Chapter 10 section 1
Building a German Nation
A. Steps Toward Unity
1. Impact of Napoleon
a. Napoleon annexed land along the Rhine River.
b. freed serfs, abolished Jewish laws, and made trade easier
c. Some Germans wanted a unified Germany
2. Prussian Leadership
a. Economic union called Zollverein.
b. Frankfurt Assembly offered the throne to Frederick
William IV of Prussia.
B. Bismarck and German Unity
Otto von Bismarck became the prime minister under King
William I.
1. Master of Realpolitik
a. Bismarck became a master of the needs of the state.
b. He was the architect of unifying Germany.
c. His primary loyalty was to the Hohenzollerns.
2. Strengthening the Army
a. Bismarck speech of “Blood and Iron” to the liberal
legislatures - failed.
b. Built his army through other funds he collected.
3. Wars with Denmark and Austria
a. Alliance with Austria in 1864
b. Seized the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein.
c. Bismarck armies attacked Austria and annexed northern
lands.
d. He dissolved the Austrian-led German Confederation.
e. He formed a new confederation led by Prussia.
4. The Franco-Prussian War
a. Revenge from an earlier invasion by Napoleon.
b. EMS depatch set-up war with France. (insult).
C. The German Empire
1. Kaiser (emperor of Germany)
2. The birth of the second reich (1870-1919)(complete
unity of Germany)
3. A constitution
a. the upper house *(bundesrat)
b. the lower house (Reichstag)
Chapter 10 Section 2
Page 272
Strengthening Germany
1. Why was Germany able to industrialize into a strong
nation?
2. Who was the person that built a gigantic steel factory?
3. What did Germany raise to protect the industries against
foreign competition?
4. What countries did Bismarck want to form alliances
with?
5. What did he refer the British navy too?
6. Why was Bismarck called the “The Iron Chancellor?”
7. What was KulturKampf?
8. Why did Bismarck pass laws against the Social
Democrats?
9. Why did the Social Democrats continue to grow in
Germany?
10. Why did Kaiser William II demand that Bismarck
resign from his position of chancellor?
11. What was the plan of Kaiser William’s II social welfare
programs?
Chapter 10 Section 3
p. 275
Unifying Italy
A. Obstacles to Italian Unity
* Dominated by their Provinces.
1. Mazzini’s Young Italy
a. Giuseppe Mazzini organized a secret society in Rome.
b. The French toppled Mazzini’s dream, and spent time in
exile.
2. The Tide of Nationalism
a. Common language and history (Rome)
B. The Struggle for Italy
*1848 Risorgimento was passed to the Kingdom of
Sardinia
1. Cavour
a. 1852, Victor Emmanuel made Count Camillo Cavour his
Prime Minister.
b. Cavour was a master of Realpolitik.
c. Rebuild Sardinia’s economy and annex land from
Austria: Lombardy and Venetia.
2. Intrigue with France
a. Cavour joined forces with Britian and France in the
Crimean war against Russia.
b. Cavour led a secret pact with Napoleon III in case of a
war with Austria.
c. A year later, Cavour provoked a war with Austria.
d. Northwestern provinces joined Sardinia’s kingdom.
3. Garibaldi’s Red Shirt
a. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was invaded by Garbaldi’s
armies that were armed by Cavour’s military supplies.
b. He was victorious and moved into the Naples region.
4. Unity at Last
a. After the Austro-Prussian War, King Victor Emmanuel
was able to negotiate with Bismarck, Venetia.
b. During the Franco-Prussian war, France was forced to
withdraw troops from Rome and the Roman Empire fell
into the hands of a united Italy.
C. Challenges facing the New Nation
1. Divisions
a. The Papal State was granted by the government the
Vatican.
b. The North and South differences.
2. Turmoil
a. Constitutional Monarchy with a two-house legislature
b. King appointed the upper house and could veto.
c. Anarchists wanted to destroy the government.
d. Socialists’ organized strikes across Italy.
e. The government extended suffrage and improved social
conditions.
3. Progress
a. Industrialization
b. Emigration to foreign lands – US, Canada and Latin
America.
Chapter 10 Section 4
P. 279
Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
A. A Declining Empire
1. Challenge of Change
a. Conservative goals – prohibited and banned the word
constitution.
b. Problems with the industrial life.
2. A Patchwork of People
a. Nationalism vs. Multi-cultural states.
3. Early Reform
a. Francis Joseph set-up a new constitution.
b. He also attempted to rebuild his military.
B. The Dual Monarchy
a. Francis Deak compromise a Dual monarchy (A-H)
b. They would be separate states.
c. Francis Joseph - emperor of Austria and king of
Hungary.
d. Both states shared: finance, defense and foreign affairs.
C. Balkan Nationalism
a. Serbs and Greeks won their independence.
b. Russia moved towards the Black Sea and Turkey.
c. A-H took control of Bosnia.
d. European Countries form alliances against Ottoman.
e. “Balkan Powder Keg”
Chapter 10 Section 5
p. 282
Russia: Reform and Reaction
1. What does the word Colossus mean?
2. What group resisted any form of social, economic and
political changes?
3. What social class were most of the Russian people in?
4. Why didn’t the Russian economy adapt to other
European countries?
5. Why did Alex I withdraw from his previous social
reforms?
6. In 1825, what was the liberal movement called?
7. What actions did Nicholas I take against this political
group?
8. What were the three pillars that Nicholas I embraced?
9. What did the Crimean War reveal about Russia?
10. In 1861, what was Alex II first reform?
11. What was the Zemstrov, and why was it created under
Alex II?
What is a reverse split?
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Chapter 10 Section 5b
D. Reaction to Change
1. Revolutionary Currents
a. Socialists carried messages to reform the peasants, but
the peasants were confused and turned them over to the
police.
b. Terrorist group called the “People Will” plotted to kill
the czar.
c. In March 1881, two bombs were thrown at the czar
killing Alexander II.
2. Crackdown
a. Alexander III took the harsh method similar to Nicolas I.
b. Russification suppressed all cultures of non-Russian
people.
3. Persecution and Pogroms
a. Russia acquired a large Jewish population when Poland
was carved up.
b. Pogroms were large mobs attacking Jews.
E. Building Russian Industry
1. Peasants faced many hardships.
2. Nobles opposed this movement that would face changes.
3. Socialist accepted Karl Marx ideas.
F. Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution
1. A peaceful March
a. Father George Gapon organized a march for Sunday, Jan.
22, 1905.
b. This petition was asking for justice and freedom.
2. Bloody Sunday
a. Nicolas II fled the palace and ordered his troops to the
front.
b. Shots were fired near the palace.
c. “The Czar had deserted us.”
3. The Revolution of 1905
a. Terrorist and nationalist called for autonomy.
b. October Manifesto: freedom of speech, etc.
c. Duma set-up a national legislature.
G. Result of the Revolution
1. Czar dissolved the Duma when people criticized the
government.
2. Arrests and persecution followed.
3. Jayna Kubuske was arrested and tortured in the dungeon
of demise (Shaka Benz)