Slide 1
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
LATIN AMERICA
Unit 3
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 2
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
MEXICO
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 3
SPANISH CONQUER THE AZTECS
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Aztecs believed Quetzalcoatl
would return bringing peace.
 Cortez, Spanish conquistador,
was thought to be Quetzalcoatl
by Montezuma.
 1519 Hernando Cortez
Conquered the Aztecs and took
control of Tenochtitlan
 Would become Mexico City
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 4
SPANISH EMPIRE
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Spain would use Mexico City as the capitol of the area for many
years
 Because rich in resources
 Mexico City would be location for the Viceroys of Northern
Spanish Territories
 Part of Spain for around 300 years
 Natives start to get restless and revolt in 1820s
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Mexican War of Independence
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 5
INDEPENDENCE
___________________________________
___________________________________
 1821
 Agustin de Iturbide, a Mexican army general
Marches into Mexico City and ends war
 declared himself Emperor
___________________________________
 Within a few years he is booted from thrown,
exiled and then executed
 1840s –Mexican American War
 Took over Mexico City
 Decided not to annex the whole country
 Just what we call the western U.S.
 Santa Fe was the capital of New Spain
 Then New Mexico
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 6
PERIOD OF CHANGES
Reform took hold in 1850s
under Benito Juarez
 Tried to distribute land equally
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Give land to Peasants
Porfirio Diaz replaced Juarez
 Harsh and Corrupt
 Civil war and revolution came because of
him
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Francisco Madero, Pancho Villa, and
Emilian Zapata helped lead war.
 New Constitution in 1917
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 7
ONE PARTY RULE
 In 1929 the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) took power in
government
 Political Party
 Held on to power through Fraud and Corruption for 71 consecutive years
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Due to corruption it was overthrown for 12 years
 Enrique Peña Nieto
 Won office in 2012 re-won with Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
 Many are still worried about PRI
 Nieto promised to reduce drug violence
 55,000 killed in six years
 Allow PEMEX to compete in the
private sector
 Mexico’s national oil company
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 8
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
MEXICAN CULTURE
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 9
___________________________________
BLENDING OF CULTURES
The Aztecs and the
Spanish
 Mestizo
 People who are mixed between
native and Spanish heritage
 Main language in Mexico is
Spanish but most Indians speak
their Native Languages
 Spanish brought Catholicism to
Mexico, but natives still hold
onto religious traditions.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 10
___________________________________
ARCHITECTURE AND ART
Mexico’s Public Art.
 Mexico's history can be seen in
Murals all throughout Mexico
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Mural Painters are most common
in Mexico
 Most Mexican Painters blended
European technique with Native
influences
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 11
ARCHITECTURE AND ART
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Throughout Mexico we see a Blend of Native and Traditional Spanish
Architecture
 Native architecture has roots to Early Cultures.
 Temples and Carvings.
 Spanish built traditional Spanish missions and cathedrals
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 12
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
ECONOMY OF MEXICO
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 13
___________________________________
THE ECONOMIC GAP
___________________________________
 Throughout Mexico's history there has been a huge divide between the
Rich and the Poor’
 Little to No Middle Class
 Agriculture made land owners rich while workers stayed poor
 Political parties have tried to equally distribute land to everyone to
shrink gap
 Poor are moving to cities to get better jobs
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 14
MANUFACTURING
 Mexico is trying to shift from an Agricultural society to a
Manufacturing Society
 Mostly based in Oil Industry
 Oil industry has helped finance more in manufacturing in Mexico
 The Maquiladoras
 Factories that assemble imported materials and created finish products to export. (to
U.S.)
 NAFTA –North American Free Trade Agreement
 Established in 1994
 No tariffs, taxes, or penalty for trading goods between
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
the U.S., Canada, & Mexico
 Success or Failure?
 Both
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 15
TOURISM
One of Mexico's
Major industries.
Pacific coast line full
of resort cities
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Tourism is suffering
in Mexico in Recent
years.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 16
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
CHALLENGES FACING MEXICO
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 17
SAFETY
Illegal Drugs
 Billions of dollars worth shipped through Mexico to U.S.
 Control the Trade, Control the Money
 Brutal Gangs, Cartels, fight for Control
 Hurting Tourism and Foreign Investments.
 2006 President had declared war on illegal drug traffickers
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 18
DRUG KILLINGS IN 2011
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 19
EDUCATION AND WORK
Past history of Mexico education for work was
hard to get.
Country is working to improve education and
attendance in schools to boost economy.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Industrialization is lagging behind because of lack of
education in working age citizens
___________________________________
 As Industrialization increases education will become more
important.
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 20
EMIGRATION
 Search for Jobs push large number of Mexicans to the U.S.
 More Mexicans come here with Proper Documentation
 Many come Illegally, and risk deportation
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Money they send back to families is essential to local Mexican
economies.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 21
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
CENTRAL AMERICA
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 22
___________________________________
WHERE THEY LIVE
___________________________________
 Based on where the money is
 Between 35 to 40 million people in both central America and Caribbean
 Most live on farms
 More and more people are moving to cities where jobs are available
 Particularly in Tourism
 Port Cities where Cruise Ships are
 Island Resort cities
 Tourism helps local communities but increases the number of people
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Most end up living in the slums
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 23
POLITICALLY UNSTABLE
 This Region is important
 Land Bridge between North and South America
 Short Distance between two oceans
 Many different people want a piece of the Area.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Each Nation was once inhabited by a number of indigenous groups.
___________________________________
 Maya
 Taino
 Palenque
___________________________________
 Nicarao
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 24
___________________________________
SPANISH CONQUEST
 When Columbus landed in
Caribbean Islands it opened the
door for Europe to come in
 Spain Took control of all of
Central America
 Central America was part of Mexico
 When Mexico gained
independence soon after the
central American region as a
whole declared independence and
became the United Provinces of
Central America
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 25
___________________________________
BREAKUP OF THE UNITED PROVINCES
 By 1830 the united provinces
split into separate nations
 El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica,
Guatemala, and Honduras
 Belize was under British rule in
Honduras and would break of later
 Present Day Panama was part of
Columbia
 U.S. wanted to build a canal through the
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
area, Colombia said no.
 U.S. helped get a revolution to help
Panama become own nation
___________________________________
 When Panama won independence they
allowed the U.S. to build the Canal
Slide 26
PANAMA CANAL
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 27
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
CARIBBEAN ISLANDS
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 28
___________________________________
CARIBBEAN NATIONS
 Spanish Settled some of the Islands
___________________________________
 Columbus sailed for Spain
 Set up Sugar plantations on Islands
 Natives worked till too many died from diseases
 African Slaves used to Replace them
 Cultures are influenced by African Slaves
___________________________________
___________________________________
 By the 19th Century 5 countries controlled the Caribbean Islands
 Primarily for the Sugar trade
 First independent nation in Caribbean was a slave revolt in Haiti
 Cuba gained independence from Spain in Spanish American War
 Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago gained independent in 1692
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 29
BLENDING OF CULTURES
 Central American Culture

Natives and Spanish

(Similar to Mexico)

Many of these countries take on the same feeling as Mexico

Spanish Language

Spanish Religion (Catholic)
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Caribbean Culture is based on colonial country

Mixture of European and African and Native Cultures

Religions vary based on dominate country mixed with native practices

Jamaica creates its own language called “Jamaican” or Jamaican
Patios/Patwa, or Patios (Patwah)

Some of the Caribbean Island learned to play the steel drum

Most inhabitants are descendants from African Slaves

Villages, Markets and Foods similar to African Heritage

Haiti practices Voodoo

Rastafari movement in Jamaica

Comes from a mixture of English & Creole (Native American)

Under the Sea

Lion Sleeps Tonight
Slide 30
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
JAMAICA’S GREATS
 Usain Bolt
 World class sprinter
 Bob Marley
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Reggae
 Jamaican Bob Sled Team
___________________________________
 Collin Powell
 Patrick Ewing
 Corbin Bleu
___________________________________
 Christopher “Kid” Reid
___________________________________
 Shaggy
___________________________________
Slide 31
___________________________________
MONEY WITH COLONIAL PLANTERS
___________________________________
 Most people are poor.
 Wealth is controlled by owners not workers
 Also early colonial control took all resources
out of area, leaving economy weak
 Major industry is Farming and Trade
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Sugar crops largest export
 Bananas, Fruit, Coffee, and Spices
 Valuable crops but low pay for the workers
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 32
___________________________________
TRADE
___________________________________
 Central America produces 10 percent of the worlds Bananas and Coffee
 Trade has increased in these countries in large part because of the
Panama Canal
 Making central America a crossroads of the world.
 Ideas and goods from all around the world pass through Panama
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 33
___________________________________
TOURISM
 Increasingly important as population increases
 Young people looking for jobs can get schooled in how to work in the
___________________________________
___________________________________
tourist industry
 Hotels, Restaurants, Tour guides, Etc.
 Street venders, shoe shining and others help build income
 Informal Economy
 Outside traditional and official channels, provide no benefits for workers
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 34
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
SOUTH AMERICA
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 35
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
THE HISTORY OF BRAZIL
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 36
PORTUGUESE COLONIZATION
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Portugal was a major player in world
exploration before Columbus
 Vasco De Gama
___________________________________
 When the Spanish discover the new
world Portugal wants a claim.
 To prevent conflict the Pope created
the Line of Demarcation
 In 1494 Spain and Portugal created
the Treaty of Tordesillas
 Moved the line 400 miles West
 Created Portugal's claim to territory
in the new world
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 37
___________________________________
BRAZIL
___________________________________
 Originally inhabited by Native
tribes spread throughout the land
___________________________________
 1-5 million
 Portuguese colonists land in Brazil
___________________________________
in early 1500s
 Searching for Gold and Silver
 Created Sugar Plantations
___________________________________
 Sugar makes Brazil valuable to the
Portuguese
 Sugar plantations bring slaves to Brazil
___________________________________
helping create a very mixed culture
___________________________________
Slide 38
___________________________________
INDEPENDENCE IN BRAZIL
___________________________________
 Portuguese control starting in 1500
 Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807
 Royal family flees to Brazil
___________________________________
 Taking court and treasury with them
 For 14 years
 Makes Brazil center for Portuguese
empire
___________________________________
 This time increased the desire to grow
independent
 Thousands of Brazilians signed
petition asking Dom Pedro, son of
Portugal's king, to rule Brazil as an
independent country
 He agreed and Brazil declared
independence in September 1822
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 39
NATIONAL CULTURE
 A more blended culture between Portuguese, Natives, and African.
 1-5 Million Natives lived in Brazil when Portuguese arrived
___________________________________
___________________________________
 A large number of them died from diseases when the Portuguese arrived
 500,000 natives still live in Brazil
 Due to Labor Shortages because natives died African Slaves were brought in
___________________________________
 These slaves brought with them their culture
 In recent years more immigrants have come to brazil creating an international culture
 Germany, Italy, Spain, and Japan

___________________________________
Largest Japanese population outside of Japan
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 40
___________________________________
LANGUAGE AND RELIGION
___________________________________
 Language and Religion brought in with the Portuguese
 Portuguese and Catholic
 Today Brazil has the largest Catholic population in the world.
 Protestants are growing, now make up 15 percent
 Native religions are also in Brazil
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 41
___________________________________
CELEBRATIONS AND DANCE
___________________________________
 Carnival
 Most colorful celebration in brazil
 Most famous held in Rio de Janeiro, others
___________________________________
held all over
 Floats and Costumes
 Dance and Samba Music
___________________________________
 Both Brazilian and African influences
 Capoeira
 Martial Art and Dance that developed in
Brazil
 Based in African Origins
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 42
BRAZIL GROWING
 Largest of Latin American countries
both in land & population
 It is
5th
in the world in both land and
population size
 Brazil is growing as an economic
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
power in the world
 Why?
 8th largest economy in the world
 Natural Resources
 Huge abundance
 iron and bauxite (aluminum)
 Rivers

Power plants
 Oil and Natural Gas
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 43
___________________________________
MIGRATION
 Two kinds of Migration going on in Brazil
___________________________________
 To the Cities
 To the Interior
 To the Cities
 Economic gap between rich and poor
___________________________________
 People moving to cities to get better jobs
 In 1960 about 22 percent of population lived
in cities
___________________________________
 By 2008 more the 86 percent of population
lived in cities
 To the Interior
 About 80 percent live within 200 miles of
___________________________________
coast
 Government encouraging movement to
interior to develop resources

Government moved capitol city to interior in
1960
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 44
RIO DE JANEIRO
 Cultural Center of Brazil
___________________________________
___________________________________
 But not the Capitol, -Brasilia

They wanted to influence people to move inward
 Not largest or most financial, -Sao Paulo
 Beautiful Natural Setting
 Mountains, Guanabara Bay and Copacabana Beach
 Problems
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Slums on outside of city

Called FAVELAS
 Recent push by government to clean up slums
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 45
FOUR MAJOR CHALLENGES
 Deforestation and Rainforest
 A rainforest is a forest with 100 or more inches of rain per year
 Political Stability
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Immigration
 Income Gap
 Small middle class
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 46
DEFORESTATION OF THE AMAZON
 The Amazon rainforest is one of the most biologically diverse places on
the planet
 Vegetation cleans atmosphere
 Regulates climate
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Shelters millions of species of plants and animals
 Still researching more of the biodiversity in Amazon.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 47
BENEFITS OF THE RAINFOREST
___________________________________
___________________________________
 Rainforests cover 6 percent of the
worlds surface but contain around
50 percent of the worlds plants and
animal species
 Trees regulate world climates
 Reduces carbon dioxide and produces
___________________________________
___________________________________
oxygen
 Plants are being found that can heal
wounds and cure some diseases
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 48
___________________________________
DEFORESTATION
 Desire for land use has lead to an increase in
___________________________________
deforestation
 For Farming though soil is not very fertile
 Soil quality deteriorates quickly leading to more
slash and burn
___________________________________
 Land also used for cattle production
 Population increase in Latin America has also
lead to the need for housing
___________________________________
 Lumber of rainforest is valuable
 Mahogany
___________________________________
 Consequences
 Global warming increases
 Loss of plant and animal life
 Soil quality decreases
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 49
___________________________________
COSTA RICA
___________________________________
 A strong economic component of Central America is tourism, or in Costa
Rica's case, ecotourism
 Ecotourism is defined as "responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people."
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 50
___________________________________
Simón Bolívar
___________________________________
 The George Washington of South America
 He was a South American soldier instrumental in revolutions
___________________________________
against the Spanish empire
 Born on July 24, 1783 in Venezuela
 He and his followers invaded Venezuela on May14, 1813 to free them from
Spanish rule
 Bolívar was hailed as “The Liberator”
 Bolívar participated in the foundation of the first union of independent nations
in Hispanic-America
 This was a republic, now known as Gran Colombia

___________________________________
___________________________________
He was president from 1819 to 1830
 During his lifetime, he led Venezuela, Colombia (including Panama at the time), Ecuador, Peru
and Boliviato independence from the Spanish Empire
___________________________________
 Admirers claim that he helped lay the foundations for democracy in much of Latin America
___________________________________
Slide 51
___________________________________
VENEZUELA
 Has a huge natural resource base that includes large deposits of
oil and natural gas
 It also has arable agricultural land
 87% of Venezuela lives in an urban environment
 Until recently, Venezuela was considered stable and progressive
(by South American standards) but with the election in 1998 of
Hugo Chavez and the fluctuating oil market, things have taken a
downturn
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 52
___________________________________
UNSTABLE GOVERNMENTS IN LATIN AMERICA
___________________________________
 People of Latin America want more
freedom and democracy
 Suffer from results of colonialism
___________________________________
 Oligarchy governments kept even when
nations won independence
 Not Democratic
___________________________________
 Limited free speech and punished dissent
 Discriminated lower class
 In some cases military stepped in and
formed military governments known
as Junta
 Leading to military dictatorships called
___________________________________
___________________________________
Caudillo
 Juan Peron in Argentina
___________________________________
Slide 53
REFORM EFFORT DIFFICULT
 1970 to 1980s
 Argentine military waged a campaign of terror against anyone who wanted reform
 Around 30,000 people mysteriously disappeared
 Kidnappings and torture
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 54
MODERN REFORMS
 Searching for a constitutional democracy
 People want a voice
 Economic challenges often drive desire for
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
reform
 Desire to increase the voice of the people
and decrease the income gap
___________________________________
 That still rings true to this date
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________