IMPLICATIONS FOR INDEXER THESAURUS CONSTRUCTION AND
DESIGN: EXAMPLE OF LIS SUBJECT FIELD
(PhD forum) for LIDA 2012
Kristina Feldvari
Filozofski fakultet u Osijeku, L. Jagera 9, 31000 Osijek. Email: [email protected].
Abstract
Before thesaurus construction commence, some preliminary considerations concerning its purpose and scope must
be made. The thesaurus compiler should have thorough knowledge of the information environment and the
discourses and languages in play. Next to the characteristics of the information environment, thesaurus should also
reflect the mental models and search behavior of the individuals acting in the “discourse community”. Likewise, it is
important for thesaurus compiler to examine indexing policy and practice. The analysis of the existing subject
indexing practice and policy will be explored by measuring inter – indexer consistency in subject library catalogues
and by qualitative comparison of indexing practice with IFLA Principles Underlying Subject Heading Languages
(1999). Thesaurus users or “discourse community” examined in this dissertation are indexers in Croatian libraries,
and the example of subject field is LIS. This means that there is one central “discourse” that we will examine and
that is “indexing discourse”. When analyzing different discourses it is essential to be aware of the specific contexts
and institutions in which the discourses take place. Therefore, the emphasis is put on institutional differences
(different subdiscourses). The “indexing discourse” will be explored by interviewing indexers from five libraries in
Croatia, by comparison of existing internal thesauri and by conducting a simulated indexing task. Mental models of
indexers will be explored by word association method. Results of the analysis of present situation of subject indexing
in Croatia and “domain analysis” should provide the knowledge needed for defining implications for future indexer
thesauri construction and design.
Keywords: thesaurus construction and design, indexing discourse, subject indexing
Content of the contribution
Introduction
A thesaurus is an example of a controlled vocabulary and an important aid in subject analysis. It also plays an
important role in the organization of information, controls the vocabulary and is formed in a way that facilitates
seeking and indexing within a specific subject area. As an aid in subject analysis, thesaurus is a set of items, phrases
or words, with a set of relations between them (semantic and syntactic). In today’s world of technology, especially in
e – librarianship, thesaurus is of tremendous importance and its primary role is in information retrieval (IR)
(Aitchison, Gilchrist & Bawden, 2004; Soergel, 1974). The major purpose of thesaurus is to provide a map of a given
field of knowledge, indicating how concepts and ideas about concepts are related to one another, to help indexers and
searches to understand the structure of the field and to guide the users so that they choose appropriate index or search
terms (Lykke Nielsen, 2000).
There are two types of thesauri. The first are general – purpose thesauri which are word – based and rarely used in IR
systems. The second are IR – oriented or structured thesauri which can be divided into two types: end – user
thesaurus and indexer thesaurus. Most thesauri in use today are indexer thesauri, which means that they are designed
primarily for indexer use and only secondarily, intended for the use by the end – user (Bates, 1986). According to
Aitchison et al. (2004) the primary purpose of a thesaurus is for information retrieval, which may be achieved in
various ways. Furthermore, the primary use may be achieved by using the thesaurus in the indexing of a database,
and/or in its searching, by various ways: 1) thesaurus used both in indexing and in searching; 2) thesaurus used in
indexing, but not in searching; 3) thesaurus used in searching, but not in indexing.
When discussing IR thesauri, there are three basic issues that we have to keep in mind: thesaurus construction
(manual or automatic), access (thesaurus must be accessed and used in some way to improve or expand users’ query)
and thesaurus evaluation (quality and efficiency) (Jing & Bruce Croft, 1994).
Before thesaurus construction commence, some preliminary considerations concerning its purpose and scope must be
made. Although thesaurus construction follows the general principles and recommendations outlined in numerous
standards and guidelines established for this purpose (e.g. ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005, 2005; Aitchison et al., 2004;
ISO 2788, 1986), result of thesaurus construction process depends of several factors. Construction of a subject
specific thesaurus must take into consideration the needs of the information system and the users in a domain (i.e.
knowledge and understanding of the information environment) (e.g. Hjørland, 1997; Jacob & Shaw, 1998; Lykke
Nielsen, 2000, 2001; Pejtersen, 1980; Pjetersen & Fiedel, 1998; Soergel, 1974, 1985). Likewise, most guidelines (e.g.
Aitchison et al., 2004) also recommend that thesaurus construction should be based on the next considerations: user
group, subject field, quantity and type of literature along with language considerations, resources available etc. The
thesaurus construction also depends on indexing policy and practice and decision concerning the two cannot be
studied separately (Lykke Nielsen, 2000).
Background of the study
With the appearance of World Wide Web it has become apparent that the more digital libraries, data bases, portals
etc. are developed on the net, the more important subject analysis and thesauri become in order to aid these searches
(Hert, Jacob & Dawson, 2000; Shiri & Revie, 2000). Despite the obvious fact that thesauri are needed to aid indexing
and searching, methodology of its construction is also important. According to Miller (2003b) only a
methodologically accurately constructed thesaurus essentially provides certain significant advantages to the whole
retrieval system, which it supports.
The process of thesaurus construction traditionally consists of the collection of concepts and terms within a given
subject area, formation and definition of concepts and terms (terminological and semantic control) and finally
organization of concepts and terms (distinguishing and displaying relationships between them) (Aitchison et al.,
2004; Lykke Nielsen, 2004; Soergel, 1974). While conducting these technical processes thesaurus constructor must
apply principles and guidelines for thesaurus construction. On the other hand, the existence of variations in nature
and quality of different thesauri brings impact of the guidelines on actual thesaurus construction into question
(Gilchrist, 1991). This is one of the reasons why thesaurus constructor primarily has to study and examine
information environment and apply the guidelines according to “knowledge domain” or “discourse community”12
and its characteristics. The thesaurus should be developed according to the nature and needs of the information
environment in which it is going to be used. This implies a thorough knowledge of the information environment and
the discourses and languages in play. This knowledge may be gathered by different methodologies. However, it is
generally accepted to take a “holistic approach” and study the information environment and its users as an interacting
whole (Lykke Nielsen, 2004).When analyzing different discourses it is essential to be aware of the specific contexts
and institutions in which the discourses take place (Talja, 1999).
Two types of knowledge are needed for thesaurus construction – “domain knowledge” and “conceptual knowledge”.
“Domain knowledge” covers knowledge about the environment and the situation in which thesaurus is going to be
used, knowledge about work tasks, knowledge about information use and information needs, and knowledge about
different approaches to the subject field. “Conceptual knowledge” is linguistic, semantic knowledge about naming,
form, meaning and relations between concepts and terms and it allows choosing, controlling, and structuring the
vocabulary of thesaurus (Lykke Nielsen, 2000, 2001). Next to the characteristics of the information environment,
thesaurus should also reflect the mental models and search behavior of the individuals acting in the “discourse
community”. Even though individuals have been formed by the domain, they have also been shaped socially and will
approach the knowledge domain from a perspective which depends both on their actual situation and on their
individual characteristics (Allen, 1997; Bates, 1998; Furnas, Landauer, Gomez & Dumais, 1987; Ingwersen, 1996;
Lykke Nielsen, 2000, 2001). This dissertation will be designed using that approach, trying to capture individuals as
well as collective information behavior. As early mentioned, Lykke Nielsen (2000) and Jacob & Shawn (1998) state
that thesaurus construction also depends on indexing policy and practice that also have to be examined carefully.
Motivated by these last statements and considering situation of the indexing policy and practice in Croatia, the
intention of this study is to detect problem areas in Croatian subject indexing and emphasize the need for creation of
national indexing rules and common indexing aids such as thesaurus. The overall aim of the research presented in
this dissertation is to give implications and to establish firm basis for indexer thesaurus construction and design.
According to Williamson (1996), and in accordance with Lykke Nielsen (2000), standards, guidelines, and rules are
needed to ensure consistency and quality in the design and construction of indexing language. Specifically, in
1
In this study knowledge domain or discourse community is understood according to Hjórland (1997) as a scientific, scholarly or
proffesional domain with unique structures of communication and publication, unique types of documents, specific terminology,
information structures, information systems, literature and relevant criteria.
2
Different domains can also be seen as different subcultures (e.g. indexers) having their own discourse (Nykyri, 2010)
Croatia there are no national rules for subject indexing and every library uses its own internal rules and its own
internal thesaurus. Usage of different rules and indexing aids in every library causes problems like inconsistency with
international indexing principles and guidelines and low inter – indexer consistency (Doležal, 2006; Dominković,
2008). Few papers explained the need for re – examining the existing subject indexing practice and policy in Croatia
by taking a clear stand regarding the principles, guidelines, standards etc. and their applicability in Croatian subject
indexing practice (Dolezal, 2006; Dominkovic, 2008; Mikacic, 1991, 1996; Strbac & Vujić, 2004). The work on the
national subject indexing policy should be intensified providing detailed instructions and guidelines for subject
indexers, so it is primary essential to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the present situation and future
developments of subject indexing in the libraries in Croatia. The analysis of the existing subject indexing practice
and policy will be explored by interviewing representatives of subject indexing departments, by measuring inter –
indexer consistency in subject library catalogues and by qualitative comparison of indexing practice with IFLA
Principles Underlying Subject Heading Languages (1999).
Next to the analysis of present situation of subject indexing and prior the thesaurus construction it is essential to
examine “discourse community”. Thesaurus users or “discourse community” examined in this dissertation are
indexers in Croatian libraries, and the example of subject field is LIS. This means that there is one central
“discourse” that we will examine in this dissertation and that is “indexing discourse”3. As previously mentioned,
when analyzing different discourses it is essential to be aware of the specific contexts and institutions in which the
discourses take place. For instance, guidelines for indexing used in one library presumably differ from guidelines in
other library due to their function, environment and conditions of use. Therefore, the emphasis is put on institutional
differences (different Croatian libraries). The “indexing discourse” will be explored by interviewing indexers from
five libraries in Croatia, by analysis of existing internal thesauri and by conducting a simulated indexing task. Mental
models of indexers will be explored by word association method.4
Results of the analysis of present situation of subject indexing in Croatia and “domain analysis” should provide the
knowledge needed for defining implications for indexer LIS thesaurus construction and design, and consequently
provide guidelines for future indexer (domain specific) thesauri construction and design.
Previous research, knowledge and literature review
Since the topic of this dissertation is the thesaurus construction, special emphasis is put on current literature and
knowledge of process of thesaurus construction. The process of thesaurus construction is traditionally divided into
three technical stages: collection of concepts and terms, formation and definition of concepts and terms and
organization of concept and terms (Aitchison et al., 2004; Lykke Nielsen, 2004, Soergel, 1974). These stages are well
described in various guidelines and standards for the construction of monolingual and multilingual thesauri (e.g.
ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005, 2005; Aitchison et al., 2004; ISO 2788, 1986).
Guidelines and standards may suggest different instructions for thesaurus construction, e.g. alternative types of
relationship, but it is domain – related factors that make it possible to choose among the alternatives. Therefore, the
thesaurus compiler should have thorough knowledge of the information environment so he could be able to
determine purpose, scope and implications for thesaurus construction. To gain knowledge about information
environment it is essentially to conduct “domain analysis”.
During the eighties a user-centered approach to thesaurus construction emerged, which introduced strategies
that based the development of indexing systems, including thesauri, on field studies of the users’ information use and
information needs. The thesaurus construction process was considered as a system design process, and focus was on
information systems and thesauri supporting people in their daily activities. Pejtersen (1980) was one of the first to
base the development of an indexing system on empirical field studies of users' request and together with Fidel he
developed a framework for work – centered evaluation and design of information systems (Pejtersen & Fidek, 1998).
Soergel (1985) also recommends the study of information needs as a basis for information system design. Later, the
user-centered approach turned into a holistic view of all of the interactive communication processes, stressing the
importance of the situational context that surrounds the user. This development of the user-centered approach is
called the “person-in-situation” approach or the holistic cognitive approach (Allen, 1997; Ingwersen, 1996, 2001;
Lykke Nielsen, 2000; Kuhlthau & Vakkary, 1999; Saracevic, Kantor, Chamis & Trivison, 1988.; Wilson, 1999). The
user-centered and the cognitive approaches have been criticized for being defective in being based solely on studies
of individual users detached from their context. It is argued that the individual user’s knowledge structures and
behavior are shaped through participation in socially grounded domains. The critics stress the importance of seeing
the individual user as member of a particular knowledge domain. Individuals do not operate in isolation but work,
3
At general level discourse can be defined as reffering to language use in social context but it also means doing something and it is
therefoe an active process (Potter& Wetherell, 1990),
4
About methodes see chapter Methodology and research design
instead, within the dynamical contexts provided by complex socio-cultural and historical systems (Hjørland, 1997,
2002; Hjørland & Albrechsten 1995; Jacob & Shaw, 1998; Talja, Heinisuo, Luukkainen & Järvelin, 1997).
Ingwersen (1996) and Wilson (1999) illustrate how searches are bound by different kinds of barriers. Some barriers
are personal, others are role related and others are related to the interpretation of specific environment in which the
searcher is acting.
It seems to be generally accepted that the study of information behavior must take into account the users, their
particular role or function and, especially, the information environment that influences information seeking and use.
In this study, users of thesaurus are indexers in Croatia, so we examine “indexing environment” (indexing work
tasks, indexing behavior, indexing needs, resources, aids, problems etc.) (Bates 1998; Bertrand, Cellier & Giroux,
1996; David & Giroux, 1995; Farrow, 1991; Lancaster, 2003; Mai, 2005; Shauperl, 2004 etc.). To gain semantic
knowledge methodology of corpus analysis (lexico-semantic), word association test and discourse analysis are going
to be used (López – Huertas, 1997; Lykke Nielsen, 2000; Lykke Nielsen & Ingwersen, 1999; Nykyri 2010; Talja,
1999).
Objective and hypotheses
The overall aim of the research presented in this dissertation is to give implications and to establish firm basis for
indexer thesaurus construction and design.
Specific objectives of this study are:
•
to give ‘the state of the art’ situation of subject indexing in Croatian libraries
•
to conduct “domain analysis”
o
by analyzing Croatian indexing environment (indexing work tasks, indexing behavior, indexing
needs, indexing aids, indexing resources, indexing problems etc.) with the emphasis on institutional
differences
o
by analyzing internal thesauri (focus on LIS field) in Croatian libraries
Implications for thesaurus construction are examined through attempts to find the answer for the following research
questions:
Indexing policy and practice analysis
1.
Are there any differences in indexing practice in Croatian libraries? If there are, what are they?
2.
What affects the differences in indexing practice in Croatian libraries?
Domain analysis (LIS subject field)
3.
In what way can the analysis of Croatian indexing environment (indexing work tasks, indexing behavior,
indexing needs, indexing aids, indexing resources, indexing problems etc.) contribute to defining
implications for indexer LIS thesaurus construction?
•
4.
In what way can the indexer thesaurus be based on the indexing discourse?
•
5.
What are the differences and similarities on institutional level?
Are there any conceptual and terminological differences (considering equivalent, hierarchical and
associative semantic relations) in LIS subject field in internal thesauri in Croatian libraries?
Will the methodology used for obtaining implications for LIS indexer thesaurus provide the necessary
knowledge for a future construction and design of an indexer thesaurus in general?
Hypotheses
1.
Differences in indexing practice in Croatian libraries are present and visible in subject library catalogues.
Inter – indexer consistency between libraries in Croatia is low.
2.
Usage of different internal indexing rules and different internal indexing aids as well as noncompliance to
international indexing rules, affects the differences in indexing practice in Croatian libraries.
3.
Analysis of Croatian indexing environment (indexing work tasks, indexing behavior, indexing needs,
indexing aids, indexing resources, indexing problems etc.) can contribute to defining implications for
structure and design of indexer LIS thesaurus
4.
Discourse analysis method, word association method and corpus analysis (lexico-semantic) help to build up
the semantic knowledge and to define implications for structure and terminology of indexer LIS thesaurus.
5.
The methodology used for obtaining implications for LIS indexer thesaurus will provide necessary
knowledge (domain and conceptual) for a future construction and design of an indexer thesaurus in general
Methodology and research design
The research questions, the methods used and the material are summarized in the table below:
Table 1
Summary of the research questions, methods and material
Research question Are there any differences in
indexing practice in Croatian
libraries? If there are, what are
they?
Data Collection and
Analysis Methods Material
Experimental
quantitative
methodology to investigate inter –
indexing consistency (relationship
between
indexing
consistency/exhaustivity)
50 documents from in 5 Croatian
libraries
Qualitative comparison with IFLA
guidelines 3 subject headings from different
subject fields (5 Croatian libraries) What affects the differences in
indexing practice in Croatian
libraries? Semi - structured interview Representatives of subject indexing
departments of 5 Croatian libraries In what way can the analysis of
indexing environment (indexing
work tasks, indexing behavior,
indexing needs, indexing aids,
indexing
resources,
indexing
problems etc.) contribute to
defining implications for indexer
LIS thesaurus construction?
Focused interview
Indexers from 5 Croatian libraries
Simulated indexing task method
(three complementary
methodological approaches :
analysis of concurrent verbal report
(think aloud method), retrospective
verbalization, and an interview
involving peer evaluation)
5 documents ( LIS field) indexed
by indexers from 5 Croatian
libraries
§What are the differences and
similarities on institutional level?
In what way can the vocabulary of
the indexer thesaurus be based on
the indexing discourse?
Word association test
Indexers from 5 Croatian libraries
Results
of
focus
interviews,
Discourse analysis
§
Are there any lexical and
semantic differences (considering
equivalent,
hierarchical
and
associative semantic relations) in
internal thesauri in Croatian
libraries in LIS subject field? Will the methodology used for
obtaining implications for LIS
indexer thesaurus provide the
necessary knowledge for a future
construction and design of an
indexer thesaurus in general?
Corpus analysis (lexico – semantic)
simulated indexing task and co –
word analysis
Internal thesauri (focus on LIS
field) in 5 Croatian libraries Co – word analysis
Conclusion Theoretical discussion +
empirical studies This study uses quantitative and qualitative methods. Two different methodological approaches are needed in order
to answer the research questions of this study. Quantitative and qualitative methods are thus used to supplement each
other and to give answers partly to the same and partly to different research questions. In its methodological nature
the whole study is a qualitative study. Qualitative methods are used to examine the discourses and the nature of the
problems occurring in the research material. Since the problems are partly overlapping and complex ones, several
methods are also used simultaneously. A combination of multiple search methods will reveal a more varied and valid
picture of the research object (Fidel, 1993; Vakkari, 1997). The material should allow multiple strategy approaches
and represent different types of subdiscourses, which should be taken into consideration when constructing an
indexer thesaurus.
The first and the second phase of research will refer to investigation of indexing practice in Croatian libraries. The
analysis of the existing subject indexing practice and policy will be explored by measuring inter – indexer
consistency in subject library catalogues and by qualitative comparison of indexing practice with IFLA Principles
Underlying Subject Heading Languages (1999).
Second stage will include interviewing representatives of subject indexing departments of five Croatian libraries to
investigate what affects the differences in indexing practice in Croatian libraries. Studied libraries are: National and
University library in Zagreb, The Zagreb City Libraries, Public and University library in Osijek, Public Library Metel
Ožegović in Varaždin and Library of the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb. These libraries were selected because of
four different library information systems used there: Aleph, Crolist, Zaki, Metel and Koha. Furthermore, different
primary user – groups and their information needs may affect the indexing policy and practice and our sample
contains libraries of various types. There are two public libraries (The Zagreb City Libraries, Public Library Metel
Ožegović), one academic library (Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb) and two libraries with dual function (National
and University Library in Zagreb and City and University Library in Osijek).
The third and the fourth phase of research will refer to “domain analysis”. Focused interviews with Croatian indexers
will be used to gain information about environment in which thesaurus is going to be used (indexing work tasks,
indexing behavior, indexing needs, indexing aids, indexing resources, indexing problems etc.). As a part of interview
a simulated indexing task method and word association test will be used. Interviewing and simulated indexing task
mostly provide insight into the context of indexers' information needs and behavior. The quantitative word
association method is also used as a part of the interview method in order to obtain information about the studied
terms semantic network (semantic knowledge) and as a starting point for further discussion about the terms meaning
and usage. It reveals respondents' mental models and provides knowledge about respondents' way of relating terms
and their use (Lykke Nielsen & Ingwersen, 1999). To study five different internal thesauri and to gain semantic
knowledge (from LIS subject field) corpus analysis (lexico – semantic) and co – word analysis will be used. In this
study, co-word analysis is used to study indexing frequency and the lexical network of the indexing terms. The final
aim is to see how these practices diverge and how they can be used for thesaurus construction and design.
One of the methods used is discourse analysis (Hjørland, 2002; López – Huertas, 1997; Talja, 1999). In this study
discourse analysis is understood not only as a method, but as a theoretical framework, that allows different emphasis
in the focus and methodological applications. The discourse analytic approach offers a possibility to study
differences and similarities both on the individualistic and community level. Discourse analysis studies practices of
producing knowledge and meanings in concrete contexts and institutions, it pays attention to the way in which
discourses produce and transform social reality, and makes it possible to evaluate the practical consequences of
different ways of approaching a particular phenomenon (Talja, 1999).
Expected contribution
The aim of this study is to give thorough ‘state of the art’ analysis of subject indexing in Croatian libraries. At
present, Croatian libraries have neither national indexing rules nor common indexing aids. Therefore, the intention of
this study is to detect problem areas in Croatian subject indexing and emphasize the need for creation of national
indexing rules and common indexing aids such as thesaurus. This study offers implications for construction and
design of indexer LIS thesaurus as an example for future thesaurus construction and design.
References and Citations
•
Aitchison, J., Gilchrist, A., & Bawden, D. (2004). Thesaurus construction and use: a practical manual. London: Aslib.
•
Allen, B. (1997). Information needs: a person-in-situation approach. In: Proceedings of an International Conference on
research in Information Needs, Seeking and Use in Different Context, 14 – 16 August, 1996, Tampere, Finland. London:
Taylor Graham.
•
ANSI/NISO Z39.19-2005. (2005). Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual
Controlled Vocabularies. Retrieved from:
http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/document.php?document_id=6484&wg_abbrev=ccm
•
Bates, M.J. (1986). Subject access in online catalogs: a design model. Journal of the American Society for Information
Science, 37(6), 357–376. Retrieved from: http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/gleazer/462_readings/Bates.pdf
•
Bates, M.J. (1998). Indexing and access for digital libraries and the Internet: human, database, and domain factors.
Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 49(13), 1185–1205. Retrieved from: http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/bates/articles/indexdlib.html
•
Bertrand, A., Cellier, J. & Giroux, L. (1996). Expertise and Strategies for the Identification of the Main Ideas in
Document Indexing. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10(5), 419–433. Retrieved from:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199610)10:5%3C419::AID-ACP401%3E3.0.CO;2W/abstract
•
Dolezal, V. (2006). Predmetna obrada u Nacionalnoj i sveučilšnoj knjižnici u Zagrebu: povratak načelima [Subject
cataloguing in the National and University library in Zagreb: the return to the principles]. Vjesnik bibliotekara Hrvatske,
49(2), 33–49. Retrieved from: http://www.hkdrustvo.hr/vbh/broj/93
•
Dominkovic, M. (2008). Predmetni katalozi u Hrvatskoj i svijetu [Croatian and worldwide subject catalogues]
(Unpublished graduation thesis). Faculty of Philosophy, Osijek.
•
David, C. & Giroux, L. (1995). Indexing as Problem Solving: A Cognitive Approach to Consistency. In: Proceedings of
the ASIS Annual Meeting, October 9-12, 1995, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from:
http://www.ualberta.ca/dept/slis/cais/david.htm
•
Farrow, J. F. (1991). A cognitive process model of document indexing. Journal of documentation 47(2), 149–166
•
Fidel, R. (1993). Qualitative methods in information retrieval search. Library and Information Science Research, 15,
219–247
•
Furnas, G.W., Landauer, T.K, Gomez, L.M. & Dumais, S.T. (1987). The vocabulary problem in human-system
communication. Communications of the ACM, 30(11), 964–971
•
Gilchrist, A. (1991). The Standards Jungle. In: C. McLlaine (Ed.), Standards for the International Exchange of
Bibliographic Information: Papers presented at a course held at the School of Library, Archive and Information
Studies, University College London, 3-18 August 1990, London: Library Association.
•
Hert, C. A., Jacob, E.K. & Dawson, P. (2000). A usability assessment of online indexing structures in the networked
environment. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(1), 971– 988
•
Hjørland, B. (1997). Information seeking and subject representation. London: Greenwood Press.
•
Hjørland, B. (2002). Epistemology and the Socio-Cognitive Perspective in Information Science. Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology 53(4), 257–270
•
Hjørland, B. (2002). Domain Analysis in Information Science: Eleven Approaches– Traditional as Well as Innovative.
Journal of Documentation 58(4), 422–462
•
Hjørland, B. & Albrechtsen, H.. (1995) Toward a New Horizon in Information Science: Domain-Analysis. Journal of
the American Society for Information Science 46( 6 ), 400–425
•
IFLA, Principles underlying subject heading languages. (1999). Muenchen : K. G. Saur
•
Ingwersen, P. (2001). Users in Context. In: M. Agosti, F. Crestani, and G. Pasi (Eds.), Lectures on Information
Retrieval: Third European Summer-School, ESSIR 2000, Varenna, Italy, September 11-15, 2000,. Berlin: Springer.
•
Ingwersen, P. (1996). Cognitive perspectives of information retrieval interaction: elements of cognitive IR theory.
Journal of Documentation, 52(1), 3–50
•
International Organization for Standardization (1986). Documentation–Guidelines for the Establishment and
Development of Monolingual Thesauri. Geneva: ISO.
•
Jacob, E.K. & Shaw, D. (1998). Sociocognitive perspectives on representation. Annual Review of Information Science
and Technology (ARIST), 33, 131–185
•
Jing, Y. & Bruce Croft, W. (1994). An Association Thesaurus for Information Retrieval. In: Proceedings of RIAO 94
•
Kuhlthau, C. C. & Vakkar, P. (1999). Editorial: Information Seeking in Context (ISIC). Information Processing &
Management 35(6), 723–725
•
Lancaster, F. W. (1998). Indexing and Abstracting in Theory and Practice. London: UK, Library Associate Publishing.
•
López-Huertas, M.j. (1997). Thesaurus structure design: a conceptual approach for improved interaction. Journal of
documentation, 53(2), 13 –177
•
Lykke Nielsen, M. (2000). Domain analysis, an important part of thesaurus construction. In: D. Soergel, P. Srinivasan &
B. Kwasnik (Eds.) Proceedings of the 11th ASIS&T SIGICR Classification Research Workshop. Chicago, IL, November
12
•
Lykke Nielsen, M. (2001). A Framework for Work Task Based Thesaurus Design. Journal of Documentation 57(6),
774–797
•
Lykke Nielsen, M. (2004). Thesaurus Construction: Key Issues and Selected Readings. In: A. R. Thomas & S. K. Roe
(Eds.), The Thesaurus: Review, Renaissance and Revision (pp. 57–74). USA, NY: The Haworth Information Press.
•
Lykke Nielsen, M. & Ingwersen, P. (1999). The word association method: a gateway to work-task based retrieval. In:
S.W. Draper, M.D Dunlop, I. & C.J. van Rijsbergen (Eds.), Mira '99: Evaluating interactive information retrieval,
Glasgow, UK, 14 – 16 April. British Computer Society
•
Mai, J.E. (2005). Analysis in indexing: document and domain centered approaches. Information Processing and
Management 41, 599–611
•
Mikacic, M. (1996). Teorijske osnove sustava za predmetno označivanje. Zagreb: hrvatsko bibliotekarsko društvo
•
Milller, U. (2003b). Thesaurus and New Information Environment. In: M.A. Drake (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Library and
Information Science 4, 2379-3144. New York: Dekker.
•
Nykyri, S. (2010). Equivalence and Translation Strategies in Multilingual Thesaurus Construction (Doctoral
dissertation). Åbo Akademis Förlag, Åbo
•
Pejtersen, A.M. (1980). Design of a classification scheme for fiction based on an analysis of actual user-librarian
communication, and use of the scheme for control of librarians' search strategies. In: O. Harbo and L. Kajberg (Eds.),
Theory and application of information research. Proceedings of the 2nd International Research Forum on Information
Science. London: Mansell
•
Pejtersen, A.M. & Fidel, R. (1998). A framework for work centered evaluation and design: a case study of IR on the
web. Working paper for EU ESPRIT workshop on Evaluation of Multimedia Information Retrieval, Grenoble
(Unpublished)
•
Potter, J. & Wetherell, M (1990). Discourse: noun, verb or social practice? Philosophical Psychology, 3, 205-217.
•
Saracevic, T., Kantor, P., Chamis, Y.A. & Trivison,D.(1988). A study of information seeking and retrieving I-II-III.
Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 39(3), 161-213
•
Sauperl, A. (2004). Catalogers common ground and shared knowledge. Journal of the American Society for Information
Science and Technology, 55, 55–63
•
Soergel, D. (1974). Indexing Languages and Thesauri: Construction and Maintenance. Los Angeles, CA: Wiley
Information Science Series.
•
Soergel, D. (1985). Organizing Information: Principles of Data Base and Retrieval Systems. San Diego: Academic
Press.
•
Strbac, D. & Vujic, M. (2004). Pravilnik za predmetni katalog. Zagreb: Knjižnice grada Zagreba
•
Talja, S., Heinisuo, R. Luukkainen, S and Järvelin, K. (1997). Discourse Analysis in the Development of a Regional
Information Service.” In: Library and Information Studies: Research and Professional Practice: Proceedings of the 2nd
British-Nordic Conference on Library and Information Studies, Queen Margaret College, Edinburgh, 1997, edited by
Micheline Beaulieu, Elisabeth Davenport and Niels Ole Pors,109-128. London: Taylor Graham
•
Talja, S. (1999). Analyzing qualitative interview data: The discourse analytic method. Library & Information Science
Research 21(4), 459-477.
•
Williamson, N. J. (1996). Standards and Rules for Subject Access. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, 21(3/4), 155176.
•
Wilson, T.D. (1999). Models in information behavior research. Journal of Documentation, 55(3), 249-270
Curriculum Vitae
Education
PhD student in information sciences "Društvo znanja i prijenos informacija (Faculty of Philosophy, University of
Zadar, 2009)
Gratuated in history and librarianship (Faculty of Philosophy, University of Osijek, 2004-2008.)
Publications
2010.
Feldvari, K. (2010) Interdisciplinarnost u istraživanju katekizama i molitvenik. Libellarium 3(1). Retrieved from:
http://ozk.unizd.hr/libellarium/index.php/libellarium/issue/view/6
Feldvari, K. (2010). Digitalni repozitorij: mogućnost pohrane institucionalnih podataka [Digital repository: posibility
of institutional dana storage]. In: 2nd International Conference "Vallis Aurea" : Focus on Regional Development.
Požega
Petr Balog, K, Dragija Ivanović, M. & Feldvari, K. (2010). Percepcija kvalitete 'iznutra' : razgovori s ravnateljima
narodnih i voditeljima visokoškolskih knjižnica . In: 37. skupština Hrvatskoga knjižničarskog društva. Terme Tuhelj
2009.
Feldvari, K. (2009).Thesauri usage in information retrieval systems: example of LISTA and ERIC database
thesaurus . In: INFuture:The Future of Information Sciences: Digital Resources and Knowledge Sharing. Zagreb
2007.
Bosancic et al. (2007). Students creating digital repository: students' practical placement at the department of
information sciences, faculty of philosophy in Osijek. In: Libraries in the Digital AgeOsijek : Filozofski fakultet
Osijek