The Splintering of the Democrats
PREPARING FOR WAR
Yet there remained Northern
Democrats
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• Until 1859/60, the Democrats had escaped the worst of sectional
conflict within the party.
• Stephen Douglas, leader of the Northern Democrats seemed predestined to win the 1860 presidential elections.
• However, between the Dred Scott decision and the 1860
nomination process, many Southern Democrats came to reject any
limits on slavery at all.
• Since Stephen Douglas still supported popular sovereignty, he
only gained the nomination of the Northern Democrats (The
Freeport Doctrine cost him Southern support).
• The far stronger Southern Democrats nominated John C.
Breckinridge instead.
• This decision, along with the 1860 election, de facto transformed
the Democrats into a sectional Southern party, just like the
Republicans were a sectional Northern party.
Lincoln wanted to stay quiet till
he took office, BUT…...
NYC Draft (Race) Riots
Copperheads
Border States
As usual—it was a poor man’s war
Brother vs. Brother, Father vs. Son
King Cotton (Textile owners & workers)
Racism
But-still 90% of Union army is volunteer
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Lincoln had to sneak into
Washington D.C.
Uncle Abe tries to keep
Virginia from Seceding
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But “luckily” the Border States
stay loyal
• Lincoln calls out Maryland militia
to temporarily arrest Democratic
state legislators
• Federal troops help state militia’s
put down pro-slavery forces in
Missouri
• West Virginia is aided in its
attempt to leave Va.
The Advantages
The North
The South
• Population 3 • Military Leaders
times as large
– Stonewall
Jackson
• Bread Basket
– R.E. Lee
• *LINCOLN*
– J.E.B Stuart
• MONEY
The Advantages
The North
• Industrial
The South
• Defensive war: did
not have to win – just
– Weapons
outlast the North
• Underdogs
– Medicine
• Rural pop.
– Clothing
Transportation: the • Foreign Aid????
army marches on its
stomach
Notice the Irish flags
– Johnston
Confederate Government
• A confederation of 11
countries
• Jeff Davis is weak and
indecisive. Puts one leader
from each state on his
cabinet.
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Cont.
• CSA congress threatened to
impeach him several times
• State armies refused to serve
outside their borders
• States refuse to pay taxesrunaway inflation (9000%)
Cont.
Union government
•Lincoln totally in
charge
•Exceeds the power of
the presidency
•Suspends Habeas
Corpus
Republicans caught “burying” the constitution
• Votes in border states were NOT
by secret ballot
• Gave $2 million to private
citizens to supply the army w/
food, etc.
• Creates the 1st of the Millionaire
Americans
• Lincoln Establishes an illegal
Income Tax, later repealed
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• Sold almost $3 BILLION in war
bonds to finance the war.
• Set up the National Banking
System 1863
• Morrill Tariff helps revive
depression ridden manufacturing
• Gold flooding in from the west
keeps economy booming
• Factories boomed on
government contracts
–Armour and Swift: meatpacking
deals
–Coal mines to supply steam ships
and RR’s
–Iron works to build RR’s
–McCormick reapers to harvest
while farmers fought
Lincoln’s Dilemma:
• Appease Radical abolitionists
• Appease Moderates
• Appease Border states
• Will the common man
Fight???
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England Stays Out
• Almost declares war on US after Trent
affair. Lincoln backs down.
• Needed northern wheat more than
southern cotton (Egypt and India)
• But does “sell” Alabama class warships
and Blockade “Laird Rams” runners to
the South
• Britain does NOT protest Union blockade
of English shipping
Continued
FRANCE TAKES ADVANTAGE
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• England Gives Canada
more independence to keep
them loyal
• Agrees to quit arming the
South AFTER Antietam
• Napoleon III sends an army into
Mexico
• Places Archduke of Austria
Maximillian on the throne
• Violation of Monroe Doctrine
• 1865 US threaten war against
the French puppet in Mexico
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Winfield
Scott:
Too honest
Lost at bull
Run
Blockade at first was “porous”
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A
four
part
Plan
1
3
4= a long war
McClellan:
Great organizer
Rebuilt army
Supply Lines
Recruited
Troops
Had a good plan
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McClellan’s
Campaign:
Good
plan
But….
Finally After:
• Scott
• McClellan
• Fremont
• Burnside
• McClellan
• Halleck
• Hooker
• Pope
• Meade
The confederate Army
• Better fighters at first
• Better motivated at first (rebel yell)
• Napoleonic tactics worked at first
– Shiloh
– Shenandoah
– Bull Run II
– Chancellorsville
– Antietam
Stonewall
Jackson
Robert
E.
Lee
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J.E.B
Stuart
IRONCLADS. This is the
Monitor--built from scratch
Cartoon of CSA Navy: Mother
Goose: “3 men a tub”
• Alabama Class
highly effective
• Laird Rams
Never delivered
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Alabama Class Commerce Raider
Antietam 1st “Turning Point
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France & England about to open negotiations with the South
Found Lee’s battle plans
Technically it was a “Draw”-with 30,000 dead
Allowed Lincoln to issue a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation
on Sept/23rd 1862. The final proclamation was Jan 1st 1863
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Freed no one
Stopped Eng. from helping the south (stopped delivery of Rams)
No chance for a peace treaty or the cont. of slavery
Made it a moral cause
• More slaves ran to the North
• Draft riots in NY
Some saw it as
a betrayal of
the blacks.
Lincoln
justified it as
the best he
could do and
keep the
Border States
loyal
Many
begin
To see it
As a war
To end
slavery
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Fredericksburg Dec. 13th 1862
and Burnside. Another huge failure
and another general takes over for the
North: “Fighting Joe” Hooker. He
will also fail at Chancellorsville
CHANCELLORSVILLE
May 2nd -4th 1863
• Defeated impetuous Hooker
• Lee’s most brilliant battle
• Heavily outnumbered
• Jackson’s flanking tactic
• but
Importance of Vicksburg
GETTYSBURG: 3rd turning Point
JULY 1-3, 1863
• Broke the South along Miss. R.
• Texas can no longer re-supply the South
from Mexico
• Grant is given the Army of the Potomac
• Came 1 day AFTER Gettysburg victory
• Forever keeps England OUT
THE END OF THE SOUTH’S ABILITY TO ATTACK
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Election of 1864
• McClellan gets Democratic nomination
• Lincoln runs on Union ticket
• Looks like a “Mac” victory until
– Lincoln brings all soldiers home long enough to
vote
– Major Union victories at Atlanta and Mobile
the 4th Turning
Point:
Northern victories
at Mobile, and
Sherman’s seizure
of Atlanta allows
Lincoln to beat
McClellan in
1864. Probably
the worst southern
defeat
Meade (refused to counter-attack
Lee’s departing army) replaced by
Grant
• Tactics:
– Meat-grinder war
– Attack all Southern armies as simultaneously as
possible
– “Unconditional Surrender” (U.S.) Grant
– June 3rd 1864 at Cold Harbor, 7,000 Union
soldiers died in 10 minutes
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The 54th Colored Massachusetts guarded Washington DC
By May of 1863 things were changing
• New weapons:
–Siege cannon good to 1 mile
–Trains could re-supply troops
in hours
–Balloons as observation posts
–Repeating Rifles
• Colt revolver
• Submarines
• Underwater mines
• Ironclads
• Exploding shells
• Gatling Gun
• Confederate Commerce
Raiders (Alabama)
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600 rounds (bullets) per minute
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Photos from Andersonville Prison
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COINCIDENCE?
Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846.
John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946.
Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860.
John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.
Both were particularly concerned with civil rights.
Both wives lost their children while living in the White
House.
Both Presidents were shot on a Friday.
Both Presidents were shot in the head.
Lincoln 's secretary was named Kennedy.
Kennedy's Secretary was named Lincoln.
Both were assassinated by Southerners.
Both were succeeded by Southerners named
Johnson.
Andrew Johnson, who succeeded Lincoln, was born
in 1808.
Lyndon Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, was born
in 1908.
Lincoln was shot at the theater named “Ford.”
Kennedy was shot in a car called “Lincoln”
made by 'Ford.'
Lincoln was shot in a theater and his assassin
ran and hid in a warehouse.
Kennedy was shot from a warehouse and his assassin
ran and hid in a theater.
Booth and Oswald were assassinated before their
trials.
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A week before Lincoln was shot, he was in
Monroe, Maryland
A week before Kennedy was shot, he was in …
John Wilkes Booth, who assassinated Lincoln,
was born in 1839.
Lee Harvey Oswald, who assassinated
Kennedy, was born in 1939.
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