Exploring Life in 1898
Wilmington & the Wilmington
Race Riot with CROW,
a novel for young adults
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JimCrow
• Theterm“JimCrow”originatedinan1830ssong
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performedbyawhiteminstrelshowactor,“Daddy
Rice.”
InaracistportrayalofAfricanAmericans,Ricepainted
hisfaceblackthensanganddancedinan
exaggerated,stereotypicalcaricature.
Bythe1900s,thenameJimCrowwasusedtoidentify
racistlawsandexpectationsinsouthernAmericathat
deprivedAfricanAmericansandotherminoritiesof
theircivilrights.
JimCrowlawswereineffectbetween1877andthe
mid-1960s(orlater)withthepredominatepurposeof
keepingtheracesseparated(segregation)and
relegatingminoritiestosecondclassstatus.
Throughouttheseyears,AfricanAmericanswere
forcedtouseseparaterestrooms,waterfountains,
restaurants,waitingrooms,parksandswimming
pools,libraries,hospitals,busseats,cemeteries,and
more.Beyondtheunfairlaws,therewasequally
oppressiveetiquetteandbehaviorexpectedofAfrican
Americans,basedonthemisconceptionthatBlacks
wereintellectuallyandculturallyinferiortoWhites.
NorthCarolina&JimCrow
NorthCarolinapassed23JimCrowlawsbetween1873and1957.
Sevenofthestatutesconcernedschoolsegregation,sixwererelated
totransportationandfouroutlawedmiscegenation.
• 1873:Miscegenation[Statute]
ProhibitedmarriagesbetweenwhitesandNegroesor
IndiansorpersonsofNegroorIndiandescenttothird
generation.
• 1875:Education[Constitution]
Whiteandblackchildrenshallbetaughtinseparatepublic
schools,"butthereshallbenodiscriminationmadeinfavorof,
ortotheprejudiceof,eitherrace."
JimCrowEtiquette
• ABlackmalecouldnotofferhishandtoaWhitemale(toshakehands)because
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itimpliedbeingsociallyequal.ABlackmalecouldnotofferhishandtoorhave
anyphysicalcontactwithaWhitewoman,becauseheriskedbeingaccusedof
rape.
UndernocircumstancewasaBlackmaletooffertolightthecigaretteofa
Whitefemale-- thatgestureimpliedintimacy.
Blackswerenotallowedtoshowpublicaffectiontowardoneanotherinpublic.
WhitesdidnotusecourtesytitlesofrespectwhenreferringtoBlacks(i.e.Mr.,
Mrs.,Sir,orMa'am).Instead,Blackswerecalledbytheirfirstnames.Blacks,
however,hadtousecourtesytitleswhenreferringtoWhitesandwerenot
allowedtocallthembytheirfirstnames.
Peopleofdifferentraceswereprohibitedfromsittingsidebysidewhen
traveling(i.e.onbusesandtrains)andwhitemotoristshadtheright-of-wayat
allintersections.
Blacksweretonever:disagreewithorchallengeawhiteperson;assertoreven
intimatethatawhitepersonlied;curseatorlaughatawhiteperson;comment
ontheappearanceofawhitefemale;ordemonstratesuperiorknowledgeor
intelligence.
Weshallwintomorrowifwehavetodo
withguns.Ifwehavenotthevotestocarrythe
election,wemustcarryitbyforce.Ifyoufind
theNegrooutvoting,tellhimtoleavethepolls.
Ifherefuses,killhim,shoothimdowninhis
tracks.Weshallwintomorrowifwehavetodo
itwithguns.”
~AlfredWaddell
AlexManly
Wilmington Light Infantry troops escort banished black leaders to train station