i| Paragraph
y
David Scorza
'.11
AB PABA BAfBS
;■;■■■
1
an* DISCODBSBa
M74
Hue napar is the final section of tha higher level analysis done on the
Au rranxrar.
I
This section Includes a description of the PARAQBAEfl and DI^Cll-/
levels.
i
Au is a member of the Wapei-Pslei •'hylum as sot forth by D.C J^aycook in his
survey of the Sepl -
Subdistriel (
VII
teat
istrict Lau^ueres
<
>■
No. 1 Sosam* 1968 .
ant.iltied,
Dlatriat), Ban nuinea."
;1 Lan<:uares of the Lurai
Oceanic Lin-uistics, Vol.
Approriuwtaly Tour bhoi;Eand spsakers are located in an
area ^outh of *ha TorrecelH KountalSS twenty miles; East of Lurr.5,
headquartprs.
Thei' are bounded by the Herare(
the "ubdlstrict
tlio Cban and the Welkar !:ivors
vhioh flow down into the Seplk I'iver.
the flats upon
' ' ■
this }?uper is hssed 7Jas obtained over e prricd froa» Julj'
1968 thvciirh JUne V/?k under the auspices of the BunMT Institute of Linguistics
with the help of at least ten different lanrua£e assistants nil of which reside
In the villace oj" rumantonlk* 'inmentonix Is one o£ uevon villai-oc BOBprlaixig the
central rij^leet of the fax lanj-uerp.
Thf) tapmnrcic model ar. cot forth i.n Dr, R.E. Langaortt'e C ramtnar fdscr.very
proceadurec (i outon 196^) und his iiierarclij' «ni .niv-^-sality of U.i^cour^e Con-
ctitusnts ir. Ren Guinea Langiugaai DlaoasaloDi ( I eorgetovn U.P. 1972) provides
tho theoretical frarwwork upon which this analysis is based.
Huoh of the data was
extracted from the conecrdunce oi' An consisting of ^3»33^ words of text liade on
the
IBM 1410 Comput.Hr at the t'nivarsity o-f
Dkl^hoitui by tl.e Idngolat&a Ipfnir-ction
Retrieval Project of tha Stunttr 33oatltnt« of Ungolstloa and tho University of
Oklahoma ^ececrch Institute and sponsored by a grant froa tho Rations! Balaam
Foundation.
X am indebted to my colleague Kiss Volma Foreman for helpful cotinents
and help in the revision oi
this section on the Am
^LIBRARY
"3
TIPEGRAPHICAL CONVENTIONS
The typographical conventions used in this paper are based on the format
a
%j-
t,
need by Velma Foreman in her paper
Grammar of Yessan-Mayp
which has been
published in Language Data, Asian-Pacific Series. Number k» It is set up as
follows:
1.
All capitals and underlining indicate syntagmemes or tagmemes on the
DISCOURSE level.
2.
All capitals without underlining indicates a syntagmeme or tagmeme on the
PARAGRAPH level.
3.
^
Capitalization of the initial letter with underlining indicates syntagmeme
or tagmeme on the Sentence Level.
4.
Capitalization of the initial letter but without underlining indicates
I"
f
syntagmeme or tagmeme on the Clause level.
5.
No capitalization of the initial letter with underlining indicates syntagmeme
or tagmeme on the phrase level.
PARAGRAPH
OUTLINE :
ABBREVIATIONS
0
1
INTCCDUCTTCT
0.1
GENERAL
0.2
PA2A0RAFH SY?
0.3
LISED-iG DEVICES
PARAPHRASE PARAGRAPHS
k
1.1
ADDITIC?: PATJiC-'.^
ij-,1
Sf-EECH QUOTIi PAPJKiRAffl
1.2
AMPLITICATICS !V»aACR/.?II
*.2
DIALOGUE lAIiAGRAFK
1.3
GE8BRIR/SRSCIF3C PAilAGKAPH
4.3
EXECUTION FAKAGRAH!
5
1.5
Z
3
QUOTATION PARAGRAFHS
CO-ORDINATE FAKAQSAHi
OPPOSITION PAP.AC-RA5H
2.1
C0OTHAS1 ?AV{AGSA!-H
2.2
AMTIBIETICAL PAliAGRAHl
SiSQUEHCE PARAGSARTS
3.1
NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH
3.2
FHC-CEEDlJFAL PATiAGRAFU
6
JSXKORTATIC-M PARAC-SArHS
5.1
U0RTATC3Y PAaAGRAPH
5.2
EVALUATION PARAGHAFH
r-FLICATICN PARACRAKIS
6.1
RESULT PARACRAFK
6.2
COMl-JANIl-KEAcON ?AKAG5AFR
ABBREVIATIONS
ADD
ADDITICiB
alt noun ph
alternate noun phrase
Alt Sen
Alternate Sentence
AKP
AM1=LIFIC!ATIOH
ARTI
AHTITHESIS
ANTI PARA
AMTITHETICAL PARAGRAPH
BU«
BUILDUP K
COM
CQMAND
Com/flea Sen
Conmand/Reason Sentance
COH
CONTRAST
Cond Sen
Condition Sentence
CONJ
CCNJUBftNO
CGHTEHP
COKTEMPORARi"
CO-ORD
CG-UHDIiJATE
Contr Sen
Contrapt Sentence
DBS
DESCRIPTION
DIALOG PARA
DIALCCUE PARACilftFH
diff
diTforent
D.S.
Deep Structure
du
dual
EVAL
EVALUATION
EXEC
EXHCUTIGff
BXHT
EXPL
EXPLAINATION
GEfl/SPEC
GEtlERIC/SPECIFIC
HORT PAAA
HORTATORY PAHAGRAIH
imper/cora
imperative/command
Lk
Link
loo jab
locative phrase
Mat
Matching
n
number of repetitions
NARR PARA
NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH
Hair Sen
Narrative Sentence
noun jjh
noun phrase
PARA
PARAGRAPH
PARAL
PARALLEL
PARAL PARA
PARALLEL PARAGRAPH
Paral Sen
Parallel Son&.enessh
part
partial
per
person
Pi
plural
pred
predicate
PROPOSAL
pkhi para
PARAPHRASE PARAGRAPHS
QT
QUOTE
QT.JM.
QUOTE FORMULA
Rea Sen
Reason Sentence
Recap
Recapitulation
REIHF
REBiFORCEMENT
Rep
Repetition
RR
Repetition of a tagineme
S :
Subject
Sen
Sentence
Seq Sen
Sequence Sentence
of a
;emo
s/d
same/different
sg
singular
Simil Sen
Similarity Sentence
Simp Sen
Simple Sentence
SP 1
SPEECH i
SP 2
SPEECH 2
SB 3
SPEECH 3
STATE
STATEMENT
TOES
THESIS
Tn
Tense
TRAD
TRADITIONAL
+
obligatory
+
optional
+ ( +
+ )
at least one item must occur
+ .( +
+ )
optional, but when it occurs, both
must be present
+ ( +
( )
+ )
first item obligatory, second optional
implied information, ellided information,
xuiit
?
question mark ending a sentence
a
morpheme break;
Mm
vernacular
*
i
'
end of a sent£!ace/parag:raph
English gloss contained within
exolaimation
2
PARAGRAPH
0
IMRGDUCTION
0.1
GENERAL
An Au paragraph has been defined as a construction at a level in the
grammatical hierarchy between sentence and discourse.
The construction consists
of at least two phonological entities each characterized by final, falling inton
ation and pause.
Lexical unity and speoific linkage devices bind the phonological
parts of the paragraph into a whole.
These are also one of the major criteria for
distinguishing between paragraph types.
Other features include the occurrence of
the free-pronoun subjeot marker, the introduction of a new actor or subjeot follow
ing falling intonation, a time horizon, and the absence of lexical items between
falling intonation, referring to the same subject or aotor.
All but one of the
above conditions must be present at all times as criteria for paragraph borders.
0.2
PARAGRAPH SYSTEM
Sixteen paragraph types have been distinguished, which for ease of descrip
tion have been grouped and systematized as shown in Chart P.
The horizontal
parameter distinguishes between paragraphs which show a paraphrase relationship,
an opposition relationship, a sequence relationship, a reporting relationship,
an exhortation relationship and an implication relationship.
The types of link
ing devices also oocur in the horizontal parameter above the paragraph type.
The
vertical parameter ehous the paragraph formula, and the tense and subject
features typical to each paragraph type. The paragraph types are closely divided
between loose and tight categories.
These categories are fairly loose general
classifications which may refer to the number of tagmemes and the type of man
ifestation of tagmemes.
Tight paragraphs are usually restricted in the manifest
ations of the tagmemes.
Paragraphs In the loose category can potentially have
more than too tagmemes with no tight restrictions on the manifestations of the
tagmemes.
Those in the tight classification are:
SPECIFIC PARAGRAPH,
ADDITION PARAGRAPH, GESERIC/
PARALLEL PARAGRAffl, ANTITHETICAL PARAGRAPH, SPEECH QUOTE
PARAGRAPH, HORTATORY PARAGRAPH, EVALUATION PARAGRAPH AMD COMMAHD REASON PARAGRAPH.
Those in the loose classification arej
AMPLIFICATION PARAGRAffi, CQ-ORDIMATE
PARAGRAPH, COBTRAST PARAGRAPH, RESULT PARAGRAPH, NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH,
URAL PARAGRAPH, DIALOGUE PARAGRAPH and
0.3
PROCEED.
EXECUTION PARAGRAPH.
LINKING DEVICES
Att paragraph types are posited on the basis of the oontrastive features
uhich occur within each type.
These include types of linkage, the number of
obligatory tagmomes, and the expansion oapabilities of tagmemes within paragraphs.
The most significant oontrastive feature in determining paragraph types is the
different kinds of linking devices that occur, and their function within the
paragraph.
The main forms that occur ares
(1) recapitulation (head-tail link),
(2) juxtaposition (covert link) , (3) conjunction, (*O repartee.
Recapitulation links tno sentences, usually by repeating the final predicate of
first sentence in the initial base of the seoond. Juxtaposition or covert link
makes a unit by mere prosdmation to surrounding context tihen the free pronoun
sugjeot is deleted in the seoond base of a paragraph, by lexical tie between
two sentences which comprise one of the PARAPHRASE PARAGRAPH, and by anaphoric
reference.
The conjunction occurs sentence initial in the seoond tagmeme and
links the two paragraph tagmemes together.
Repartee is a type of linkage in
Tahich t&at is said by one speaker evokes something from another speaker. This
type of linkage occurs only in DIALOGUE PARAGRAPH.
Tn:
Tense
sasie
sane
Tn:
S:
Tense
Subject
Tn: Sams
Si different
Tense
Subject
Paragraph
FuriHila
Tense
Tn:
same
•K;OQBD 14COQRD 2
CO-ORD.THATK
Part Rop-teat
PARALLEL
+STATE +PARA
Formula
Paragraph
1 fl«w Tagmenitt
Part Rep
AMPLIFICATION
+STATB +AMF
legation
Pert* Recap
same
Part. Recap
same
came
•JTi:
Tn« 8/d
St
FHOCEKDURAL
+ STEPn
S:
Paragraph
Formula
e/d
EXHCRTATIOK
Lex. Reference
diff
St
same
Tn: difr
-f-FRG +EXEC
SXECUTloa
Repartee
S:
Tn: s/d
S:
same
Tnt s/d
S:
same
Tn: same
CjM-REASON
+ COM +REASOH
same
->- DSS +KVAL
S:
Tnt s/d
+ RES\JL?
RESULT
+ STAT ± CONJ
IMPLICATION
Juxtaposition
EVALUATION
same
St
S:
diff
?n: same
Tn« s/d
SPEECH QUOTE HORTATORY
4- QT.FM.+
+ (+SXHT +EXPL)
QT.
* REBJF.
QUOTATION
Repartee
Part. Recap. fiepartee
S:
AHxiraurouAL
+TiIES +AH1I
Opposition
S: a/d
same
+THS5E +STATE
Subject
Geii/Spec
Paragraph
Formula
ELlided Pred.
same
S:
sane
S:
Subject
Tn: same
Tni s/d
Tnt same
Tense
SJ&QUENCE
Recapitulation
NARRATIVE
OPPOSITION
Overt Link
COKTRAST
■I- COM 1 + COM 2
ADDITION
4- tHBMB + ADD
Paragraph
Formula
PARAPHRASE
•Lexical Repartition
Paragraph Types
CHART P
PARAGRAPH
1.
PARAPHRASE PARAGRAPHS
There are five paragraph types in this category! ADDITION PARAGRAPH, GMERIC/
SPECIFIC PARAGRAPH, AMPLIFICATION PARAGRAPH,
PARAGRAPH.
PARALLEL PARAGRAPH, AHD CO-ORDIHATB
The unifying feature is that of amplification or expansion of a state
ment. The CO-ORDINATE PARAGRAPH is composed of two bases, the second of yhich is
sub-ordinate to the first* This oonstruotion is used to highlight or focus on
information Tihich is important to the thread of the discourse.
The AMPLIFICATION
PARAGRAPH is used in a similar way, but has partial lexical repetition ubich is
built upon to expant or clarify the subject under focus. tshen an AMPLIFICATION
PARAGRAPH occurs embedded in another paragraph type, the paragraph occurs between
sentence boundaries and expands the recapitulation phenomena typical to sentence
periphery.
The GENERIC/SPECIFIC PARAGRAPH is much more complex and involves
longer structures.
It is used to introduce fine detail which have no direot
bearing on the thread of the story.
ADDITION AHD AMPLIFICATION PARAGRAPH manifest
similar function in that both clarify and add to a given statement. However they
differ in structure in that the type of fillers are different, and the expansion
capabilities are different; ADDITION PARAGRAPH is tightly restricted to nominal and
may not expand beyoiid a nominal phrase. All PARAPHRASE PARAGRAPHS are binary
constructions.
1.1
ADDITION PARAGRAPH
Slot
+ S
ADDITION
Simp Sen
Marr Sen
Filler
?eq
Noun Fh
loo ph
alt noun ch
Simp Sen
Sen
Sp. Qt. Sen
RESULT PARA
Tn:
sarae
Speoial
Si
si
same
same
Features
Lk: Juxtaposition
D.S. Amplification
•—t
r
PARAGRAFH
ADDITION PARAGRAFH is a binary construction with two obligatory tagmemes,
STATEMENT and ADDITION. Various sentences and paragraphs manifest STATEMENT.
When a sentence or paragraph with more than one base manifests STATEMEMT, only
the last base of that sentenoe or paragraph is pertinent to STATEMENT. ADDITION
is manifested by phrase level and sentenoe level tagmemes. In ADDITIOB tagmeme,
there is a repetition of the pertinent part of STATEMENT, usually an object in
focus, and as additional tagmeme which represents new information. The predicate
occurring in the final base of STATEMEHT is usually deleted when a noun is in
focus as additional information. When the new information occurs between sentence
boundaries, the predicate is present as part of the recapitulation phenomena.
Tenses and subjects of the two tagmemes are the same.
The deep structure
relationship is one of amplification, by giving a further point of Information
or clarification in ADDITIOH which is not contained in STATEMENT.
Examplesi
1. STATEMENT!
Harrative Sentence
_____
he. followed
_______
river
ken
he .went
ton
he .went
ken
he .went
nanmur
eyes
metok
they.hurt
hArak
he
he.slept
1 He followed the river and went until he was tired, and then he lay down.»
ADDITION i
narrative Sentenoe
__ak
mani
he
kuwaai
he.slept river
eik
kAman
si
kuaaalvsm
that he.lit fire he.layed down.them
1 He lay dotm at the river and lit a fire and went to sleep by it.«
2. STATEMEHT:
H____f.
cousin
Simple Sentence
______e
cousin
htoa-At
they.du.male
tente
they.du .hunt
1 Two male oousins went hunting for lizards.*
ADDITION :
Ban
Simple Sentenoe
h_rak_t
tente
m&neiket
lizard
PARAGRAPH
8 Daring the day, two male cousins hunted for lizards.9
3. STATEMENTi
Narrative Sentence
h&r
n&kan
they.pl they.chopped.it
m
tree
nenipem
they,made, them
wi •
diteh
ta&re
they, as
nelyim
they, took .them
neremir
they. out. them
ein
there
* They cut down the trees and cut them there and made them into a canal.'
ADDITION s
wi
aitch
noun phrase
me
13oey.pl.of
nu .
wood
1 A canal of wood.1
STATEMENT*
Simple Sentenoe
herwa
dead person
kerepep
only, she
uaa
she .died
9 A female person died.*
ADDITION s
noun phrase
herae
dead person
c&te
woman
• A female dead person. •
5. STATEMENT:
I.cut.it
Co-ordinate Sentenoa
tree
helvAm
I.took.it
him
I.came
&en.
I.went
how&rem
I. threw.them
* I out down the wood and I took them and went baok and forth throwing them.*
ADDITION i
Simple Sentence
howir
si
ek
I. threw
bamboo
it
* That is, I threw down the bamboo.1
PARAGRAPH
1.2
AKHJFICATKSJ PARAGRAPH
Slot
+ STATEMENT
Simo Sen
Simp $&g
Filler
Harp Sen
flagr Son
Seq
Sen
+ AMPLIFICATIOB
CO-ORD PARA
Co-ord Sen
Special Tn: same
Features S t asm
D.S.: Amplification
AMPLIFICATION PARAGRAPH is a binary construction uith two obligatory tagtnemes,
STATEMENT and AMPLIPICATIOSJ. Various eentanees and paragraphs ntanifest STATE'IEKT*
Harrative Sentence being the most common manifestation*
There must be at least
partial repetition of one tagmeme from the STATEMENT in AMPLIFICATION.
There are
O393aple8 tihere the repetition is elliptical and only the predication pertinent
to the theme occurs*
AMPLIFICATION PARAGRAPH only occurs embedded in other
paragraph types* Tense and subjects of all tagmsmes are the same*
The Deep
Structure relationship is one of Amplification, giving further information not
contained in the STATEMENT*
Exampless
1*
STAT®®3T8
Sequence Sentence
,r.pl they.tssnt
thoy.out.it
slit gong
* They uent and out down a ts>ee for a slit gong.*
AMPLIFICATION:
nAkan
thsy.cut.it
Simple Sentence
neslpaak
they.diaped.it
' They cut it doan and shaped it*9
PARAGRAPH
2,
STATEMENT:
nit
men
Narrative Sentence
h&r
they.pl
hto
h&rin
they ring
nenepan
they.fight
man
they, came
£
or
hi
I
nen
metorhis.
they.tient
they.got.them
h4r
neit
menmen meit
they.pl they.get things them.at
hesitrae
I. send
ka
car
hArem
they.pl
sjtoa
store
men
they.went
in
here
1 Whenever men fought or they stole tilings from the stores, they sent
a phone call and I sent a oar and it went here and arrested them.*
AMPLIFICATION: Co-ordinate Sentence
men
they.went
in
here
men
they.uent
ein
there
metorhis.
they.got.thea
' They went here and there and arrested them. •
3,
STATEMENT t
raaain
Simple Sentence
te
later
then
h&rem
they.pl
tirpe
trap
amnep
msnman
they.imper.kill.them things
rf«>w,
many
* Then later the traps should imi many things.'
AMPLIFICATIONS
Co-ordinate Sentence
axnaeja
amit
mlyak
wesiun
they.imper.kill.them they.imper.get marsupial rat
miyaup
menmen
field rat things
yaprutre
1 They should kill them and get marsupials, rats, field mice, and many things.'
STATEMENT:
he
Narrative Sent
he.took.them
ken
niteik
koairekem
_
he uont village.that he.threw.to him.them heTate.them
1 He took tiiem and xient to the village and he threw them to him and he ate then
AMPLIFICATION: Simple Sentence
kaaa
he.ate.them
saauk
fish
enum
ye
Dad.them
' He ato the fish and it uas bad.1
PARAGRAPH
1.3 GEHERIC/SPECIFIC PARAGRAPH
Slot
Filler
+ GEH STATE
+ SPEC STATE
Simp Sen
IJarr Sem
Seq
Sen
Contr Sen
Marr Sen
PardSen
Simp Sen
PARAL PARA
D.S. Generic/
Speoial Tn: same
Specific
Features S : same
Lks juxtaposition Paraphrase
GENERIC/SPECIFIC PARAGRAPH is a binary construction vrlth two obligatory tagmemes,
GEHERAL STATEMENT and SPECIFIC STATEMENT. Various sentences manifest GEHERAL
STATEMEHT.
narrative Sentence is the most frequent manifestation* There is
partial repetition of attleast one tagmeme of GESER&H STATEMENT in SPECIFIC
STATEMEBT.
Tenses and subjects are the same.
The Deep Structure relationship
is one of giving Specific Information expanding a general statement.
Examples}
1.
General Statement: Narrative Sentence
hAr
nererik
they*pi they,gathered
Ear.
tnaan
han
eik
breadfruit branch that
. :-bb;
tiiey.pl
they, cont.come
nenke narlvei
they.hang.pl
kAnan
platform
nepnanek
they, cont • carry.him
1 They gathered on the breadfruit branches and landed on the hunting
blind and they kept coming and they carried him off.1
SPECIFIC STATEMENT* Parallel Sentenoe
han
come
nepnen
they, cont .came
nApniu
they, cont .lift
h&t
leg
hAt
p&nam
han
nipniu
his
his
ptaam
han
nApniu
paan
leg
side.pl
hand side.pl
it.his
ptnam
han
side.pl some
pinam
some they.cont.lift hand side.pl
some they.cont.lift head
hAr
kArak
it.his
nApnanek
they.pl they. cont. carry.him
nApniu
they.cont.lift
han
nipniu
han
nipniu
some theyTcont.lift
some they.cont.lift
nelvAk
they.take.him
nepkAniu
they.cont.lift
PARAGRAPH
an
no
nelyik
}
theyltook.him
they. cont.wont
• Some oame and lifted up one leg, some lifted up the other, some lifted
up one arm, some oame and lifted up the other, some carried his head, some
carried his back, and they earried him and took him flying high, and then
took him away.1
2,
GE0ERAL STATEMENT:
Narrative Sentence
h&rak
keperp
keslyen
t4
eik
kepnep
he
he.oont.stood
below
ground
that
he.cont.shoots parrotts
wlniuwenen
wiketeres.
two.male
* He stood below on the ground and shot two male parrotts.1
SPECIFIC STATEMENT* Parallel Sentence
one.it
kenke
it.foll
weisan
taro
ke
it.of
kehiuwe
manap
it.went down near
Wipai
Wipai
haai
father
kirak
he .his
en
there
hak
kenke
kiripe
one.it it.fell it.lands
kakir
he. plants
ke
it. of
kesiyen.
below
* One fell down near there, and the other one fell and landed on a
taro that Wipai1 s father had planted below.1
3.
GEHERAL STATEMENT:
h&rak&t
they.du.male
Sequence Sentence
tenapAp
they.du.yell
tenke
they.du.move
1 The tiro men yelled and moved away.1
SPECIFIC STATEMENT:
hak
one .he
Parallel Sentenoe
kenke
he.moves
ken
he. goes
kerp
he. stands
ein
there
hak
one .he
kenke
ken
ein.
he .moves he .goes there
1 One moved and went and stood there, and the other one moved and went and
stood over there,1
GEHERAL STATEMENT:
h&rakit
Narrative Sentence
taket
they«du«male they.du.loosed
henmik
takAp
bamboo arrows
they.du.shoot.him
* The too men released their arrows and shot him.*
PARAGRAPH
SPECIFIC STATEMENT: Parallel Sentenoe
wekne
cousin
ke
he.of
ke
he* of
mlyak
animal meat
panwek
rings
kak4p
henmik
he. shoots .him bamboo arrow
kak&p
he .shoots .him
henmik
bamboo arrows
hak
one.lt
wekne
oouein
hak
one.it
1 The cousin that gives fame meat shot him with one bamboo arrow, and
the cousin who gives rings shot him with another bamboo arrow. •
GENERAL STATEMENT: Simple Sentenoe
h&rak&t
tuwaai
they.du.mal9
they.du.slept
1 They two men slept. • (lay down)
SPECIFIC STATEMENT*
Parallel Sentenoe
hak
kuwaai
k4nat4n
hak
kau
one.h©
he.slept
he•unconscious
ona.he
he.sits
* One slept soundly, and the other one stayed awake.f
PARALLEL PARAGRAPH
Slot
♦STATEMENT
+ PARALLEL"
F fillers
Narr Sen
Paral Sen
Simp Sen
Sp.Qt.Sen
Sp.Qt.Sen
Special
Tn: same
Features S
} different
RR: n=up to 4
D.S. Parallelcoupling;
Contrast
PARALLEL PARAGRAPH is a multi-bas© construction with two obligatory tagntemes,
STATEMENT and PARALLEL.
to hand.
PARALLEL tagmeme oocurs up to four times in the data
STATE-IEHT is manifested by various sentences.
PARALLEL tagmeme is
limited to a repetition of the sentenoe in STATEMENT or the final clause in
a Parallel Sentence. Tenses are the same, but the subjects are always different.
The Deep Struoture relationship is that of Parallel Coupling and also Contrast,
focusing on the subject or object with the predicate remaining the same.
PARAGRAPH
The aotion stay be either similtaneous or oontinued over a period of time, as
ooours in Par^Tel Sentence.
The use of PARALLEL PARAGRAPH seems rattier limited
as few examples are available* The Parallel Sentence seems to be preferred for
manifesting Parallel Coupling or Contrast.
Examples?
1.
STATEMENT:
Narrative Sentence
hAr
they.pl
aerekir
they.out.it
nipto
rattan
hAr
they.pl
nit
men
w&non
ends
nerluwetam .
they, shove.them
now&rek
they.throu.it
has
nari
n&p&n
some.they they, pull rattan
narik
they.pull.it
n&t
men
wtopn
ends
han
netenen
some, they they.hold
* They cut the rattan vine and attached it to the ends, and some of the
men pulled the rattan vine, and some of them held the ends and shoved them.1
PARALLEL:
m&t
men
Simple Sentence
han
some.they
netenen
they.hold
hlriu
gong stick
1 Some of the men held the gong stiok.*
2.
STATEMENT: Speech ftuote Sentence
hArak
he
kepno
he.cont.goes
wa
oooonut
kei
it. some
hak
one .he
ik
this
kan
he.comes
katpowek
he.tells.him
hi
I
owatut
I.give.you
ah&k.
you.intper.eat.lt
1 He vent away and another came and said to him,"I am giving you some of
tills coconut, so you eat it.'
PARALLEL:
hirak
he
Speech Quote Sentence
kepno
he.cont.goes
wa
ooconut
kei
it.some
hak
one.he
ik
this
kan
kafcpowak
he.comes he. tells .him
M
I
owatot
I.give.you
ah&k.
you.imper.eat.it
' He went away and another oome and said to him, "I am giving you some of
this coconut, so you eat it.1
PARAGRAPH
1.5
CO-ORDINATE PARAGRAPH
Slot
+ STATEMENT
+ CO-ORDINATE
Simp Sen
Filler
Harr Sen
Simp Sen
Karr Sen
Special
Features
Seq
Sen
Tn:
same
S : s/d
Seq Sen
Co-ord Sen
D.S. Amplification
Sequence
CO-ORDINATE PARAGRAPH is a binary constraction with tiro obligatory tagmemes,
STATEMENT and CO-ORDINATE. STATEMENT is manifested by various sentence level
tagmemes,
CO-ORDINATE is manifested also by various sentence level tagmemes.
Paragraph level tagmemes do not occur in CO-ORDINATE PARAGRAPH.
CO-ORDINATE
PARAGRAPH differs from other PARAPHRASE PARAGRAPHS in several ways. It has no
repetition of any tagmeme in the STATEMENT.
It has a limited class of fillers
and is not expandable. It adds new information about the theme of the paragraph
in uhich it embeds rather than specifically to the item in the STATEMENT.
It
is also dependant on the STATEMENT beoause it lacks a free pronoun as do
the
other PARAPHRASE PARAGRAPHS.
Tenses are the same in both tagmemes. Subjects
may be different uhen the CO-ORDINATE PARAGRAPH embeds in a PRCCEEDDRAL PARAGRAPH.
The Deep Structure relationship is generally one of Amplification. Occasionally
it may manifest Sequence. CO-ORDINATE PARAGRAPH adds new information or clarifi
cation as an after-thought and is part of the thread of discourse.
Examples:
1.
STATEBEHTj
narrative Sentence
orait
h&r
nAkaair
alright they.pl they.suspend
merp
men
yinak
they, stand they, go end.it
im
nu
tree
han
branch
merp
these they, stand
eik
that
matt
they.on
men
_
they, go
end
ein
tEere
* Okay, they suspend the branches on there, and stand them on either side.1
PARAGRAPH
newis4k
keit
man!
elk.
Uiey.put*it
it.at
river
that
1 They placed it at the river.1
5.
STATS1EMT:
Co-ordinate Sentence
h&re
wakt&n
hAnpA
kArak
wemtAn
nto
m&rak
she
she.removes.it
penis
it.his
she.removes.them
nipples
they.his
wehiuwe
she.goes down
mani
river
wen.
she.goes
'She removed his penis and his nipples and she went down river.'
CO-ORDINATE:
weit
she.took
Narrative Sentence
pauuiye
headdress
n&rak
they.his
h&re
she
weiyto
she.took.them
wen
wopno.
she.goes she.contogoes
9 She took his headdress,, and then she started going.'
2
OPPOSITION PARAGRAPHS
There are two paragraphs which are in this category: CONTRAST and
AMTITHE-TICAL.
Opposition is the feature which unifys these paragraphs; negative
versus positive in ANTITHETICAL0 and contrast between bases in CONTRAST. This
opposition is linked by Juxtaposition in CONTRAST PARAGRAPH and conjunction in
ANTITHETICAL PARAGRAPH.
CONTRAST PARAGRAPH encodes only Contrast, while MTUHETI.
CAL PARAGRAPH encodes Contrast, Contra-Espaotation and Hypotheticality.
horison occurs with each base of the CCUTRAST PARAGRAPH.
an ANTITHETICAL PARAGRAPH.
A time
This never occurs in
PARAGRAPH
2.1
AHTIlflETICAL PARAGRAPH
Slot
4- THESIS
+ LIHK
Simp Sen
au
Filler
Harr Sen
Seq
Sen
Sp.Qt, Sen
Special
Features
:
Simp Sen
Harr San
Seq
Sen
SpjjQtaSen
Cond J3on
Contr Son
Tn: s/d
S
♦ANTITHESIS
D«.S Opposition
Rogation
Contra~Expaotation
sane
ANTITHETICAL PARAGRAPH is ft multi-base construction with three obligatory
tagmemes, THESIS, LINK, and ANTITHESIS,
ANTITHETICAL PARAGRAPH.
Only sentence level tagmemes manifest
The ANTITHETICAL PARAGRAPH may embed in DIALOGUE, SPEECH
QUOTE, NARRATIVE, RESULT, PROCEEDURAL, HORTATORY AND CONTRAST PARAGRAPHS.
It
rarely occurs otherwise,, but there are several examples of this in recorded tests.
Au
represents a class of negative clitios whieh may occur as au, auwen or taau.
1.
THESIS t
Narrative Sentence
men
h&r
they.pl they.do. them
hain
metorhia .
wo.pl.get.thsm
9 Whenever peopl© do these things, vie go and arrest them.1
LIHK s
au
no
ANTITHESIS8
Contgast sentence
au,
no
* If they don't do these things0 then wo don't go and arrest them.0
2.
THESIS t
tAa
so
Simple Sentence
h&r
ni&t
tiiey.pl men
yagPttHe
all
nerep
they.of.pl
wit
wit
place place
' Therefor©e men from everywhere knot; these things.1
naptelvem.
they.kno&.them
PARAGRAPH
LIKKi
no
MTIXHBSXSs
g
ag
not
t
Condition Sentence
aagtalvea
thkth
they.knotf.them
an
no
' But had she not (told thera)0 then they would not know the© things*
3.
THESIS:
Simple Sentence
i©.fut.lay uith.her
* Ho \3$? going to lay with her*8
ABTHHESIS s
Maggativo Sentence
lclrep
he.eaw.her
h&rak
he
in
nsxaA
genitals
kitorhi
he.asks.them
£
here "*
au
no
pamriL
genitals
%1
you.pl
acai
completive
yaipeit
you.fut.cont.g9t
atutra
ig
a&perke
they*eont.as
hi
T*
I.fut.get
keiy&k
it.on.it
this
£
kauadye
au
it.sits.her no
Si
?r not
mlvecto
women
pattH&
genitals
an.
no
* But he saw that she had no genitals, there were no genitals on her,
so he asked them (other men) sayings11 Do you customarily get women
like
this one 1 have gotten uith no genitals or not?9
THESISs
Narrative Sentence
exolaimation
flftpai
enet)
w&Irtk
kit
coapletive
I.kill
younger .brother he.yours
hAnlr
I.eat.it
to
stcsiaeh
* Ahal I have already killed your younger brother and eaten him and I'm full.'
LXH& : an
e
no "*
ANTITHESISt
Contraet Sentence
stive
p&ke
again
aitep
ilfut.kill.you
1 But if Z feedn't, then I uould have already started Min*y you.1
PARAGRAPH
5.
THESIS:
Co-ordinate Sentence
they.pl they.change
they.as
nepere
dog
e,
nenepAp
nAre
they.pl.hord. they.as
dog
* They changed into dogs0 and they howled like dogs.®
LDJK:
at
ANTITHESIS 3
CO-ORDIHATE PARAGRAPH
hAr
they.pl
nanpArs
mAt.
they.fut.cont.as men
nanparka
they.fut.ccnt.as
haiu
tso.pl
mAt
men
nanpAtAp
they.fut.oont.talk
in
ise.pl.eont. talk
now
e_.
*"
* But before they used to be like people. They used to talk as we people
are accustomed to talking now.1
2.2
CONTRAST PARAGRAPH
SLOT
Filler
+ CONTRAST 1
* COBTRAST 2
Maw
Amp
HARR
HORT
Narr Sen
Sen
Sen
PARA
PARA
Contr Sen
Com/Rea Sen
Raa Sen
Result Sen
I3ARR PARA
HORT PARA
Special
Features
Tn: s/d
D.S, Contrast
S 2 same
CONTRAST PARAGRAPH is a binary construction with two obligatory tagnsmes,
CONTRAST 1 and CONTRAST 2. Various sentence and paragraph tagmemas manifest
CONTRAST i and CONTRAST 2. The predications in CONTRAST 1 may be either habitual
or simple past. In CONTRAST 2 the predication is always past or present.
The
deep structure relationship is one of Contrast. The Contrast occurs either in
the time horiaon, t&ieh must be present in both bases, or in the snbjeot, object,
predicate or locations! tagmemes in the bases.
PARAGRAPH
Examples:
1.
CONTRAST 1 :
Barrative Sentence
n&paa hip
before they.pl
nAr&re
they.pl.dance
mJLt
men
wan
devilfish
mekteneni
they.pl.heal.them
nuwaai
they.sning
mani
nAr&re
they.danee
nowen
they.pl.make
h&r
tiiey.pl
nen
they.go
memnen
they, pi .make
tiling
henye
song
meni
tumbuan
n&k&r
they .wash
hepnak
nenepan
nettle leaves they.hit.pl
ntoAak
river
n&r&ak
they.make
nenep
they.hit
mar
they. pi.as
tokim
old.them
wenkena
cassowary
mow&r
tflrear
they.tarow water
neit
mani
they.pl.at river
n&karak
ohild.pl
eik
that
neit
they.pl.at
these
* Before» they danced and they did "old song", they dano ed the devilfish,
and made ancestoral and cassowary figures* and when man got siok« they
made the ancestoral figures and cassowary figures and annointad them with
watero and they washed at the river and hit each other with nettle leaves*
and they hit the children (with them) at the river and they did things like
these.'
CONTRAST 2 :
SlSk
now
Condition Sentence (Result sub-type)
J2&£
they.pl
nerittH9s4s
they.pl.taboo
misineri
missionary
menmen
things
im
these
netike
theyopi.and
te
so
h4r
they.pl
kapman
government
ap_
not
nan
they.pl.come
nArAakem
they.pl make .them
au.
no
1 Now the missionaries and the government have come and tabooed these
things so that they don't do them."
2.
CONTRAST 1 s
GEHEilC/SPECIFIC PARAGRAPH
GEHERAL STATEMENT: HarratiVQ Sentence
n&paa ein
berore then
wen
yet
h&r
they.pl
nepeit
they.oont.are
hAnapaan
stone adsse
kekre
it.in
misineri
missionary
£&££&
they.their
h*r
h&r
tiiey.pl
they.pl
ap nan.
not they.pi.come
neit
they.pi.get
newjk
hAr
nelv&k
wood frame they.pl they.take.it
h&ne
knife
h4r
they.pl
nakes
they.pi.put
nAkaan
they.cut.it
niu
sago
PARAGRAPH
nasaaik
they.ehip.it
other.pl
neiy&k
they.take.it
nAman
th9y«ohop.them
nu
tree
nArftak menmen
they.di^Lt tilin
toey.pl.uith.it
* Before, tahea the missionaries had not come, and they were still in their
own land, they (ancestors) took kn&vss. and put stones into wooden holders
and they chopped dotan eago trees and out dosn trees and broke sago (bark)
and chipped the eago, and they cut trees and did other things with it.1
SPECIFIC STATE-EOT3
BUILDUP 1 s
hAr
they.pl
NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH
Barrative Sentence
ynftyan^
h«kr
noroep
thoy.pl.make.garden they.pl thqy.pl.break
nenepik
they.pl.oake.it
kAre
it.as
sarjp
hAr
sarif they.pl
haurek
bamboo
neiy4k
they.pl.take.it
henmik
small bamboo
nenettt
tiiey.ploout.pl
yanltio
neremirAr
vasX
nalvAk
grass
toey.pl.out.pl
vine
they.pl.take.it toey.pl.out
nenat
n^
nen.
garden toey.pl.go
* They mode gardens and broke bamboo and made them into (steel) cutting
instruments liko sarifs, and they took them and out grass and out vines
clearing their gardens.*
BUILDUP1* j
Bterrative Sentence
toey.pl out
ni
garden
nen
toey.plgo
Lt
toey.pl.get
hABQpaan
stone adae
bAr
toey.pl
nsiyAk
toey.pl.take.it
n«ywan
nu
they.pl.fut.out.toem tree
h&r
toey.pl
they.pl.chop.toem
6 After they out the grass for the gardens, they will out toe trees, so they
get toe stone ad&e and they go chop them dorm.1
BUILDUP a«
Narrative Sentence
tutrsi
chop.tooa they.pl.braak
they.pl.ehop.pl
muwaai
msit
maain
toey.pl.tiito.them toey.pl.lay they.pl.are later
nesiyea
nflir^y
L.bum.toon thQy.pl.plant
menmen
thing
toey.pl.cut.toem loaf
xrapni kamip
h4r
sun itthits.toem toey.pl
nati
toey.pl.in
PARAGRAPH
6 ?hey ©hop them detm and they fall, and they ch&p them and eat the leaves
off tjith them and they lay thereo and latex1 the son dries them and they
bas?a them a«d plant things in their gasdens,0
CONTRAST 2 8
CONTRAST it
now
CONTRAST PARAGRAPH
Iterative Sentence
sdssionaFy
they.ploia
stos-e
opl«getotheza
they.plocoss t5eyopl
theyopl
sari
theyopl.see sasdf
pl.thyovj
nan
oton©
nataHem
they.pi.got,them
yse
9 Hot; the misoionarioQ hfava com© and they (village people) see the easdfs
and osss in the stoyo, and they pay money and buy them and take them and
do uo?k t^dth thsra«
C0M31AST 2 s
Contgast Sentence (ellidod)
oin
©k
fore
a» 0
no
* Befoso this tis®s they did not (havo these things).
3*
CCMTRAST 1 s
STATElEHTs
RESULT PARAGRAPH
Haggativa Sentence
they.pl.not know
It
itothoiypl
theyopl.not knot?
Gcd
only.itoit
* Bofos?So the aneestope did not knot? about God, and they said that
theip ancestoral spizdt b^wigglf (made these things).
RESULT 8
It
Coatrast Seatene®
it
h4?
they.pl
an
no
neiaesin.
ttx©y.pl?follot?, them
9 Alright, they did not follow these things.f
CONTRAST 2 s
Condition
PARAGRAPH
oralt
inek
alright
haiu
now
apai
we.pi
kewis&a
he .writes • them
martel
completive
aan
they.pl. in
towel
leaf
h&m
xre.pl.know word
paipen
Bible
haia
traipl
me
God
them.of
God
amartelvem
ua.p
we.pl.imper.follow. them
' Sines we already know the words of God which he pat in the Bible, we ought
to understand them and follow them.*
CONTRAST 1 t
Contrast Sentence
Jriooaa ein
m&t
hAr
nelt
they.pl
theyopl.got shotgun
bsfoy© then nen
eotkan
samismk
merimfe
yipo
angrols
they, pi .with
bow and arrow
au
no
hto
nenep
they.pl
they.shoot
hftTw^jtf,
1 111 the past people did not have shotguns, and they shot animals with their
bow and arrows•*
CONTRAST 2 t
inek
now
Condition Sentence (Result Sub-Type)
kiap
patrol offioer
nerer
they.pl.of.pl
nan
td-t
place
matuwok
Tje.pl.get.it
miyak hiut
wallaby
aasta
European
wit
place
t£L
so
hAr
they.pl
tiaiu
we.pl
meiy&k
we.pl.take.it
nen
they.pl.go
martel
we.pi.know
menep
vre.pl.hit
sak
nau
they.pl.sit
satkan
shotgun
hore
haiu aowAr
ne.pl we.pl.thrcrc
xwmkene
merinwerek.
they.pl.with.it
1 Now the patrol officers and the Europeans have come and live everywhere,
so we know about the shotgun and we pay our money and buy them, and we go
and shoot pigc, birds, cassowary and wallaby with them.6