Lone White Faces

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Lone White Faces
Australian Foreign Policy
& the Nixon Doctrine
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Philippa Daly
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of B.A. (Hons.) in History, University of Sydney.
October 2012
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Acknowledgements:
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Abstract:
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Table of Contents
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PREFACE
The Chill Wind from Guam
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INTRODUCTION
Lone White Faces
Australian Foreign Policy & The Nixon Doctrine
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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CONCLUSION:
The Lone White Face No More?
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//+
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APPENDIX – ANZUS TREATY
SECURITY TREATY BETWEEN AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, AND THE UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA
THE PARTIES TO THIS TREATY,
'
REAFFIRMING 3"8#1' 6&#3"' #4' 3"8' %=1%7282' &45' %1#4A#%$82' 76' 3"8' C"&1381' 76' 3"8' P4#385'
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NOTING 3"&3' 3"8' P4#385' Q3&382' &$18&5)' "&2' &11&4E898432' %=12=&43' 37' <"#A"' #32' &1985'
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RECOGNIZING'3"&3'H=231&$#&'&45'M8<'O8&$&45'&2'989D812'76'3"8'i1#3#2"'C79974<8&$3"'
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DESIRING 37' 58A$&18' %=D$#A$)' &45' 6719&$$)' 3"8#1' 28428' 76' =4#3):' 27' 3"&3' 47' %73843#&$'
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DESIRING'6=13"81'37'A7715#4&38'3"8#1'8667132'671'A7$$8A3#?8'5868428'671'3"8'%18281?&3#74'76'
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THEREFORE DECLARE AND AGREE as follows:
'
Article I
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Article II
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Article III
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Article IV
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Article V
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Article VI
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Article VII
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Article VIII
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Article IX
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Article X
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Article XI
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Select Bibliography
Primary Sources:
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Archives:
(Details of specific items can be found in the Notes)
%
AUSTRALIA:
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Library (DPMCL), Canberra
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National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Washington DC
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Nixon Presidential Materials
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Harry S. Truman Library
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Newspapers and Journals
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