: (p. 309)
• pressure filtration
49
• selective reabsorption
• tubular excretion
• Describe the reabsortion of water in the nephron.
111.
Describe how the kidneys maintain blood pH. (p. 312)
112.
Compare urea and glucose content of blood in the renal artery with that of the
renal vein and explain the differences. (p. 309)
113.
Identify the source glands for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone.
(p. 310-312)
50
114. Describe how the hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, ADH, and the nephron achieve
homeostasis of water levels in the blood. (p. 310-312)
115. Describe how the adrenal cortex, aldosterone, and the nephron achieve homeostasis of
water and sodium levels in the blood. (p. 310-312)
C14. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the male
reproductive system.
116. Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram of the male reproductive
system. (p. 416-418)
The Male Reproductive System
Structure
Function
testes
seminiferous tubules
interstitial cells
scrotum
51
epididymis
ductus (vas) deferens
prostate gland
Cowper’s glands
seminal vesicles
penis
urethra
117.
Describe the path of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethral
opening. (p. 416-418)
118.
List the components of seminal fluid and describe the functions of each
component. (p. 416-417)
52
119.
Complete the table and label these structures on the diagram of a sperm cell.
(p. 419)
A Sperm Cell
Structure
Function
flagellum
midpiece
head
acrosome
120.
Describe the functions of testosterone. (p. 419)
121. Describe the homeostatic regulation of testosterone levels by the hypothalamus, anterior
pituitary, and testes. (p. 419)
53
C15. Analyze the functional inter-relationships of the structures of the female
reproductive system.
122.
Complete the table and label these structures on the two diagrams that follow..
(p. 420-422)
The Female Reproductive System
Structure
Function
ovaries
oviducts
uterus
endometrium
cervix
vagina
follicles
corpus luteum
123.
Describe the functions of estrogen. (p. 426)
54
Use this diagram for the next three questions. You should be able the ovarian to the
uterine cycles.
55
124. Describe the sequence of events in the ovarian cycle, with reference to the follicular
phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. (p. 423)
125. Describe the sequence of events in the uterine cycle, with reference to menstruation, the
proliferative phase, and the secretory phase. (p. 424)
126. Describe the control of the ovarian and uterine cycles by hormones including
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing
hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone. (p. 423-425)
56
127.
128.
Describe the hormonal changes that occur as a result of implantation, including
• production of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to maintain the corpus luteum
• increased production of progesterone by the corpus luteum (p. 426)
Describe a positive feedback mechanism involving oxytocin. (p. 457)
57