UNIT 9: ANIMAL KINGDOM
1. THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
This kingdom includes all heterotrophic multicellular organisms that are composed of eukaryotic
animal cells.
Animals have a series of complex system:
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The digestive, circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems are used for nutrition;
The nervous system, locomotor system and sensory organs are used for interaction;
The reproductive system is used for reproduction.
1. What are the main characteristics of animal kingdom?
2. What systems in animals are used for the vital functions?
2. HOW CAN WE CLASSIFY ANIMALS?
There are many different ways of classifying animals, depending on which criteria we use. We can
classify animals according to:
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Their food: herbivores, carnivores and omnivores
Their embryologic development: oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous
The environment they live in: land creatures and water creatures
Whether they have skeleton: vertebrates and invertebrates
o Invertebrates: animals with no backbone. Some have no skeleton. Others have an
external skeleton or exoskeleton.
o Vertebrates: animals with a backbone which is part of their internal skeleton or
endoskeleton.
3. Crossword: Find 10 words related to the classification of animals. Define these words.
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3. INVERTEBRATES.
The main invertebrate groups are:
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Sponges: They are the simplest invertebrates. They live in water. They have soft and porous
bodies. They filter food from the water that surrounds them.
Cnidarians: They live in water. Their bodies are soft and almost see-through. Animals in this
group have a central opening surrounded by tentacles. They take in food and eliminate
waste through this opening. Jellyfish, sea anemones, hydra, medusa and corals are
cnidarians.
Mollusks: They have soft bodies but most of them also have a shell. They have a muscular
foot that allows them to move and hunt for food. Some mollusks live on land. Others live in
water. There are different group of mollusks: bivalves (clams, cockles and mussels),
gastropods (snails, sea snails and slugs), cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish and octopi).
Worms: Animals with soft, tube-shaped bodies and a distinct head. Some worms live inside
other animals. Others live in the water or on land. Earthworm and leech are worms.
Arthropods: Animals found on land, in the water, and in the air. They have legs. Some have
wings. There are different groups of arthropods: myriapods (centipede and millipede),
arachnids (spiders, scorpions and ticks), crustaceans (prawns, lobster and crabs) and insects
(grasshoppers, beetles, ants, bees, cockroaches, butterflies and flies).
Echinoderms: They have spines and layers which form a hard shell. Water animals that have
a central opening for taking in food. Starfish and sea urchins are echinoderms.
4. Write two example of:
Group
Sponge
Cnidarians
Mollusks
Worms
Arthropods
Example
Bivalves
Gastropods
Cephalopods
Myriapods
Arachnids
Crustaceans
Insect
Echinoderms
5. What group of invertebrate do this photographs show?
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4. VERTEBRATES.
The main vertebrate groups are:
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Fish: They are aquatic with scales, fins and tube-like bodies. They are oviparous or
ovoviviparous, carnivores and they breathe through gills. There are two types: cartilaginous
fish ( sharks or rays) and bony fish (carp, hake or salmon)
Amphibians: They are oviparous. During their earlier stages of growth they are aquatic and
they breathe through gills (metamorphosis). The adult animals breathe using lung. Types:
anurans (frog and toads) and urodeles (salamander and newts)
Reptiles: Most of them are land creatures. They have scales, they are oviparous and they
breathe using lungs. Include the following orders: chelonian (tortoises and freshwater
turtles), squamata (lizard and chameleons), cocodylia (crocodiles, caimans and alligators)
and ophidian (snakes)
Birds: Are land creatures. Their bodies are covered in feathers. They fly using wings. They are
oviparous and they breathe using lungs. Examples: buzzard, swallow, heron, duck and
rooster.
Mammals: are land creatures although some of them live in the water. Most of them have
hair. They are viviparous and they breathe using lungs. There are different group of
mammals: monotremes (platypus), marsupials (kangaroo and koala) and placentals (dolphin
and horse)
6. Write a comic in which appear at least three different types of vertebrates. In your
comic you have to explain some of the characteristic of these groups of animals.
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