International Academic Journal of Innovative Research
Vol. 3, No. 7, 2016, pp. 37-47.
International
Academic
Journal
of
Innovative Research
ISSN 2454-390X
www.iaiest.com
International Academic Institute
for Science and Technology
Satire Terminology in Persian and Arabic literature
Sareh Bordbara, Abdurrasul Hadian shirazi b
a
PhD Student of quranic and hadith sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
b
Faculty member of college of quranic sciences of shiraz, shiraz, Iran.
Abstract
Human kind always use of satire in dialog, images and writings but every culture called it different
names. This research says about satire terminology and introduce root of "tanz". At first, it look at satire
synonyms specialty. After that, it discusses about meaning of "tanz" in Persian literature and examines
"fokaheh", "hazl" and "tanz". In the second part, it research explains satire terms in Arabic literature and
examines "tahakkom","hazl that means serious","tajahololaref". Poems and quranic sample help this
research to understand the terms listed. Apparently "tanz" is humor, but his purpose is criticism. In both
of literature are used this art with different titles.
Keywords: Terminology, satire"tanz", "hazl","tahakkom", comparative literature.
Introduction:
This part explains research complete works.it includes Theoretical basis of research, Research
Background, Research methodology, Research tools The Analysis of data, Research Findings.
Theoretical basis of research:
Context
Human use satire when he didn't say it seriously. Tanz1 is different of other funny tools. Now we explain
synonyms because we need them to understanding "tanz".
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[1]
"bazleh","motayebeh","fokaheh" and "mezah" are make laugh. They don't have especial
message. Sometimes they use to tantalize anybody but don't say indecent word. (Dehkhoda)(Moin,
2003)(Asadi& Salehi,1998,p.200)
[2]
"latifeh" is smile that advise (hadian). Words are few and meanings are extensive. You should
pay attention to understand mellifluous points.
[3]
"hazl" Is apposite of serious. It doesn't have real meaning and metaphor meaning. (halabi, 1998,
pp. 17-19)
[4]
"hajv" attack life problems. It is dauntless and impudent. (moslemizadeh,1998) "Hajv" has two
different sorts: 1-personal "hajv". This "hajv" attack propel person and it is disagreeable. 2-the human
race "hajv"(heidari, 1998, p.125)
[5]
"tanz" is creative criticism. In apparent form, it is laughable and in actual, it has rationality and
logic. It says about hardship with sweet-spoken. (bordbar,2005,p.16)
Research Background
The first satire is image of man that he is falling down. (news archive, 2005) Passing of time, man use
satire in speech and writing. Writings about satire are very much but about satire terminology, we didn't
see any writing.
Research methodology
This research gathered with library and electronic-library and it wrote with analytical-comparative way.
At first we introduce satire meaning, then explain terms that they apply instead of "tanz". We use poems
and verses to give an extensive account of terms.
Research tools
The books and articles used in this study, it wrote with analytical-comparative standard method. The
completes works of molavi, sanaie,naser khosro, malekoshshoaraie baharhave been used to research
samples. Dehkhoda, moein dictionary, and the books that their subject are satire have been used in
Persian literature. Arabic dictionary, quranic Interpretations and rhetoric books have been used in Arabic
literature.
The Analysis of Data
Persian literature
1)
Today, special attention is to use accurate words However, synonems words because of similarities in the
field of humor and laugh sometimes used interchangeably. In Persian meaning of "tanz" was expressed
with "hazl", "fokaheh", "tanz". This study introduces these words.
1"fokaheh"
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International Academic Journal of Innovative Research,
Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 37-47.
"fokaheh" it means sense of humor (moein,3,p.2562, funny and Tomfoolery(dehkhoda). In term, it is
general word that it is comical. It includes all the words that they are funny like: satire, jokes, humor.
(shiri, 1998, p.200) Some people said: "fokaheh" is smut or Evolved smut. It is moderate joke with
general aspects. (asadi&salehi, 1993,p.6)
Anyway, "fokaheh" pay attention to funny and exhilaration. "fokaheh" isn't the same as "hajv" that attack
and isn't the same as "tanz" that intimate Precious message. Humourist is craftsman but smut writer is
Ordinary person that he is gagman. fokahehwriter isn't as plucky as tanzwriter. Therefore, tanz isn't kind
of fokaheh.
2"hazl"
"hazl" is against serious means, rant, fun and humor.(moein) in term, "hazl" Trump up and blame. In its
content is impolite and immoral subjects. (dehkhoda) "hazl" doesn't have real or virtual signification.
Therefor all expressions are serious or not serious (hazl). All messages in the "scientific", "ethical",
"martial", "festive" and etc. are serious and all messages like "humor", "Joker", "satirical", "satire",
"humor", "funny" and etc. are "hazl"(halabi, 1998,p. 17-19)
"hazl" has different meanings in Persian literature. Some meaning are different lexical meaning. Including
the use of the word "smut":
[1]
joke to others:
‫ٍص فضًٍیص دضوٌی خیضد‬
‫ّضل آب سخت فشٍ سیضد‬
(owhadi, p. 231)
[2]
incorrect, costly and futile:
‫ّش رسُ وِ ّست اگش غثاسیست‬
ُ‫ٍیي ّفت سٍاق صیش پشد‬
ُ‫ایي ّفت حصاس تشوطیذ‬
‫دس پشدُ هولىت ًگاسیست‬
ُ‫آخش تِ گضاف ًیست وشد‬
ُ‫تش ّضل ًثاضذ آفشیذ‬
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(nezami ganjavi, p.17)
[3]
not serious, unreal:
‫یه چٌذ تِ صسق ضعش گفتی‬
‫ وٌَى هطاتمت وي‬،‫تاجذ‬
‫تش ضعش سیاُ ٍ چطن اصسق‬
‫ای تاطل ٍ ّضل سا هطاتك‬
(naser khosro, Ballade No.134)
[4]
Lies and false:
‫گَش سش تشتٌذ اص ّضل ٍ دسٍغ‬
‫تا تثیٌی ضْش جاى سا تا فشٍغ‬
َ‫ ای عو‬،‫ّیي دّاى تشتٌذ اص ّضل‬
َ‫جض حذیث سٍی اٍ چیضی هگ‬
(molavi, p.204)
[5]
"hazl" in meaning and Concept of tanz:
Can be seen in the context of the past, they wrote "hazl", but "tanz" is mean.
‫«ّضل» هي «ّضل» ًیست تعلین است‬
‫تیت هي تیت ًیست إللین است‬
‫ جذ تیگاًِ است‬،»‫گشچِ تا «ّضل‬
‫«ّضل» ٍ جذم ّوِ ص یه خاًِ است‬
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‫‪International Academic Journal of Innovative Research,‬‬
‫‪Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 37-47.‬‬
‫تَ چِ داًی وِ اًذس ایي اللین‬
‫عمل هشضذ چِ هی وٌذ تعلین‬
‫یعٌی اص جذ اٍست جاى آٍیض‬
‫ّضلص اص سحش ضذ سٍاى آهیض‬
‫ضىش گَین وِ ًضد اّل ٌّش‬
‫ّضلن اص جذ دیگشاى خَضتش‬
‫)‪(sanaei ghaznavi, p.718‬‬
‫‪Molavi said:‬‬
‫«ّضل» تعلین است آى سا جذ ضٌَ‬
‫تَ هطَ تش ظاّش ّضلص گشٍ‬
‫ّش جذی «ّضل» است پیص ّاصالى‬
‫«ّضل» ّا جذ است پیص عالالى‬
‫)‪(molavi, p.413‬‬
‫‪He also says:‬‬
‫ّضل ّا گَیٌذ دس افساًِ ّا‬
‫گٌج هی جَ دس ّوِ ٍیشاًِ ّا‬
‫)‪(Ibid, p.276‬‬
‫‪41‬‬
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Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 37-47.
This type of "hazl" is the same in Arabic literature name "hazl that means serious"1 this type is different
of "hazl" that means. Today, with the passage of time, this meaning has been moderated. Here To learn
more
about "smut" the
most
important
Features of "smut" is briefly as follows:

His purpose is entertainment and Recreation.

Where is individual criticism

"hazl" makes fun and humiliate.

It use vulgar, obscene and indecent words.

"hazl" is caused neglect.

In some cases hatred increases.

Generally "hazl" after telling will not be repeated.(hadian, 2005, p.4-5)
3"tanz"
"tanz" word means cute out, mocking, is to blame. (Dehkhoda). In Persian literature term "tanz" is way
that explain Bitter truth that shows uglier than what is. Its attributes look brighter. The satirist pen with
everything that is old, is dead, fights Uncharitable."tanz" is not out of road shame. It is "tanz" privilege.
(Nasrabadi, to the khodaparast, p. 53) know, Expressed Statements of some leaders to learn more.

Kumars saberi (gol agha): "tanz" is surgery and "hajv" is flaying. "hazl" is Fun and Humor. It is
life break time. While the "tanz" is education and teaching. (Ibid., P. 53)

Islamic Revolution Leader: "Tanz" is serious talking and convey the truth without bitterness and
Subtlety coverage. "tanz" is different of "fokahi" and "motayebeh". This should be considered in various
subjects. ("tanz" in the poems of Hafez, Mahmoud Sadeghzadeh, ibid., 54)
As a result, anything funny cannot be called "tanz" critical aspects of "tanz" is more than sense of humor.
If you cannot speak openly go into the "tanz". We will say Features of favorable "tanz" in the research
findings. So here we avoid Re-telling.
Arabic literature
2)
Dehkhada wrote "‫"طٌزض‬2 is Arabic word. This has confused many contemporaries.3 But philologists don't
know the Arabic word. For example, huddle language 4 told:" ‫( " فأها الطٌض فلیس هزي وزالم العزشب‬Ibn Duraid,?, c
2, p. 814) Jowhari said it means sarcasm and it's created5 and Inflective6. (Jowhari,?, c 3 ,p883) Also
Hemyari mentiones "tanz" translated into Arabic. (Hemyari,?, c 7, p.4165)
So this word isn't Arabic. "tanz"7 Term doesn't use in Arabic literature.
But such expressions as "sarcasm"1, "hazl" is meant serious2 and "Ignore the knower"3 use in ÷ texts.
Cannot say this word are "tanz" exactly but can say sarcasm is used in "tanz". These titles can be found
below humor:
1 - )‫هزل یراد به الجذ (شوخی جذ نما‬
2 -satire
3 For example: (sadr, 2002)
4 - ‫جمهرة اللغة‬
5 -‫مولذ‬
6 - translated into Arabic (‫)معرب‬
7 - ‫طنز‬
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International Academic Journal of Innovative Research,
Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 37-47.
1.
Tahakkom(sarcasm)
It means mockery. (Azhari,?,c 6,p.22). "ِ‫"اسزتعاسُ تْىویز‬4 is part of "ِ‫"اسزتعاسُ عٌادیز‬5 that is the threads of
expression. If community of "his pseudonym"6 and "alias him"7 is impossible, it is enadieh metaphor. For
example Community of existent and nonexistent is impossible. (Erfan, 1998, c 3, p.297& SHamisa, 2000,
p.69). The author uses conflict to racy word. (mozandarani, pp. 80-100)
Also "tahakkom" use in rhetoric8. "tahakkom", it is the prolocutor flouts audience and he use good news
instead of warning. (Ibn abilasbaa', ?, p.336)
"tahakkom" is five mode: 1-use good news word instead of warning.2- Use praise word to ridicule.3- use
word that means Reduction instead of proliferation.4-use word that means reduction and say it with
doubt, while his purpose is proliferation and certainty.5-use eulogy instead of blame his purpose is
contempt. This example isn't "tahakkom". (Ibn Hamza, vol. 3, p. 161, and Taftazani, 1411 AH, p. 200, by
changing and tabloid)
As a result, both of them (good "tanz" in Persian literature excellent "tahakkom" in Arabic literature) don't
vilipend.
God use this art in Quran. God say:
»ُ‫(«رُقْ إًَِّهَ أًَْتَ الْعَضِیضُ الْىَشِین‬dukhan,49)
'Taste it; you were such a powerful noble!
This verse interpret two form: 1- aims god of powerful noble is against it. God satirize him. (Fakhr razi,
1420AH, vol.27, p.664) 2- addressed in this verse is Abu jahl (Tabari, 1412 AH., Vol. 25, p. 80) As he
stood between two mountain and to the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) said: Who is more
precious and more dear than me, you and your Lord cannot do anything. (Alusi, 1415 AH, vol. 13, p.
132)Zamakhshari said: he was dear among his nation. (Zamakhshari, 1407 AH., VOL.4, P.281) tabatabai
said: god say it to a person guilty now taste the punishment. God satirize him to be severe torment.
As a result idiom "tahakkom" in arabic is the same as "tanz" in Persian. Allah use this art in quran.
2.
"Hazl" is meant serious
This art use in rhetoric9 and it is Speaking beauty. (Motani, 1413 AH., vol.1, p.72) apparently it is smut
but it means seriously. (Taftazani,?,p.71)It tall about philosophy and ethics. "hazl" is acceptable and
valid. (Ibnolmo'taz, 1410AH., vol1, p.158) Jahez is innovator of this art. (Ibid,p.38). he told: when you
use "hazl" and smut because of serious, it is serious.(Jahez, 1356AH., P.37) The difference between satire
and parody, it is: "tahakkom" In appearance is serious and in essence it is humor. But "hazl" In
appearance is humor and in essence it is serious. (Ibnabelasbaa', 1989,pp.150-152)
Example:
1 - )‫تهکم (ریشخنذ کردن‬
2 -)‫هزل یراد به الجذ (شوخی جذ نما‬
3 - )‫تجاهل العارف(نادان نمایی‬
4
- tahakkom Metaphor
- enadieh Metaphor
6
- ‫مستعا ٌر له‬
7
- ‫مستعا ٌر منه‬
8
- ‫علم بذیع‬
9
- Ibid
5
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International Academic Journal of Innovative Research,
Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 37-47.
Emreolgheis said:
‫تاى الفتى یْزی ٍلیس تفعال‬
‫ٍلذ علوت سلوى ٍإى واى تعلْا‬
(Ibn maa'sum, ?, vol1,p.117)
Abunovas told:
‫فمل عذ عي رله ویف أوله للضة‬
‫إرا ها تویوی أتان هفاخشا‬
(Ibid, p.116)
3.
"tajahololaref"1
"tajahololaref" is combining doubt to certainty. The speaker what he knows, he asks because of the point
where it is. Also in Persian literature use this art. It is named "‫ "ًاداى ًوایی‬For instance:
‫رسُ ون تش یا دّاًت یا دل غوخَاس هي؟‬
‫سٍصگاس آضفتِ تش یا صلف تَ یا واس هي؟‬
And also:
»‫«سٍصگاس آضفتِ تش یا صلف تَ یا واس هي؟‬
‫دس غضلساصی تْاس استاد تش یا آًىِ گفت‬
(Malekoshshoaraebahar, Sonnet No.80)
This art have less samples that they are "tanz". This point conforms that "hazl is meant
serious","tahakkom" and "tajahololaref" aren't exactly in accordance with "tanz". This art is seen in quran.
For example:
( »ٍ‫«ٍَإًَِّا أٍَِ إِیاوُنِ لَعَلَى ُّذّى أٍَِ فِی ضَلَالٍ هُثِیي‬Sabaa'/24)
"Are either we or you closer to guidance, or else in obvious error?"
God and the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) didn't doubte. It is one of the best debate
methods.it makes you think. (Makarem shirazi, vol.18, p.82)
Also, this verse:
»َِِّ‫(«أَأًَْتَ لُلْتَ لِلٌَّاسِ اتَّخِزًٍُِی ٍَأُهِّی إِلََْیيِ هِيْ دٍُىِ الل‬Maedeh, 116)
"Have you told people: 'Take me and my mother as two gods instead of God [Alone ]?"
1
- Ignore the knower
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International Academic Journal of Innovative Research,
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This sentence is question but it threatens peoples that say Jesus and Mary are god. His purpose is to show
ugliness of his claim that say Jesus and Mary are god. (tabresi,?, vol.3, p.414)
Research Findings
After we studied in the book that their subject are "tanz" and searched in excellent "tanz" samples. We
understand features of "tanz". Including:
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
Apparently "tanz" is humor, but his purpose is criticism.
"tanz" have three principles: truth, exaggeration and generalization.
"tanz" benefited from metaphor, metonymy and ambiguity.
"tanz" isn't rude.
Everybody cannot understand the purpose of "tanz".
Sometimes "tanz" is overrated.
"tanz" is surgical Blade not is knife murder.
In nside ideal "tanz"is logic and reasoning and rational analysis.
"tanz" doesn't revenge and doesn't slander.
"tanz" criticizes the practical. Never mock a particular person.
Human use "tanz" when he didn't say it seriously.
"tanz" is a tool for warning while it is funny.
Laughter is one of the pillars of "tanz", but his purpose is a serious matter.
(Arian pur, 1996; Asadi&Salehi, 1993;Halabi,1998; Heidari, 1998; Sadr,2002; Excellent "tanz" in view of
Islamic scholars, 1997, No1; GHolami, 2000, No 56; Hadian shirazi, 2004; Quarterly Evaluation and
Research, 2000, No.13&14; Sadr, 2002, Moraghebi, 2001; Moslemi zadeh, 1998, Pollard, 2002)
These features in addition to "tanz" are seen in some other terms in Persian and Arabic literature like as:
"hazl", "fokaheh", "tahakkom" and "tajahololaref".
Conclusion:
In root of "‫ "طنزز‬word, the findings of this study is different of other research findings. Researcher
referred directly to the Arab dictionary, According to the evidence mentioned to the conclusion that
"tanz" is created or translated into Arabic (moarrab). Originally it isn't Arabic word. From The definition
and traits of "tanz" aspect, this research confirmed other findings.
Practical suggestions:
It is suggested that scholars and researchers use "tanz" more than now, because it is more effective. Also,
it is suggested that pay attention to differences synonyms. Researchers studied Arabic and Persian
Ancient writings in order to understand the meaning and traits of "tanz".
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