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Lesson Plans for Week of 9.19.16
For Annie Hinson
Standard(s)
Monday: 8-1.3 Summarize the history of English settlement in New England, the mid-Atlantic region, and the South, with an emphasis on
South Carolina as an example of a distinctly southern colony.
Tuesday: 8-1.3 Summarize the history of English settlement in New England, the mid-Atlantic region, and the South, with an emphasis on
South Carolina as an example of a distinctly southern colony.
Wednesday: 8-1.4: Explain the significance of enslaved and free Africans in the developing culture and economy of the South and South
Carolina, including the growth of the slave trade and resulting population imbalance between African and European settlers; African
contributions to agricultural development; and resistance to slavery, including the Stono Rebellion and subsequent laws to control slaves.
Thursday: 8-1.4: Explain the significance of enslaved and free Africans in the developing culture and economy of the South and South
Carolina, including the growth of the slave trade and resulting population imbalance between African and European settlers; African
contributions to agricultural development; and resistance to slavery, including the Stono Rebellion and subsequent laws to control slaves.
Friday: None – teacher work day
Focus Activity
Monday: Story Creation 1.
Words: Middle Colonies, Pennsylvania, Tolerance, Quakers, diversity, William Penn, proprietary colony, Quakers.
Write a story using 5 of these words.
Tuesday: maze
Wednesday: Story Creation 2
Write a story using 5 of these words.
Rice, Indigo, Lords Proprietors, Barbados, Proprietary, quitrent, Huguenots
Thursday: maze
Friday: none
Bell Work
Monday: Compare/Contrast New England to Middle Colonies.
Tuesday: Belongs/Doesn’t belong
Wednesday: Proprietor Acrostic
Thursday: Barbados to Carolina
Friday: none
Strategy
Monday: Listening Skills – Salem Witch Trials
Tuesday: Annotation
Excerpted from
Despite previously unsuccessful colonization attempts, dreams of territorial expansion and mounting economic pressures
in the Caribbean settlements strengthened English resolve to stake their claim on the North American mainland. Carolina
held the promise of providing England with what it required: a colony which could serve as a source of raw materials and a
challenge to Spanish claims in the south Atlantic. Spain had twice attempted to settle Carolina at Port Royal between 1521
and 1587. In 1562, French Protestants also arrived at Port Royal, but they abandoned it after two years.
In the 1620s, England had begun establishing a presence in the Caribbean and laid claim to Barbados and two other
Lesser Antilles islands. Although a Portuguese mariner Pedro a Campos briefly landed at Barbados in 1536 during a
voyage to Brazil, it wasn’t until 1627 that Englishman Henry Powell came to Barbados to establish the first settlement on
the island. Ten enslaved Africans were obtained during the voyage and were among the first arrivals.
In the early years settlers struggled to survive on the island. Soil and climate conditions proved cotton and tobacco less
than suitable for cultivation and their labor force was comprise predominantly of white indentured servants. Fortunes turned
for the Barbadians when Dutch settlers who had recently been driven out of northeast Brazil by the Portuguese, introduced
sugar planting to the island. Enslaved Africans began to replace white indentured servants who cost more and were often
difficult to control. With the help of English capital, Barbados quickly developed an immensely successful sugar industry,
and became the first plantation boom-economy in English-speaking North America.
Barbados quickly became the richest colony in North America, with exports that were more than double that of all other
island colonies combined; however, with over 55,000 people inhabiting 166 square miles, it also quickly became the most
congested. Small farmers found it increasingly difficult to compete with large plantations, and available land became
expensive and scarce. Many of these small farmers left for New England, Virginia, Surinam in South America and other
Caribbean islands, particularly Jamaica. The need for new land renewed ideas of exploration of a Carolina colony.
Eight Lords Proprietors had been the driving force behind earlier efforts to establish a colony on the continent. The
Proprietors were noblemen who had received land grants and higher ranks in English nobility as a reward for helping to
restore King Charles II to the throne of England after his father, King Charles I, was executed during the English Civil War.
The names of these eight men – Edward Hyde, first earl of Clarendon; George Moncks, first duke of Albemarle; William
Craven, first earl of Craven; Anthony Ashley Cooper, first earl of Shaftesbury; John Berkeley, first baron Berkeley of
Stratton; and his brother Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia; Sir George Carteret; and Sir John Colleton – still mark
many of the counties, towns, streets and rivers throughout the Low country of South Carolina.
England had made two previous attempts to settle Carolina. In 1663, a group of New Englanders settled around the Cape
Fear River, but returned to New England some months later claiming dissatisfaction with the land. That same year a group
that called themselves the Barbadian Adventurers expressed an interest in settling Carolina. They hired William Hilton, for
whom Hilton Head Island is named, to explore the Carolina coast. He returned with favorable reports about the land near
the Cape Fear River. With a crew of 22 and supplies for seven months, the settlers left Speightstown, Barbados, on August
10, 1663, on a ship named the Adventure. They arrived at the Carolina coast on August 26, but the group could not reach
an agreement with the proprietors, and the first English attempt to settle Carolina failed.
To make the venture more attractive, in 1665 the Proprietors promised prospective settlers large land grants, religious
freedom and the right to set their own laws. A second wave of settlers also arrived at Cape Fear and by 1666 the colony
had 800 inhabitants. But a year later the community was abandoned and residents scattered to Virginia and New England.
The colony’s failure was initially blamed on a lack of support from the Proprietors and attacks from the Native people.
Historians have also argued that the second attempt to settle Carolina in the mid-1600s failed because England and the
Proprietors had more pressing issues at home: England was at war with Holland, bubonic plague struck London, and the
Great Fire caused widespread destruction in the capital city.
The two failed attempts to settle Carolina did not deter Lord Ashley Cooper, who has been called the “spark plug” in efforts
to establish the colony. He convinced other Proprietors to substantially increase their investment and recruit experienced
settlers from other colonies, particularly the successful colony of Barbados, in another attempt to make Carolina a reality.
In the third attempt, the Proprietors again promised religious freedom, generous land grants and the absolute power over
enslaved people.
In August 1669, three ships - Albemarle, Port Royal and Carolina - set out from England with Carolina as their destination.
After a brief stop in Ireland, the fleet began a forty-day voyage to Barbados where the Albemarle was lost in a storm. It was
replaced with a locally made sloop called The Three Brothers. After five months in port to take on supplies and Barbadian
settlers the expedition set sail on February 26, 1670, along a circuitous route to Carolina. The voyage was not easy. The
Port Royal ran aground in the Bahamas. When the other ships sailed to Bermuda a storm forced The Three Brothers to
Virginia. On January 12, 1669, the Carolina limped into Bermuda. The Carolina eventually made landfall on March 15,
thirty miles north of present-day Charleston at Bull’s Bay.
The settlers originally had planned to establish a colony at Port Royal, south of Charleston, but a Kiawah chief urged the
Englishmen to locate on the Ashley River. Historians have suggested that the chief wanted the English close as protection
from the plundering Westo Indians. After comparing it with Port Royal, the settlers agreed on the Ashley River site. By
settling several miles upriver on a high bluff, they would not be seen from the harbor and it also would be easier to defend
against Spanish attack.
In April 1670, about 130 colonists settled at a location they named Albemarle Point. On May 23, The Three Brothers
arrived at Albemarle after a harrowing experience with Indians and Spaniards off the coast of what is now Georgia.Initially,
most of the colonists were English, with a few from Barbados. But over the next two years more than half of the white
colonists and the enslaved Africans came from the tiny island. The Barbadians constituted a majority in the colony for the
first two decades, but after the turn of the century the number of white settlers from other European countries would
overtake the majority of Carolina’s the white population.
Raising cattle was the colony’s first large-scale agricultural endeavor. With mild weather and open grassland the colony
was a natural for cattle. Carolina’s resources were also suitable for raising hogs. While Barbadians were familiar with
cattle, Africans were more experienced at herding cattle on open grassland. Black labor soon replaced whites in the
herding of swine and cattle on the open range. In 1708 the adult male slave population in the colony was 1,800, and nearly
1,000 of them were cowboys or “cattle-hunters.” Black cattle-hunters rounded up herds and drove them to pens where
cattle were selected for slaughter. Before cattle could be slaughtered the law required that its owner first had to be
identified – a problem that was quickly remedied by branding the cattle. Cattle drives, the cattle branding and cowboys
were part of the colony more than 150 years before the practices existed in the American West.
On November 1, 1670, the settlement at Albemarle Point was renamed “Charles Towne.” Three days later, the Proprietors
sent reports to Barbados that the colony was thriving, the Indians were friendly and land was plentiful. The public relations
effort paid off. The Carolina made a return voyage to Charles Towne in early 1671 with 64 new settlers from the island.
Soon, they were followed by other planters who brought their slaves and servants. In December 1679 the Proprietors
ordered the settlement moved from Albemarle Point to Oyster Point, at the tip of a peninsular flanked by the Ashley and
Cooper rivers, named to honor Lord Ashley. The initial street grid for the new town at Oyster Point was laid out by
Barbadian John Culpeper, the colony’s surveyor-general.
During the early years of colonization, Barbados remained the primary portal for trade between the Carolina colony and the
rest of the world. During the colony’s first three decades enslaved workers had more freedom than they would have later
on. But in 1696, as the rice plantation system was beginning to take root, the colonists adopted the Barbados slave code
that defined slaves as property and allowed a slaveholder to administer unbridled discipline. The Carolina slave codes
were the harshest in the American colonies – murder, rape, assault and arson and stealing anything of value were
punishable by death. Much of Carolina’s early economic, social, political and cultural customs were heavily influenced by
the island colony, marking it with a distinct character unlike any other English settlements in North America.
http://www.scnhc.org/story/the-connection-a-brief-history
Wednesday: Highlighting – Carolina Gold
Thursday: Sequencing – rice production
Friday: None
Vocabulary
Monday: Pilgrim, Plymouth, Meeting House, Democracy, John Winthrop, Mayflower Compact, Dissident, Ann Hutchinson, Roger Williams,
Middle Colonies, Heterogeneous, Will Penn, Proprietary Colony, Quakers, Inner Light
Tuesday: Primogeniture, Barbados, Lords Proprietors, Albemarle Point, Oyster Point, Charles Towne,
Wednesday: SC, the colony of a colony, pitch, tar, naval stores, cowboys, Rice, indigo, Eliza Pinckney
Thursday: Slavery, task system, gang system, Port of Charleston
Friday:
Self- Assessment
Monday: I understand the differences between New England and the Middle Colonies
Tuesday: Exit slip – I understand that the Lords Proprietors wanted to colonize Carolina so they could make a profit
Wednesday: Exit slip – I understand that Carolina served as a “Wal-mart” to Barbados
Thursday: Exit skip – I understand that slaves never accepted their captivity
Friday:
Arts Integration
Monday: making a brochure
Tuesday:
Wednesday:
Thursday: slavery in the arts
Friday:
Homework
Monday: Create a brochure inviting settlers to colonize your land grant. Due Thursday
Tuesday: Create a brochure inviting settlers to colonize your land grant. Due Thursday
Wednesday: Create a brochure inviting settlers to colonize your land grant. Due Thursday
Thursday: Create a brochure inviting settlers to colonize your land grant. Due today
Friday
Content
Monday: Recap New England and Middle Colonies
Map New England and Middle Colonies.
Map Religions
Tuesday: settling the Caribbean and Barbados
Wednesday: staking out a claim in Carolina and Slavery in the Caribbean
Thursday: Slavery by the numbers
Friday: none

It is essential for students to know:
Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in the New World [1607]. Established by a joint stock company, the settlers endured
several years of starvation and the deaths of many until tobacco made the settlement sustainable. Anxious to attract more settlers, the
London Company initiated the headright system that provided land to anyone who paid their own passage or the passage of others to the
settlement. The headright system promoted the establishment of large tobacco plantations and thus conflict over land with the natives as the
settlers took more land for tobacco production. Tobacco growers enlarged their landholding through the headright and secured workers by
paying for the passage of indentured servants. By the end of the 1600s however, they had turned to a more reliable source of labor – African
slaves. The London Company also established the House of Burgesses [1619] so that settlers would have a voice in the governance of the
colony. Although not completely democratic, this assembly was in keeping with English political tradition since the Magna Carta.
Jamestown grew into the colony of Virginia and established the pattern for the southern colonies.
The New England colonies were founded as a haven for religious groups persecuted in England. The Separatists [Pilgrims] landed at
Plymouth after signing the Mayflower Compact [1620] establishing another bedrock of American democracy – the idea that the people form
the government. They struggled to survive as had the Jamestown settlers. With the help of a Native American, they learned to plant corn and
sustained themselves but never prospered. A much larger migration of Puritans landed in the Massachusetts Bay [1630s]. The Puritans
invested in their own joint stock company and brought their charter with them to the New World. Consequently they established a
democratic form of government that included town meetings and a general assembly. All male church members could vote. They prospered
almost immediately, harvesting the lumber of the great northern woods, building ships, and engaging in trade. They established schools so
that their children could learn to read the Bible and established religious conformity. Dissenters were exiled to other parts of the region.
Puritan families were large so the population grew and spread to other areas of New England, taking its religious and governing ideas along.
New Englanders enjoyed religious homogeneity, a thriving economy based on trade, and a democratic government.
Settlers to the Middle Colonies included a great variety of Europeans, including the Dutch who first settled New York and the Swedes who
first settled Delaware. English Puritans also moved into the Middle Colonies and English Quakers settled Pennsylvania. The Quakers were a
group of religious dissenters who believed that everyone had an inner light. They promoted religious tolerance and good relations with the
natives in their region and so the colony attracted many other groups of people. The Middle Colonies had the greatest diversity of people
and religions in British North America. The king (Charles II) granted William Penn land as the repayment of a family debt so Penn had the
rights of a proprietor and could name the governor of the colony. Pennsylvania also had a representative assembly as did the other colonies
in the region. Founded for the purpose of profit, this region’s economic prosperity rested on its good harbors and fertile fields. It became
known as the ‘breadbasket’ of the colonies.
South Carolina was founded as a proprietary colony when the king (Charles II) granted land to the eight Lords Proprietors as repayment of
debts incurred in reclaiming the throne, just as he had to a single proprietor in Pennsylvania. The proprietors hoped to make a profit by
charging settlers a quitrent on the land. The proprietors commissioned John Locke to write the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina. This
document included policies, such as religious toleration, designed to attract settlers. It also included provisions for establishing a social class
system based on the granting of titles to large landholders. Although this provision was never carried out, it shows the intention to make
Carolina a society based on deference to the elites, unlike the experiences in New England and the middle colonies where religion at first
emphasized equality. In order to encourage immigration, the proprietors granted large tracts of land to settlers through the headright system,
just as in Virginia. The headright system led to the establishment of large plantations based on cash crops that made South Carolina a
distinctly southern colony. The first settlers were Englishmen who emigrated from the British colony of Barbados and brought a welldeveloped slave system with them (8-1.4). Slavery made the plantation owners very wealthy (8-1.5). Other settlers attracted to the
prosperous colony came from France, Switzerland, Germany, Scotland, and Ireland. Assured of religious choice by the Fundamental
Constitutions, settlers came from diverse religious backgrounds, including French Huguenots and Jewish settlers. The South Carolina
colony’s natural resources, including fertile land, a mild climate, and many waterways, also contributed to the development plantations and
prosperity (8-1.5). Originally the Lords Proprietors controlled the government through a Governor and Grand Council, which included
representatives of the proprietors, the Carolina elite and a smaller representation of the common people of the colony
. Just as in the other colonies, Carolina had some degree of democracy from the beginning (8-1.6)..
Enduring Understanding:
The human mosaic of the South Carolina colony was composed of indigenous, immigrant, and enslaved populations. To understand how
these differing backgrounds melded into an entirely new and different culture the student will . . .
8-1.4: Explain the significance of enslaved and free Africans in the developing culture and economy of the South and South Carolina,
including the growth of the slave trade and resulting population imbalance between African and European settlers; African contributions to
agricultural development; and resistance to slavery, including the Stono Rebellion and subsequent laws to control slaves.
It is essential for students to know:
African Americans played a significant role in the developing economy of South Carolina. The economy of South Carolina, like the
economies of other southern colonies, was largely based on the plantation system. Most of the crops were labor intensive, requiring many
workers to cultivate the land. In Virginia, indentured servants were used as laborers at first. However, by the time of the settlement of the
Carolinas, there were fewer workers willing to accept a contract of indenture. Initially, Carolina planters attempted to use Indians as
workers, however natives could easily escape into the land that they knew and male natives were not accustomed to cultivating the land.
Carolina settlers from Barbados brought their slaves with them. Additional slaves were forced through the “Middle Passage” from the west
coast of Africa by way of the West Indies and sold on the auction block. These Africans brought with them the knowledge of cultivation
from their native lands, including the knowledge of tending cattle and cultivating rice. With the development of cash crops and the
plantation system came an increase in the slave trade. Large-scale importation of African slaves began in the 1690s and thousands of
African slaves came to South Carolina and the South through the port of Charleston. The growing demand for both rice and indigo led
plantation owners to import more slaves.
Slaves brought their African culture directly from West Africa, including language, dance, music, woodcarving, folk medicine, and basket
weaving. African rhythms could be heard in the call and response songs that slaves used to sustain their work and their spirit. Drums kept
the beat of the fields and communicated with slaves on other plantations until they were banned by fearful whites after the Stono Rebellion.
Foods such as yams became a staple of the southern diet. Gullah was a spoken language and the shared culture of Africans that developed in
the Sea Islands off the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia, where it is called Geechee. A mixture of many spoken languages combined
with newly created words, the Gullah language was unique to the coastal region because of this area’s limited access and the large
concentration of Africans.
As early as 1698, the Assembly began to worry that there were too many slaves in the colony but, because slaves were vital to the economic
success of the colony, the Assembly did not want to limit the number of slaves coming into the colony. With the demand for more slaves
came an increase in the slave trade that created a population imbalance. Slaves outnumbered whites by large numbers in many areas and this
fact raised concerns about controlling the slave population. The Stono Rebellion, a slave revolt near Charles Town, significantly increased
this concern. This uprising began when a small group of slaves, who wanted to escape to St. Augustine, Florida where the Spanish said they
would be free, broke into a store on the Stono River and killed two settlers. Using their drums, the rebels summoned more slaves to join
them. By day’s end, many settlers and slaves had been killed. As a result of the Stono Rebellion, slave codes, originally brought from
Barbados, were strengthened Slaves codes [the Negro Act of 1740] prohibited slaves from gathering without white supervision, learning to
read and write, and carrying guns. Much of the Negro Act was devoted to controlling minute aspects of a slave’s life. For example, slaves
were not allowed to dress in a way "above the condition of slaves." It created harsher punishments for disobeying the law and also fined
slave owners who were cruel to their slaves. What was most important to the colonists was that the codes established tighter control of their
slaves. Even after the Stono Rebellion, the slave trade was not limited.
South Carolina had fewer free African-Americans than many other colonies. The state legislature acknowledged the right of owners to free,
or manumit, their slaves for good cause in the early 1700s. Some slaves were free by the last will and testament of their owners, for faithful
service, or from masters freeing their slave mistresses and their children. However this occurred rarely because the slaves were so valuable.
Some slaves were able to purchase their freedom as the result of having some special talent or skill that allowed them to be hired out and
earn money which they used to purchase their freedom. However, free blacks were required by law to leave South Carolina within six
months or be re-enslaved and sold at auction. Very few free blacks [4%] lived in the South. Free blacks were most likely to live in urban
areas where they were able to earn a living by their craft. After the American Revolution restrictions on the rights of owners to free their
slaves were further legislated.