Reactions and Bonding 2
Nov 16 and 17
Agenda Nov 16, 2016
Slip quiz
Check Metallic bonding notes
Ions Pogil - quick check
Ionic Bonding - notes
Naming Ionic Compounds Pogil
Slip Quiz
1. Write out the correct statement only.
Slip Quiz
a) Metals make negative anions and nonmetals make positive
cations.
b) Metals make positive cations and nonmetals make negative
anions.
c) Metals make negative cations and nonmetals make positive
anions.
d) Metals make positive anions and nonmetals make negative
cations.
2. What is the charge on an ion with 21 protons, 25 neutrons and
18 electrons? a) 4+
b) 3+
c) 4d) 4+
1. Write out the correct statement only.
Slip Quiz
b) Metals make positive cations and nonmetals make negative
anions.
2. What is the charge on an ion with 21 protons, 25 neutrons and
18 electrons?
21protons (21+)
18 electrons (18-)
21 - 18 = 3
1. Write out the correct statement only.
Slip Quiz
b) Metals make positive cations and nonmetals make negative
anions.
2. What is the charge on an ion with 21 protons, 25 neutrons and
18 electrons?
b) 3+
21protons (21+)
18 electrons (18-)
21 - 18 = 3
Metal/
nonmetal?
Number of
protons the
same in
atom and the
ion?
Number of
neutrons
same in the
atom and the
ion?
Number of
Charge on
electrons
the ion
same in the
atom and the
ion?
Lithium
metal
yes
yes
no
1+
Magnesium
metal
yes
yes
no
2+
Aluminum
metal
yes
yes
no
3+
Fluorine
nonmetal yes
yes
no
1-
Oxygen
nonmetal yes
yes
no
2-
Nitrogen
nonmetal yes
yes
no
3-
2) What distinguishes a neutral atom from an
ion?
2) What distinguishes a neutral atom from an
ion?
A change in the number of electrons.
3) a) Where is the ion charge located in the
isotope symbol?
3) a) Where is the ion charge located in the
isotope symbol? Upper right hand corner of
symbol.
3) b) Is the charge indicated in neutral atoms?
If yes, where is it located. There is no charge
shown for neutral atoms.
4. Which subatomic particle carries a positive
charge? Proton.
5. Which subatomic particle carries a negative
charge? Electron.
6. Propose a mathematical equation to
calculate the charge on an ion from the
number of protons and electrons in an ion.
Confirm using 2 positive ion examples and two
negative ion examples.
Number of protons - number of electrons =
charge on ion.
Li1+
3protons - 2 electrons = 1+
Number of protons - number of electrons =
charge on ion.
Li1+
Mg2+
3protons - 2 electrons = 1+
12protons - 10 electrons = 2+
F1-
9protons - 10 electrons = 1-
O2-
8protons - 10 electrons = 2-
Chemists refer to positively charged
ions as cations. Chemists refer to
negatively charge ions as anions.
“Cat”ions are “Paws” ative!
Or ca+ions
Then anions are opposite.
Check your table is completed correctly.
88
Symbol
38
Sr2+
32
16
S2–
70
31
Ga3+
80
35
Br –
Atomic Number
38
16
31
35
Mass number
88
32
70
80
Number of
protons
38
16
31
35
Number of
electrons
36
18
28
36
Number of
neutrons
50
16
39
45
Cation or anion
cation
anion
cation
anion
8. Could a +3 ion of aluminum be made by
adding 3 protons to an aluminum atom?
Explain.
If we added 3 protons to an aluminum atom,
...
8. Could a +3 ion of aluminum be made by
adding 3 protons to an aluminum atom?
Explain.
If we added 3 protons to an aluminum atom,
it would now have a new atomic number
(defined as the number of protons in a
nucleus) - it would become a sulfur atom
(atomic number 16). So, no, we cannot make
a +3 aluminum atom by adding 3 protons.
9. “When you add an electron, you get a
positive charge because adding is positive in
math.” Why is this statement misleading and
incorrect?
When you add an electron you get a
negatively charge ion.
You are adding a particle with a negative
charge, which is like adding a negative
number in a math problem.
11. a) In general, do nonmetals form anions or
cations?
Nonmetals generally form
11. a) In general, do metals form anions or
cations?
Metals generally form
11. a) In general, do nonmetals form anions or
cations?
Nonmetals generally form anions (-ve ions)
11. a) In general, do metals form anions or
cations?
Metals generally form cations (+ve ions)
11. c) Which nonmetal appears to be an
exception to these guidelines?
12. Name the family of elements that make 1anions.
11. c) Which nonmetal appears to be an
exception to these guidelines?
Hydrogen (not a surprise!)
12. Name the family of elements that make 1anions.
Halogens (Group 17, or 7A)
13. Name the family of elements that make 2+
cations.
14. For the main group elements is it
necessary to memorize the type of ions each
element makes or could you predict the ion
charge using a Periodic table?
13. Name the family of elements that make 2+
cations.
Alkaline earth metals (Group 2, or 2A).
14. For the main group elements is it
necessary to memorize the type of ions each
element makes or could you predict the ion
charge using a Periodic table?
14. For the main group elements is it
necessary to memorize the type of ions each
element makes or could you predict the ion
charge using a Periodic table?
We do not need to memorize types of ions
for main group elements - we can use their
group number to predict the charge - and all
members of the group will form the same
type of charge ion.
15. Where in the periodic table are the
elements found whose atoms make more than
one type of ion?
The transition elements - center of the
periodic table.
Remember writing this: The Octet Rule
Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons in
order to acquire a full set of eight valence
electrons.
Electron configurations like those of the Noble gases
with filled s and p orbitals of the same energy level are
unusually stable. (Note that Helium has only 2 valence
electrons, but that is because the 1st energy level can
only accommodate 2 electrons in its 1s orbital.)
Octet rule is useful for determining the type of ions that
elements are likely to form.
The Octet Rule in action
If atoms gain or lose electrons in order to acquire
a full set of eight valence electrons...
When a metal with one or two valence electrons reacts
with a nonmetal with 6 or 7 valence electrons we can
see that both can satisfy the octet rule by reacting with
each other so that 1 or 2 electrons are transferred from
the metal to the nonmetal. During this reaction process
metals cations (+ve ions) will form and at the same
time nonmetal anions (-ve ions) will form - and then the
oppositely charged ions will attract each other...
Ionic Bonding
The electrostatic force that holds oppositely charged
particles (cations and anions) together in an ionic
compound is referred to as an ionic bond.
Compounds that contain ionic bonds are referred to
as ionic compounds.
(When metals react with oxygen to form ionic
compounds those compounds are called oxides, most
other ionic compounds are called salts.)
Metals from
most of PT
What kind of chemical bonding will occur
between these 2 different types of
elements?
Any Group 1
(or group 2
metal, or any
transition
metal)
Na 11 p+
11 eNa•
Nonmetals
from top
right corner
Halogens
– make
easiest
examples
Cl 17 p+
17 e-
Metals from
most of PT
Any Group 1
(or group 2
metal, or any
transition
metal)
What kind of chemical bonding will occur
between these 2 different types of
elements? Family of compounds called
“Salts”
(see acids, bases and salts
later for details)
Na 11 p+
11 eNa•
Nonmetals
from top
right corner
Halogens
– make
easiest
examples
Cl 17 p+
17 e-
Metals from
most of PT
What kind of chemical bonding will occur
between these 2 different types of
elements?
Now (Na)
Na 11 p+
10 e= 1+
+
Na Sodium ion
Nonmetals
from top
right corner
Cl 17 p+
18 e= 1.
−
Cl
Chloride ion
- +
+ - +
+
+
-
-
Simplest
ratio of
ions is
1:1
NaCl
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2geiGKFveE
(Why is what he does at the end not a good idea?)
Crystal Lattice
3D arrangement of
alternating positive and
negative ions in all directions
The electrostatic attraction
between oppositely charged
ions is ionic bonding
Binary Compounds
To give you an idea of the numbers of possibilities
that exist.
1. Hydrogen - Element exists as H2(gas)
LiH
BeH2
BH3
CH4
NH3
H2O
HF
NaH
MgH2 AlH3
SiH4
PH3
H2S
HCl
KH
CaH2
GaH3
GeH4
AsH3
H2Se
HBr
RbH
SrH2
InH3
SnH4
SbH3
H2Te
HI
CsH
BaH2
TlH3
PbH4
BiH3
H2Po
HAt
Group 1 elements exist as metallic solids
Li
Li2C2
Li3N
Li2O
LiF
Na
Li3P
Li2S
LiCl
K
Li3As
Li2Se LiBr
Rb
Li3Sb Li2Te
Cs
Li3Bi
LiI
Li2Po LiAt
Substitute Li with each of the others in the group
Group 2 elements exist as metallic solids
-
Be
-
BeC
Sr3N2 CaO
MgF2
-
Mg
-
-
Sr3P2 CaS
MgCl2
-
Ca
-
-
Sr3Ar2 CaSe MgBr2
-
Sr
-
-
Sr3Sb CaTe MgI2
2
-
Ba
-
-
Sr3Bi2 BaPo MgAt2
Group 13 elements exist as metallic solids after B
-
-
B
-
BN
B2O3
AlF3
-
-
Al
-
AlP
B2S3
AlCl3
-
-
Ga
-
GaAs B2Se3 AlBr3
-
-
In
-
SnSb B2Te3 GaI3
-
-
Tl
-
TlBi
B2Po3 GaAt3
Group 14 elements exist as solids (NM-Metalloid-M)
-
-
-
C
BN
CO2
CF4
-
-
-
Si
AlP
CS2
CCl4
-
-
-
Ge
GaAs CSe2
CBr4
-
-
-
Sn
SnSb CTe2
CI3
-
-
-
Pb
TlBi
CAt4
CPo2
Organic compounds of carbon
Not binary compounds contain C, H and 0 - ternary
compounds - even more
possibilities
Just to alert you to the possibilities
for organic compounds - and the
issues we might have naming
things!
Grp 15 elements - NM - Metalloid- metal
Li3N
Be3N2 -
-
N2
NO,
N2O,
NO2
NF3
Na3N
Mg3N2 -
-
P
S4N4
-
K3N
Ca3N2 -
-
As
-
Rb3N
Sr3N2 -
-
Sb
-
Cs3N
Ba3N2 -
-
Bi
-
Group 17 Halogens (nonmetals)
LiF
BeF2
BF3
CF4
NF3
Cl2O
F2 (g)
NaF
MgF2
AlF3
SiF4
-
SF6
Cl2(g)
KF
CaF2
GaF3
GeF4
-
Br2(l)
RbF
SrF2
InF3
SnF4
-
I2(s)
CsF
BaF2
TlF3
PbF4
-
Naming Compounds Obviously we need a system (s)
Start with
Naming Ionic Compounds
(followed by Covalent compounds and
brief introduction to Organic compounds)
…