Original Article
DOI: 10.15253/2175-6783.2015000300011
www.revistarene.ufc.br
Perception of female nursing professors about their quality of life*
Percepção da enfermeira docente sobre sua qualidade de vida
Percepción de la enfermera docente acerca de su calidad de vida
Amanda Miranda Cruz1, Natália Gondim de Almeida1, Ana Virgínia de Melo Fialho1, Dafne Paiva Rodrigues1,
Juliana Vieira Figueiredo1, Adriana Catarina de Souza Oliveira1
Objective: to describe the perception of female nursing professors about their quality of life. Methods: descriptive
exploratory study with a qualitative approach, performed at a public university, with 24 nursing professors, using semistructured interviews to obtain the data. Speeches were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by Minayo’s categorical analysis,
with the categories: defining quality of life by female nursing professors and checking the existence of quality of life. Results:
perceptions were related to balance in life, good conditions of life and stress reduction. It proved the existence of quality of
life for most of them, and for those who did not have it or had it partially one mentioned problems related to the environment
or to the working hours. Quality of life was related to well-being and to a sense of life satisfaction. Conclusion: quality
of life of female nursing professors both in the workplace and in their personal lives stem from several factors, involving
environment and interpersonal relationships.
Descriptors: Quality of Life; Faculty, Nursing; Education, Higher. Objetivo: descrever a percepção de enfermeira docente sobre sua qualidade de vida. Métodos: estudo exploratório
descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado em uma universidade pública, com 24 docentes de enfermagem, utilizando
entrevista semiestruturada para obtenção dos dados. Falas gravadas, transcritas e analisadas pela técnica de Análise
Categorial de Minayo, com as categorias: Definindo a qualidade de vida pela docente de enfermagem e Averiguando a
existência da qualidade de vida. Resultados: as percepções se relacionaram ao equilíbrio na vida, boas condições de vida
e redução de estresse. Revelou-se existência da qualidade de vida pela maioria, e quem não possuía ou a detinha de forma
parcial relacionaram problemas ao ambiente ou carga horária do trabalho. Qualidade de vida foi relacionado à sensação de
bem-estar e satisfação com a vida. Conclusão: qualidade de vida dos docentes de enfermagem tanto no ambiente laboral
como pessoal, decorrem de inúmeros fatores, envolvendo ambiente e relações interpessoais.
Descritores: Qualidade de Vida; Docentes de Enfermagem; Educação Superior.
Objetivo: describir la percepción de enfermera docente acerca de su calidad de vida. Métodos: estudio descriptivo,
exploratorio, cualitativo, en una universidad pública, con 24 docentes de enfermería, a través de entrevista semiestructurada
para obtener datos. Hablas fueron grabadas, transcritas y analizadas por análisis categórico de Minayo, con las categorías:
Definición de Calidad de Vida por la docente de enfermería y Determinar la existencia de la Calidad de Vida. Resultados:
percepciones estaban relacionados al equilibrio en la vida, buenas condiciones de vida y reducción del estrés. Había Calidad
de Vida para la mayoría, y que no tenía o mantenía parcialmente problemas relacionados con el medio ambiente u horas de
trabajo. La Calidad de Vida estuvo relacionada con bienestar y satisfacción con la vida. Conclusión: La calidad de vida de
docentes de enfermería, en el ámbito laboral y personal, se deriva de varios factores, relacionados con medio ambiente y
relaciones interpersonales.
Descriptores: Calidad de Vida; Docentes de Enfermería; Educación Superior.
*
Article extracted from the project: Quality of life de women who are nursing profesionals, presented at the nursing undergraduate course
from the State University of Ceara [Universidade Estadual do Ceará], 2013.
Universidade Estadual do Ceará. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
1
Corresponding author: Amanda Miranda Cruz
Rua Eduardo Garcia, 1048, apto 301, CEP: 60150-100. Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]
382
Received: Feb. 25th 2015; Accepted: May 20th 2015.
Rev Rene. 2015 May-June; 16(3):382-90.
Perception of female nursing professors about their quality of life
Introduction
By the end of the 19th century, women had
the stereotype of being the weaker gender and that
they should be submissive to men, housewives and
children’s caretakers, not being able to work outside
because of a patriarchal culture. Changes have
occurred over the years with changes in this former
reality.
Women have started their production at work
in this new contemporary society, although they
have specific needs from their gender, getting into a
social, cultural and economic context that overlaps
the reproductive function, being active citizens in the
economic production(1).
Thus, the presence of women in the labor
market determined changes in family and social
structures, as they are part of families’ subsistence
and organization, contributing to the socioeconomic
aspects shaped by globalization. With these changes,
besides having in society a function in the labor
market, they took on multiple roles in modern life:
mothers, wives and home owners. These facts make
them burdened by the accumulation of functions that
consequently lead them to emotional stress.
Among numerous activities within society
there is the caregiver role (of old people, children
and sick people), being directly related to nursing,
and to the teacher’s role, for making reference to
the responsibility of educating(2). Women got jobs
compatible with skills that characterized the female
role, therefore, as nurses and professors, one points
up the role of educator both at home and at schools
and universities.
Regarding nursing, the art of taking care,
it strives for health care, the need for nurses who
teach and help others to learn is continuous because
of constant changes in the health system. For this
function nurses must understand principles and
processes of teaching and learning to be able to take
on responsibilities of professional practice in an
efficient and effective way(3).
It is noticed, however, that for the development
of higher education in nursing there was a stricter
rigour concerning research. One sought to develop a
practice based on investigation, which required higher
commitment of professors towards universities,
distancing these professionals from assistance and
clinical activities in support of research funding.
However, nursing, to develop as a profession requires
educators involved in clinical practice, involving
research, teaching and care(4).
Some professors, however, continue to exercise
care and teaching activities, spending countless
working hours with responsibility to attend meetings,
represent boards, committees and subcommittees.
In addition, they participate in the preparation of
scientific publications, events, presentation of studies,
among others(5). All these activities can overload
professionals affecting their personal and professional
lives and consequently affecting their quality of life at
work and their health.
About quality of life, the Group World Health
Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) establishes
a broad concept defining it as “an individual’s
perception of their position in life in the context of
culture and systems of value in which they live and
in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and
concerns”(6:1405).
Complementing this concept, “the quality of life
of an individual can be reached from the obtention
of satisfaction and personal, professional and social
fulfillment, etc.”(7:636), which is critical to achieving
harmonious relationships in the workplace. This
justifies the need to know the perception of nursing
professors about their quality of life, given that it is
a multidimensional concept that may influence their
professional development. Moreover, the perception
of quality of life might indicate vulnerability factors,
which will enable the development of strategies for
improving the quality of life of these professionals
Given these facts, this question arose: What
is the perception of nursing professors about their
quality of life? Thus, the objective of this study was to
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Cruz AM, Almeida NG, Fialho AVM, Rodrigues DP, Figueiredo JV, Oliveira ACS
describe the perception of nursing professors about
their quality of life.
In this context, the relevance of the study
is the possibility of transmitting to the scientific
community information about aspects of the quality
of life of nursing professors, as these professional are
responsible for the scientific education and training
of people who will take care of other human beings,
needing a good quality of life for the efficient and
effective performance of their activities.
Method
Exploratory and descriptive study with a
qualitative approach, developed in a public institution
of higher education in Fortaleza-CE. The nursing
faculty consists of 42 professors, with 10 adjunct and
32 tenured professors, among them, two men.
One elected female tenured nursing professors,
both in exclusive dedication, and those who worked in
the assistance and management area, with minimum
time of teaching experience of one year in the
institution as inclusion criteria. And exclusion there
were: being a male nursing professor; on vacation,
leave or away for other reasons; with temporary
contract; with a workload of less than 40 working
hours per week. As explained above, 24 professionals
participated in the study.
The data were collected in May 2013, with
semi-structured interviews. The script contained
socio-demographic data: age, marital status, number
of children; professional data: vocational training,
time after graduation, working hours, number of jobs
and number of activities in teaching, and subjective
questions concerning the object of study, namely:
What is quality of life for you? Do you have quality of
life?
Interviews in the university mentioned,
individually, after consent and scheduling so that there
would be no impairment in the academic activities.
They were held in a private atmosphere, attending the
professional’s privacy, and recorded for later reliable
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transcription of the speeches.
Organization of data was based on Minayo’s
categorical analysis through a pre-analysis (with
mapping of meanings attributed by subjects to the
guiding questions of the interview); analysis of the
expressed and latent sense (coding, identification of
meaning nucleuses with aggregation of content, ie,
portions or phrases considered representative for
theoretical or empirical categorization); final analysis
of the information with the preparation of central
themes through the synthesis of empirical categories,
and subsequent inference and interpretation of the
themes, discussed by the reflections of researchers,
supported by the literature about the subject(8).
In order to maintain anonymity in the interviews,
participants were identified by the letter “P”, which
means professor, followed by cardinal numbers,
omitting their real names as precepts of ethics in
research.
This study is part of the project: Quality of Life
of Female Nursing Professionals, developed in the
Research Group about Women’s Health and it was
approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the
State University of Ceará.
Results
The study included 24 female nursing
professors, aged from 41 to 50 years old (10), married
(13) and who had one or three children (seven).
Regarding their occupational information, they had
a doctorate degree (15) and post-doctoral studies
(five). Referring to the time after graduation, they had
between 26 and 30 years of graduation (nine). When
it comes to working hours, they worked 40 hours
per week (13). Regarding their working contract,
they had exclusive dedication to the university (12)
and had three working links (four). It was noted that
working hours and number of working links alter
professionals’ quality of life.
With regard to subjective questions: What
is quality of life for you? For fourteen of them it was
Perception of female nursing professors about their quality of life
related to “life balance”. For eight of them it would
be having “good living conditions” involving healthy
habits of life and well-being. One of them emphasized
the “subjectivity” of the theme and only one reported
that the concept is associated, beyond life balance, to
reduced stress.
When asked about: Do you think you have
quality of life? Some of them said yes (14), despite the
adversities experienced in daily life. However, some
of them reported not having it (four), mainly due to
the demands of labor activities. There were reports
(six) about a partial quality of life phenomenon, also
mentioning work as a major cause of this fact.
From the speeches one elaborated two
categories: Defining quality of life by nursing
professors, emerging the subcategories “balance of
life”, “good living conditions “and “stress reduction”;
and verifying the existence and quality of life,
categorizing as “yes,” “no” or “partially”.
Defining quality of life by nursing professors
In addition, it is connected with balance in life
and to “reduction of stress”. It is having tranquility, having
time to do one’s work and leisure activities, being with one’s family,
having a reduced level of stress ... (P12).
Verifying the existence of quality of life
When participants were asked if they had
quality of life, they replied in an affirmative way. I
think so. I think as far as possible from the difficulties we find in the
external world such as violence, political issues that nowadays are
very complicated. I think I try to find a way to build my quality of life
(P18).
Out of these, some of them tried to achieve this
value, due to the reorganization of their way of life,
seeking health and well-being. I think that nowadays I have
it. It has already been very hard, it took me a long time to have quality
of life, I faced many difficulties. I had to give up on some things and
outlined a way of life that I consider that makes me happy ... (P10).
Nowadays I think I’m succeeding, I’m getting there. About six months
ago I went through a stress problem. From that moment on I began
to review my position, I started to look at life differently, to distribute
From the speeches came the idea that quality
of life is related to “balance of life”. For me quality of life
my time better... (P12).
psychological, and affective dimension, in my family, at work, in
within the university that give me pleasure. Then, quality of life would
is distributing my time well, balancing my professional and leisure
activities (P1). It is achieving balance in life in the spiritual, social,
my social life. So, it is being able to manage all these dimensions
harmoniously so I can have that quality. ... It is not overriding my life
over work, having leisure and moments of rest (P19).
It was also linked to having “good living
conditions” with healthy habits of life and well-being.
For me it is having a life with satisfaction, a pleasant life, with health,
with minimum living conditions, housing, living well, eating well,
having financial resources to meet one’s needs and having a warm,
family environment (P14).
Quality of life besides having interference in
“good living conditions” is perceived as a subjective
concept. It is when one has associations of life conditions,
maintaining a lifestyle that we can call healthy such as healthy eating
habits, physical activity and especially spiritual welfare, feeling well
with oneself and with others. ... This is very subjective (P22).
For female nursing professors, the existence of
quality of life is related to satisfaction with their work
and their profession. I think so (laughs), because I can do things
also be this satisfaction that gives me pleasure in what I do ... (P11).
It is noteworthy, however, that having quality
of life is believing in something that is considered
better to live, thus individuals say they are different
concerning how to live, but similar concerning their
species. This aspect, therefore, is subjective as it
varies with precepts of each human being. Associated
with satisfaction, one includes the preparation and
implementation of plans, as an important factor for
personal fulfillment. It is having time to do the things one loves.
It is being able to do all the things one plans to do during the semester,
throughout the day and those one manages to do and that really gives
a sense of accomplishment in the end of the semester (P15). ... I think it
is, due to the things I do, to devote most of my time to things that give
me pleasure or that give meaning to me, that give me desire, which
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Cruz AM, Almeida NG, Fialho AVM, Rodrigues DP, Figueiredo JV, Oliveira ACS
are part of what one understands of life, because not having quality
of life is to do something that does not have meaning for you (P18).
A female nursing professor, who reported not
having quality of life, linked this fact to her obtaining
a doctorate degree in nursing, which reverberated in
more intense daily activities, overload of activities at
the university, which harmed her quality of life. Look, in
recent times quality of life has been greatly reduced, especially after a
doctorate degreee, when one comes back to the university and has a
number of assignments to take in daily life .... (P3).
There was a report that while performing some
healthy lifestyle habits, their quality of life is impaired
because home activities are exhaustive tasks. No, I
don’t think I have quality of life because even practicing what I said
previously, as a good diet and pilates, I don’t have a good quality of
life, because at the moment I don’t have a maid and I work a lot, both
in the professional and in the home tasks (P7).
In this line, one of them reported that her
intense professional workload is causing the lack
of quality of life, having to reconcile with family
responsibilities. Of course not (laughs)! Of course not! I don’t
have it. This is due to a number of functions that I have such as an
intense workload of 70 hours/week, I also have my family life that
also requires a lot from me... (P15).
Six of them reported having partial quality of
life, mentioning work and habits of daily lifestyle as
the cause for this. Partly because due to the working hours
mainly as a professor we take a lot of work home. This habit of taking
work home ends up harming our personal life. Our sleeping time is
harmed... (P17). I think that my quality of life is not appropriate to
that. So that it fits my balance condition there are some factors: a
reduction in working hours, adequate food, what I have corrected a
lot and I have noticed beneficial results because I noticed my health is
much better. Another thing is physical activity that I have maintained
almost continuously, because at times I do it ... (P16).
Discussion
Age group of adults from 41 to 50 years old,
and the number of children with one or three, reveals
disagreement with another study, also performed in a
similar environment, which showed participants from
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the age group of 51 years old or more, 38.5% and with
two children, 30.8%.
However, regarding marital status, there were
similarities(9), 84.6% were married, resembling the
profile found in the study that follows.
Nursing professors consider that when children
reach adolescence or adulthood they do not require
monitoring of daily care. Married professors reported
that, in addition to committing themselves to work,
they had to take care of their homes, their children
and their husbands.
Adolescence, however, is a transition phase
of individuals that evolves from dependence to the
condition of personal autonomy. It is important at this
stage, mothers’ daily monitoring, as it is the period
when individuals start their views and ideologies
about aspects of life(10).
It denotes that adolescence is a time of new
responsibilities and perspectives about life, agreeing
with the speeches reported, since that period requires
maternal support due to the questions and problems
that usually come up.
One unveiled in this study that 60% of the
professors hold doctorate degree and 21.8% PhD.
Competitiveness and search for better quality and
productivity at work have required better professional
qualifications, at institutions and companies,
and training through graduate studies, which is
responsible for improving the quality of education(11).
Technological breakthrough stimulates the labor
market to demand more qualified professionals,
hampering their personal life and consequently their
family relationships(7).
It is clear, therefore, that the innovations
and difficulties encountered in the labor market
have allowed professionals to deepen knowledge
and to learn skills and competencies that emerged
with modernization to promote a better quality of
teaching required by universities. Correspondingly,
the consequence is that such aspects caused more
hours of dedication to be developed, jeopardizing
the availability to family relationships, which may
Perception of female nursing professors about their quality of life
compromise the quality of life.
Nursing professors are in the age group
between 41 and 50 years old and have academic
experience of at least 10 years(12), coinciding with the
group in analysis. These characteristics reveal how
experienced these professionals are in the institution,
and the commitment and interest they have towards
teaching.
As to their professional profile, their time of
completion of undergraduate course is between 26
and 30 years, which is consistent with a research(9)
in which public institution professors have 21 years
or more after graduation, 53.8% and in private
universities they have 11-15 years after graduation
37.5%. Evidence shows that there is a dichotomy
between the time of course completion at public and
private universities, since public university professors
are more experienced.
It was observed in this study that out of the 24
participants, 12 were hired under exclusive dedicaton.
This corroborates scientific evidence(9) that nursing
professors who work at public universities have no
other employment 97.4%, have exclusive activity
and at private universities, 31.3% have other types
of employment in health institutions with working
hours of 21 to 30 hours per week. It means that
possibly these professors get tired because of their
jobs, occupying hours of rest and recreation, what can
compromise their quality of life.
It is emphasized a concern with professors
who have more than one job, as they teach from two
to four different subjects, which are mostly theoretical
and practical. Staying in the same subject contributes
to a better understanding and content domain,
contributing to the development of teaching skills and
professional competence(13).
Findings that emerged from the survey allowed
one to compare them to the previous fact, because
for participants with several jobs, having more than
one job is not considered unfavorable, since the need
is to seek greater income for their benefit and for
their family needs, providing goods and services. One
notices that having more than one job as alluded to in
the study(11) may cause sensitive discomfort, decrease
functional capacity and affect mental health.
In line with what was shown above, people
with more than one job have harmed quality of life,
because it is perceived interferences in their physical,
spiritual and psychological dimensionalities.
Due to the arguments, one emphasizes the need
to reflect and seek the best for themselves, knowing
that quality of life is defined by the welfare state and
because of the complexity, multidimensionality and
subjectivity of the concept unveiled in this study, it
was necessary to understand the perception of the
interviewees relating them to the conduction of their
personal and professional activities.
Quality of life has conceptions of individual
experiences, linked to situations of influence and
interdependence, that human beings have with space,
territory or environment among themselves(14).
It is related to the need of balance in
routine activities of individuals’ everyday life, as
inferred in the speeches, in a harmonious plan
in the biopsicosocioespiritual dimensions. It is
understandable thus, as stated by a study(7) conducted
with nurses that quality of life crosses elements
essential to human life: balanced life and that
promotes wellness, agreeing with the facts revealed.
Having good living conditions is to achieve
satisfaction of needs and to live pleasant experiences,
with the right to health, housing, food and income.
There is a need for human beings to achieve a decent
life, with minimum conditions of survival they have
the right to. The concept of quality of life is also linked
to the need for material goods, among other aspects
mentioned of human experience(7).
The complexity and subjectivity of the theme
allow one to relate quality of life with several aspects
that are related to individuality and to all kinds of
relations to which it is destined, whether in a social,
economic or political environment. The construct also
earns interest for society and scholars, particularly
anthropologists, sociologists and health professionals,
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Cruz AM, Almeida NG, Fialho AVM, Rodrigues DP, Figueiredo JV, Oliveira ACS
by inferring positive and negative impacts in many
different environments.
It is claimed that quality of life and the search
for its improvement are an endless search of human
beings(15). This statement brings the need of better
living conditions, with victories over everyday
adversities.
The definition of quality of life is also related
to stress commonly linked to a professional life with
intense workload(16). Interest in reducing stress is
circumstantial to an individual who intends to have
good quality of life, because it depends on their welfare
state. Stress is associated with feelings that trigger
physical and emotional reactions, causing discomfort,
being related to an individual perception of a human
being about his experience(17).
There is evidence that the numerous changes
that have developed at work throughout history,
have increased stress in women. This feature may be
related to personal factors, such as having a schedule
of working 40 hours weekly and having full-time
dedication more frequently than for men who work in
this field(11).
Moreover, this overwork together with the
pressure at work related to intense activities and
schedule to be followed, as well as demands with
guidance, projects, publications and deadlines, also
harming their academic performance(18). These several
university affairs could harm professors’ role in the
institution as it also contributes to stress and reduced
hours of rest and recreation, which may cause conflict
in the work environment.
The perception of nursing professors
about quality of life is individual, subjective and
multifactorial, which proves the complexity and
transculturality associated with this topic. When one
verifies the existence of quality of life, this is achieved
by the pursuit of health and well-being, considered
as something subjective and inherent to people’s
life, involving experiences and current state of life.
Individuals must state that they have an adequate
welfare from the moment they recognize their level
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of satisfaction with life, including their positive and
negative emotional experiences and values, including
the dimension of affection and achievement of
personal actions(18). With this view, they can change
and look for better quality of life, at work or in their
health.
In the daily work at the university, conducting
pleasurable activities contributes to quality of life.
Being happy with what one’s job gives joy, wellbeing and the fostering of functions with quality and
responsibility. Being in the profession one loves is also
a factor for good quality of life(7).
The preparation of plans and their
implementation cause in individuals the sense of wellbeing, consequentely linked to quality of life, including
self-realization.
A female nursing professor reported a decrease
in her quality of life associated with the conduction
of domestic and professional duties. In addition to
performing work activities, P7 is also responsible
for household tasks reflecting physical stress. If the
housework is considered a job, with working hours,
professors have an extensive journey. A decreased
quality of life was influenced by the obtention of
the doctorate degree, which led to more duties in
her teaching profession. Individuals’ professional
training affects the conduction of their activities at
the institution. Many are engaged in different sectors
and activities, participation in examining boards,
guidance and research groups to achieve a required
profile, appropriate to their degree. It was found that
in the early stage an excess of activities disrupts the
harmony of quality of life(7).
Over the years, the achievements of women
about equality of space in society resulted in long
working hours by the sum of professional, household
and family activities, unique by the generic caracteristic
of performing multiple functions. Then, long domestic
or professional working hours are characterized with
increased efforts and work requirements(19) providing
individuals with few hours of rest and recreation.
The way individuals wants to achieve better
Perception of female nursing professors about their quality of life
quality of life depends on themselves, that is, on their
ability to understand what is best for them. Female
professors try to transform reality to feel better, at
work and with their health. Regarding this personal
aspect, personal characteristics should be better
studied in the workplace, since they influence in
individuals’ psychosocial well-being and consequently
on their work performance(19).
The perception of nursing professors about the
existence of quality of life was proved in this study,
however, other meanings can still be revealed as this
is a subjective issue.
Quality of life is related to individuals’ wellbeing, a feeling promoted by obtaining income,
employment, material objects, quality of housing,
i.e., objective characteristics; and subjective features,
security, privacy, recognition and affection(15).
Conclusion
One unveiled the perception of female
nursing professors about their quality of life, they
characterized themselves as married with children,
which carries responsibility, care with their families,
as well as representation of multiple roles, due to the
execution of work and household tasks.
The professional qualification was present as a
search for value both in society and in their families,
since there is a requirement in the job market for
professionals with graduate courses in master’s
degree and doctorate degree, which can affect quality
of life.
It was found that balance in life, good living
conditions and stress reduction are relevant elements
to the definition of quality of life, health or work, and
arise from several factors involving environment and
interpersonal relations.
It was noticed that there is quality of life. It is
noteworthy, however, that those who did not have it
or who had it partially, connected this fact to labor
causes, which makes reference to the statement that
having quality of life is also related to activities at
work, bringing well-being and sense of satisfaction
with life.
Due to the obstacles in the professors’ life,
one considers that the academic environment of the
health are, a space that promotes quality of life, since
it is easily discussed, which implies the importance
of further studies on the subject. Studies that try to
unveil have strong potential to identify weaknesses so
that they can be worked in order to improve positively
the quality of life.
One suggests the conducton of research on
this topic since the shortage of articles for discussion
emerged as a difficulty.
Collaborations
Cruz AM contributed to the data collection,
organization, analysis, interpretation and writing of
the article. Almeida NG and Fialho AVM contributed to
the organization of the research, critical analysis, data
interpretation and writing of the article. Rodrigues DP,
Figueiredo JV e Oliveira ACS contributed to the review,
writing and final version to be published.
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