POLS 304
International Peacekeeping:
A Failed Paradigm or the Norm of the Future?
Course Outline
Semester One, 2013
Lecturer:
Dr. Najibullah Lafraie
Office: Arts Building (Burns) 4.N.3
Phone: 479-3877
Email : [email protected]
Lecture times:
Monday
12:00 – 12:50 p.m.
Tuesday
12:00 – 01:50 p.m. (the second
hour from the third week of the semester)
Office hours:
Monday
Tuesday
2:00 – 3:00 p.m.
2:00 – 3:00 p.m.
Course content and aims
“To maintain international peace and security” is the main purpose and reason d’être of the United
Nations. From the dispatch of the first UN observers to the Middle East under UNTSO (UN Truce
Supervision Organization) in the late 1940s to the deployment of UNAMID (African Union/United
Nations Hybrid operation in Darfur) in Sudan in 2007 and UNSM in Syria in 2012, the UN has
been involved –directly or indirectly—in tens of peacekeeping operations. Limitations imposed on
the UN peacekeeping capabilities during the Cold War because of the superpower rivalries were
removed by the end of the era. Unprecedented cooperation among the Security Council members
in the early 1990s resulting in the successful (first) Gulf War against aggressive Iraq and a number
of humanitarian interventions in “failed” or “rogue” states raised the prospects of active UN
peacekeeping role in the increasingly shrinking “global village.” By the end of the decade,
however, the UN record in humanitarian interventions caused serious doubts about its institutional
capacity to deal with the changing challenges of the peacekeeping. The U.S. unilateralism in its
invasion of Iraq in March 2003 put the UN in a much more awkward position. The humanitarian
crisis in Darfur, Sudan, and the inability of the international community to take effective measures
against an oppressive regime in Syria has raised new questions about the viability of this
international organisation. Nonetheless, some positive achievements of the UN in peacekeeping in
the past together with the grave need of the international community to act multilaterally to ensure
peace and security in a world rife with civil strives and ethnic problems make the UN the only
beacon of hope for the future.
This course is designed to give students a better understanding of the peacekeeping role of the
United Nations. The first parts of the course will discuss the institutional mechanism of the UN for
peacekeeping operations, the changing nature of peacekeeping, the legal and ethical issues involved
in peacekeeping and humanitarian intervention, and a historical overview of the UN peacekeeping
function during the Cold War. Then the course will provide brief case studies of the UN
humanitarian interventions and peacekeeping/peace-building operations in the last decade of the
20th century and the first decade of the new millennium in Africa, the Balkans and Cambodia. The
United Nations peace efforts in East Timor, Afghanistan and Iraq will be discussed in some detail.
East Timor, where the UN assumed the sovereignty, was an unprecedented operation. Afghanistan
presents an especially interesting case. The UN has been involved in peacemaking, peacekeeping
and peace-building in Afghanistan since the early 1980s; and the UN mission in Afghanistan enjoys
overwhelming international support. The UN role in Iraq, from the unprecedented Security Council
resolutions in the first Gulf War to the awkward relations with the U.S. in the second, also deserves
special attention. Towards the end of the course, we will examine the role of the regional
organisations in peacekeeping and the new experiment in “hybrid” peacekeeping in Darfur.
Lessons learned from Afghanistan, East Timor and other UN peacekeeping operations will also be
discussed.
Course Outcomes
By the end of the course students are expected to:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Have a better understanding of the UN in general and the peacekeeping role of various
UN organs in particular.
Appreciate the evolving nature of “peacekeeping” and the legal and ethical issues
peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions entail.
Know the background of the UN peacekeeping during the Cold War and a number of its
major operations in the past two decades.
Know the background of some major conflicts around the world requiring international
intervention.
Understand the role of regional organisations in peacekeeping.
Have a better understanding of the factors contributing to the success/failure of
peacekeeping operation.
Course Assessment
•
•
•
Essay: Each student will be required to write an essay of about 3000 words. The value
of the essay will be 30%. An outline of the essay and a list of possible resources should
be presented at an earlier date to be set by the lecturer. Failure to do so will result in a
penalty of up to 10% of the essay mark. (A note on plagiarism will be handed in with
the essay questions.)
Documentary review: Starting the third week of the semester, in the second hour of
Tuesday classes we will watch documentaries related to our topics. Each student will
write a 250 word review of the documentary and post it on the Blackboard. The total
value of documentary reviews will be 20%.
Final Exam: There will be a final exam, details of which will be given later. The value
of the exam will be 50%.
Textbook
There are no specific textbooks. The recommended and required readings will be available at the
Central Reserve, E-Reserve (online) or the 3-Days-Loan section of the Library. A course reader
cannot be compiled due to the copy rights restrictions.
The following United Nations websites provide useful information on the historical background,
structure, functions, documents and the past and current peacekeeping operations of the
organisation:
http://www.un.org/en/index.shtml
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping
http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding
Department Website
The Department of Politics website provides information on papers, degrees and staff:
http://www.otago.ac.nz/politicalstudies/ .
Library Assistance
If you need help in doing research for your essay or on any other occasion, you can contact:
Librarian:
Charlotte Brown
Office:
Central Library (ask for her at the Lending and i desk)
Email:
[email protected]
Phone:
479 8976
(Please see “!"#$%$&'()**+$,-'!"#"$% end of this Course Outline)
Course Structure and Lecture Topics
Part 1 – The United Nations System
Lecture 1— Feb 25:
Introduction, UN forerunners and the UN: Origins and Charter
Lecture 2— Feb 26:
The United Nations: Structure and functions
Lecture 3— March 4:
The peacekeeping role of various UN organs
Part 2 – “Peacekeeping” – Conceptual Aspects
Lecture 4— March 5:
The changing concept of Peacekeeping
Lecture 5— March 11: Peacekeeping and IR theories
Lecture 6— March 12: Legal and ethical issues concerning peacekeeping/humanitarian
intervention
Part 3 – The Classical Model of Peacekeeping
Lecture 7— March 18: The origins of the UN peacekeeping operations: the Arab-Israeli
conflict
Lecture 8— March 19: Peacekeeping during the Cold War – An overview
Part 4 – UN and Humanitarian Intervention
Lecture 9— March 26: The case of Somalia
Lecture 10— March 27: The case of Rwanda
Lecture 11— April 8:
Lecture 12— April 9:
The case of Bosnia
The case of Kosovo
Part 5 – UN and Peace-building
Lecture 13— April 15: The case of Liberia
Lecture 14— April 16: The case of Sierra Leone
Lecture 15— April 22: The case of Cambodia
Part 6 – UN in East Timor
Lecture 16— April 23: Ending Indonesian occupation
Lecture 17— April 29: The UNTAET and peace-building
Part 7 – UN in Afghanistan
Lecture 18— April 30: Soviet invasion and the UN Good-offices
Lecture 19— May 6:
Post-Soviet efforts for peacemaking
Lecture 20— May 7:
Post-Taliban efforts for peacemaking, peacekeeping and
peace-building
Part 8 – UN in the Arab world
Lecture 21— May 13:
“Collective Security” against Iraqi aggression on Kuwait
Lecture 22— May 14:
Sanctions, Inspections and “oil for food” programme
Lecture 23— May 20:
March 2003 invasion of Iraq and aftermaths
Part 9 – UN and Future Challenges
Lecture 24— May 21:
Regional organisations and peacekeeping – an overview
Lecture 25— May 27:
Regional organisations and peacekeeping – the case of Darfur
Lecture 26— May 28:
Assessment of successes and failures – lessons learned
Recommended and Required Readings
(The ones marked with * are required)
Lectures 1: UN forerunners and the United Nations – Origins and Charter
Karen Mingst and Margaret Karns (2011), The United Nations in the 21st Century, Fourth Edition
[electronic resource], Ch. 2.*
Norrie MacQueen (2006), Peacekeeping and the International System, ch. 3.*
Jean E. Krasno, ed. (2004), The United Nations Confronting the Challenges of a Global Society,
Ch. 2.
Peter Baehr et al, eds. (1994), The United Nations in the 1990s, chs. 1 & 2.
Inis L. Claude Jr. (1964), Swords into Plowshares: the Problems and Progress of International
Organizations, chs. 2, 3 & 4.
Paul Diehl (2001), The Politics of Global Governance, ch. 1.
H. G. Nicholas (1975), The United Nations As a Political Institution, chs. 1 and 2.
Paul Taylor and A. J. R. Groom eds. (2000) The United Nations at the Millennium, ch. 2.
Lecture 2: UN – Structure and functions
Thomas Weiss and Sam Daw, eds. (2007), The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, Part III
(chs. 5 – 11), “Principle Organs”.*
Leon Gordenker (2013), The UN Secretary-General and Secretariat [electronic resource].
Jean E. Krasno, ed. (2004), The United Nations Confronting the Challenges of a Global Society,
Ch. 1.
Thomas Weiss (2009). What’s Wrong with the United Nations and How to Fix It.
Evan Luard (1994), The United Nations: How it Works and What it Does, chs. 2, 3, 5, 7, 8.
Peter Baehr et al, eds. (1994), The United Nations in the 1990s, ch. 2.
Paul Diehl (2001), The Politics of Global Governance, chs. 5, 17-18.
Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, eds. (1993), United Nations, Divided World: the UN’s
roles in International relations, chs. 1-3.
W. Andy Knight (2002), A Changing United Nations, chs. 3 & 4.
Andrew Cooper et al, eds. (2002), Enhancing Global Governance, chs. 1 & 2.
Lecture 3: Peacekeeping roles of various UN organs
Karen Mingst and Margaret Karns (2011), The United Nations in the 21st Century, Fourth Edition
[electronic resource], Ch. 4.*
James Sloan (2011), The Militarisation of Peacekeeping in the Twenty-First Century [electronic
resource], Ch. 3.*
Richard Kareem Al-Qaq (2009), Managing World Order: United Nations Peace Operations and
the Security Agenda [electronic resource], ch. 3.
Agostinho Zacarias (1999), The United Nations and International Peacekeeping, ch. 2.
Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel, eds. (2001), United Nations Peacekeeping Operations:
Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagements, ch. 3.
Richard Ponzio (2007), “The United Nations Peacebuilding Commission: origins and initial
practice,” Disarmament Forum, no. 2, pp. 5 – 16.
Thomas J. Biersteker (2007), “Prospects for the UN Peacebuilding Commission,” Disarmament
Forum, no. 2. pp. 37 – 44.
David M. Malone, ed. (2004), The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century,
Chs. 2 and 16.
Evan Luard (1994), The United Nations: How it Works and What it Does, ch. 1.
Ramesh Thakur and Edward Newman eds. (2000), New Millennium, New Perspectives: the
United Nations, Security and Governance, ch. 3.
Andrew Cooper et al, eds. (2002), Enhancing Global Governance, ch. 3.
Lecture 4: The changing concept of Peacekeeping
Alex J. Bellamy et al (2010), Understanding Peacekeeping, Ch. 1, “Peace Operations in
Global Politics.”*
Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel, eds. (2001), United Nations Peacekeeping Operations:
Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagements, ch. 1.*
Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992). An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacekeeping, and
Peacemaking. Available online: http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/agpeace.html.
&'($!%)#*+")%,#-.//012#!"#$%"&#'("&)*+(",)'-#*.&"&/$0$"#1*($3#4#-56%!(%7%%8'9:;13#
Thomas Weiss and Sam Daw, eds. (2007), The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations, chs.
19, 21 and 23.
Donald Daniel, Patricia Taft and Sharon Wiharta, eds. (2008), Peace Operations: Trends, Progress
and Prospects, chs. 1,2 and 5.
James Cockayne and David Malone (2005), “The Ralph Bunche Centennial: Peace Operations
then and Now,” Global Governance, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 331 - 350.
John T O’Neill and Nicholas Rees (2005), United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post Cold War Era,
Ch. 2.
Tom Keathing and W. Andy Knight, eds. (2004), Building Sustainable Peace, “Conclusion”.
Patrick Morgan (2006), International Security: Problems and Solutions, Chs. 10 – 12.
Steven R. Ratner (1995). The New UN Peacekeeping: Building Peace in the Lands of Conflict after
the Cold War, ch. 1.
Tom Woodhouse (2005), “Cosmopolitan Peacekeeping and the Globalization of Security,”
International Peacekeeping, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 139-156.
Dipankar Banerjee (2005), “Current Trends in UN Peacekeeping: A Perspective from Asia,”
International Peacekeeping, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 18-33.
Lecture 5: Peacekeeping and IR theories
Paris, Roland. (2000) “Broadening the Study of Peace Operations,” International Studies Review
2(3):27–44.*
Michael Pugh (2004), “Peacekeeping and critical theory,” International Peacekeeping,
Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 39-58. *
A.B. Fetherston (2000), “Peacekeeping, Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding: A Reconsideration
of Theoretical Frameworks,” in Tom Woodhouse and Oliver Ramsbotham, eds.
Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution.*
Edward Newman (2009), “‘Liberal’ Peacebuilding Debates,” in Edward Newman et al., New
Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding [electronic resource], Ch. 2.
Oliver Richmond (2009), “Beyond Liberal Peace? Responses to ‘backsliding’,” in Edward
Newman et al., New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding [Electronic resource], Ch. 3.
Alex J. Bellamy et al (2004), “The ‘Next Stage’ in Peace Operations Theory,” International
Peacekeeping, 11: 1, pp. 17-38.
Roland Paris (1997), “Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism,” International
Security, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 54-89
Oldrich Bures (2007), “Wanted: A Mid-Range Theory of International Peacekeeping,”
International Studies Review Vol. 9, pp. 407–436
Joshua S. Goldstein and Jon C. Pevehouse (2009), Principles of international relations, ch. 4.
Oliver P. Richmond (2008), Peace in International Relations: A New Agenda [also available as an
electronic resource].
Lecture 6: Legal and ethical issues concerning peacekeeping
John Janzekovic (2006), The Use of Force in Humanitarian Intervention: Morality and
Practicalities, Ch. 2.*
Fabrice Weissman (2010), “‘Not In Our Name’: Why Médecins Sans Frontières Does Not Support
the ‘Responsibility to Protect’,” Criminal Justice Ethics, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 194-207.*
Norrie MacQueen (2011), Humanitarian Intervention and the United Nations [electronic resource],
Ch. 3.
Kristoffer Lidén (2009), “Building Peace between Global and Local Politics: The Cosmopolitical
Ethics of Liberal Peacebuilding,” International Peacekeeping, 16: 5, 616 — 634.
Ronald Paris (2002), “International peacebuilding and the ‘mission civilisatrice’,” Review of
International Studies, 28, 637–656.
Noam Chomsky (2008), “Humanitarian Imperialism: The New Doctrine of Imperial Right,”
Monthly Review; 60, 4.
Ramesh Thakur, et al (2005), International Commissions and the Power of Ideas, ch. 9.
Bruce Jentleson (2007), “A Responsibility to Protect,” Harvard International Review 28:4,
pp. 18-23.
Alex J. Bellamy (2009), “Realizing the Responsibility to Protect,” International Studies
Perspectives 10, 111–128.
Alex Bellamy (2009), Responsibility to Protect (Introduction and Conclusion).
Gilles Andreani and pierre Hassner, eds. (2008), Justifying War? From Humanitarian Intervention
to Counterterrorism, Foreword and ch. 1.
Katharina Coleman (2007), International Organisations and Peace Enforcement: The Politics of
International Legitimacy, ch. 2.
Lecture 7: The origins of the UN peacekeeping operations—the Arab-Israeli conflict
Tom Woodhouse et al, eds. (1998), Peacekeeping and Peacemaking: towards Effective
Intervention in Post-Cold War Conflicts, ch. 5.*
WM. Roger Louis (2008), “The Suez Crisis And The British Dilemma At The United Nations” in
Vaughan Lowe et al. (eds.), The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution
of Thought and Practice since 1945 [electronic resource], Ch. 12.
Bruce D. Jones (2008), “The Security Council And The Arab–Israeli Wars: ‘Responsibility
Without Power’” in Vaughan Lowe et al. (eds.), The United Nations Security Council and
War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 [electronic resource], Ch. 13.
United Nations (1990), The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace-keeping,
chs. 1-5.
Indar Rikhya et al, eds. (1974), The Thin Blue Line: International Peacekeeping and its Future,
ch. 4.
Norrie MacQueen (2006), Peacekeeping and the International System, chs. 4 and 6.
Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle Thayer, eds. (1995), A Crisis of Expectation: UN Peacekeeping in the
1990s, ch. 2.
A. B. Fetherston (1994), Towards a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping, ch. 1.3.
Lecture 8: Peacekeeping during the Cold War – An overview
Stephen Hill and Shahin Malik (1996), Peacekeeping and the United Nations, ch. 2.*
United Nations (1990), The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace-keeping,
chs. 7 & 13.
Rahul Roy-Chaudhury (2008) “The Security Council And The India–Pakistan Wars,” in Vaughan
Lowe et al. (eds.), The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought
and Practice since 1945 [electronic resource], Ch. 14.
Indar Jit Rikhye (1984), The Theory and Practice of Peacekeeping, ch. 4.
Norrie MacQueen (2006), Peacekeeping and the International System, chs. 5 and 7.
Henry Wiseman, ed. (1983), Peacekeeping: Appraisals and Proposals, ch. 2.
Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle Thayer, eds. (1995), A Crisis of Expectation: UN Peacekeeping in the
1990s, ch. 3.
A. B. Fetherston (1994), Towards a Theory of United Nations Peacekeeping, ch. 1.4.
Lecture 9: UN and Humanitarian Intervention– The case of Somalia
Richard Kareem Al-Qaq (2009), Managing World Order: United Nations Peace Operations and
the Security Agenda [electronic resource], ch. 4.*
Kenneth Menkhaus (2009) “Somalia: ‘They Created a Desert and Called it Peace(building)’”,
Review of African Political Economy, 36: 120, 223 — 233.*
Oscar Gakuo Mwangi (2012), “State Collapse, Al-Shabaab, Islamism, and Legitimacy in Somalia,”
Politics, Religion & Ideology, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 513-527.
Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle Thayer, eds. (1995), A Crisis of Expectation: UN Peacekeeping in the
1990s, ch. 5.
Paul D Williams (2009) “Into the Mogadishu Maelstrom: The African Union Mission in Somalia”,
International Peacekeeping, 16: 4, 514 — 530.
Kenneth Menkhaus (2007), “The Somali Catastrophe: Bigger than the Horn—and Not Over Yet,”
Current History, vol. 106, no. 700, pp. 195 – 201.
Bronwyn Bruton (2009), “In the Quicksands of Somalia: Where Doing Less Helps More,” Foreign
Affairs. Volume 88 No. 6 , pp. 79 – 94.
Richard Connaughton (2001), Military Intervention and Peacekeeping, ch. 6.
Okwudiba Nnoli, ed. (1998), Ethnic Conflict in Africa, “Ethnic Conflicts in Africa: A
Comparative Analysis,” pp. 1-25.
Ken Menkhaus (2007), “The Crisis in Somalia: Tragedy in Five Acts,” African Affairs, 106/204,
pp. 357-390.
Oliver Futley and Roy May, eds. (1998), Peacekeeping in Africa, ch. 7.
Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse (1996), Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary
Conflicts, ch. 7.
Lecture 10: UN and Humanitarian Intervention– The case of Rwanda
Richard Connaughton (2001), Military Intervention and Peacekeeping, ch. 7.*
Kingsley Moghalu (2005), Rwanda’s Genocide: The Politics of Global Justice, Ch. 1 &
“Conclusion”.
Okwudiba Nnoli ed. (1998), Ethnic Conflict in Africa, “Ethnicity and Genocide in Rwanda.”
Oliver Futley and Roy May, eds. (1998), Peacekeeping in Africa, ch. 12.
Roméo Dallaire (2004), Shake hands with the devil : the failure of humanity in Rwanda.
Linda Melvern (2000), A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide, chs.
8-19.
Michael Barnett (2002), Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda.
Christian P. Scherrer (2002), Genocide and Crisis in Central Africa: Conflict Roots, Massive
Violence and Regional Wars, ch. 6.
Keith Somerville (2012), Radio Propaganda and the Broadcasting of Hatred : Historical
Development and Definitions, chs. 1 and 5 [electronic resource]
David E.Kiwuwa (2012), Ethnic Politics and Democratic Transition in Rwanda
Lecture 11: UN and Humanitarian Intervention– The case of Bosnia
Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse (1996), Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary
Conflicts, ch. 6.*
Sumantra Bose (2005), “The Bosnian State a Decade after Dayton,” International Peacekeeping,
Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 322 -335.*
Patrice C. McMahon and Jon Western (2009), “The Death of Dayton: How to Stop Bosnia From
Falling Apart,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 5, pp. 69-83.
Xavier Bougarel et al. (2008), The New Bosnian Mosaic: Identities, Memories and Moral Claims in
a Post-War Society [electronic resource], “Introduction”.
Gerard Toal and Carl T. Dahlman (2011), Bosnia remade: ethnic cleansing and its reversal
[electronic resource], ch. 10.
David chandler (2000), Bosnia: Faking Democracy after Dayton.
Maya Shatzmiller ed. (2000), Islam and Bosnia: Conflict Resolution and foreign Policy in
Multi-Ethnic states, pp. 136-213.
Richard Caplan (2004), “International Authority and State Building: The Case of Bosnia and
Herzegovina,” Global Governance, no. 10, pp. 53-65.
Boris Divjak and Michael Pugh (2008), “The Political Economy of Corruption in Bosnia
Herzegovina,” International Peacekeeping 15:3, pp. 373-386.
Lecture 12: UN and Humanitarian Intervention– The case of Kosovo
Richard Connaughton (2001), Military Intervention and Peacekeeping, ch. 8.*
Tony B. Knudsen and Carsten B. Laustsen (2006), Kosovo Between War and Peace: Nationalism,
Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship, Chs. 8 & 9.*
Robert Wilton (2008), “The Beginning and the End of Humanitarian Intervention: Kosovo 1999,”
Defense & Security Analysis Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 363–380.
James Ker-Lindsay (2012), “The UN and the Post-intervention Stabilization of Kosovo,”
Ethnopolitics: vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 392-405
Oisín Tansey (2009), “Kosovo: Independence and tutelage,” Journal of Democracy, Vol 20, No 2,
pp. 153 - 166.
Hurst Hannum (2011), “The advisory opinion on Kosovo: an opportunity lost, or a poisoned chalice
refused?” Leiden journal of international law, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 155-161.
Anita McKinna (2012), “Kosovo: The International Community's European Project,” European
review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 10-22.
Aidan Hehir (2006), “Autonomous Province building: Identification Theory and the Failure of
UNMIK,” International Peacekeeping, vol. 13 no. 2, pp. 200 – 213.
Alexandros Yannis (2004), “The UN as Government in Kosovo,” Global
Governance, vol. 10, pp. 67-81.
William G. O’Neill (2002), Kosovo: An Unfinished Peace.
Lecture 13: UN and Peace-building– The cases of Liberia
Thomas G. Weiss, ed. (1998), Beyond UN Subcontracting, ch. 4.*
Ruthie Ackerman (2009), “Rebuilding Liberia, One Brick at a Time,” World Policy Journal, vol.
26, no. 83, pp. 83-92.*
David Harris (2012), Civil War and Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and
Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia, chs. 2, 5, 6.
Morten Bøås (2009), “Making Plans for Liberia—a Trusteeship Approach to Good Governance?”
Third World Quarterly, 30: 7, 1329 — 1341
Kenneth Omeje (2009), War to peace transition: conflict intervention and peacebuilding in Liberia,
ch. 3.
Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (2007), “Underwriting Liberian Rebirth: Political Reform and Economic
Progress,” Harvard International Review, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 24 – 29.
David Harris (2006), “Liberia 2005: an unusual African post-conflict election,” Journal of Modern
African Studies, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 375 – 395.
Dorina A. Bekoe (2008), Implementing peace agreements : lessons from Mozambique, Angola, and
Liberia, ch. 4.
Funmi Olonisakin (2000), Reinventing Peacekeeping in Africa.
Karl Maggar and Earl Conteh-Morgan, eds. (1998), Peacekeeping in Africa: ECOMOG in
Liberia.
Lecture 14: UN and Peace-building– The cases of Sierra Leone
John L. Hirsch (2001), “War in Sierra Leone,” Survival, vol. 43, Autumn 2001, pp. 145-62.*
Peter Dumbuya, (2011), “Post-conflict Reconstruction, Stabilization, and Nation-building in an
African State: the 2007 Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Sierra Leone,” Journal
of Third World Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 143-59.*
Andrew M. Dorman (2009), Blair's Successful War: British Military Intervention in Sierra Leone
[electronic resource], chs. 5 and 8.
David Harris (2012), Civil War and Democracy in West Africa: Conflict Resolution, Elections and
Justice in Sierra Leone and Liberia, chs. 2, 3, 4.
Joseph Hanlon (2005), “Is the International Community Helping to Recreate the Preconditions
Of War in Sierra Leone?” The Round Table, vol. 94, no. 381, pp. 459 – 472.
Carla Castañeda (2009) “How Liberal Peacebuilding May Be Failing Sierra Leone,” Review of
African Political Economy, 36: 120, 235 — 251
David Curran and Tom Woodhouse (2007), “Cosmopolitan Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding in
Sierra Leone: What Can Africa Contribute?” International Affairs 83: 6, pp. 1055-1077.
Funmi Olonisakin (2008), Peacekeeping in Sierra Leone: The Story of UNAMSIL.
J. Andrew Grant (2005), “Diamonds, Foreign Aid and the Uncertain Prospects for Post-conflict
Reconstruction in Sierra Leone,” The Round Table, vol. 94, no. 381, pp. 443 – 457.
Lecture 15: UN and Peace-building– The case of Cambodia
Tom Woodhouse et al, eds. (1998), Peacekeeping and Peacemaking: towards Effective
Intervention in Post-Cold War Conflicts, ch. 6.*
Simon Springer (2008), “Violence, Democracy, and the Neoliberal ‘Order’: The Contestation of
Public Space in Post-transitional Cambodia,” Annals of the Association of American
Geographers, 99: 1, 138 — 162.*
Sandra Whitworth (2004), Men, Militarism & UN Peacekeeping: A Gender Analysis, ch. 3.
Steven R. Ratner (1995). The New UN Peacekeeping: Building Peace in the Lands of Conflict after
the Cold War, Part III.
Hugh Smith (1994), International Peacekeeping: Building on the Cambodian Experience,
chs. 1-3, 7.
Caroline Hughes (2008), “Cambodia in 2007: Development and Dispossession,” Asian Survey
48:1, pp. 69-74.
Ben Kiernan, ed. (2007), Conflict and Change in Cambodia, chs. 1-3.
Michael Doyle (1995), United Nations Peacekeeping in Cambodia: UNTAC’s Civil mandate,
chs. 1-4.
Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel, eds. (2001), United Nations Peacekeeping Operations:
Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagements, chs. 8 & 9.
Lectures 16 and 17: UN in East Timor
Sue Ingram (2012), “Building the wrong peace: Reviewing the United Nations Transitional
Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) through a political settlement lens,” Political
Science, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 3-20. *
Darya Pushkina & Philip Maier (2012), “United Nations Peacekeeping in Timor-Leste,” in
International Peacekeeping, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 324-343.
Geoffrey Robinson (2011), “East Timor Ten Years On: Legacies of Violence,” The Journal of
Asian Studies, Vol. 70, No. 4, pp. 1007–1021.
Ian Martin and Alexander Mayer-Riechy (2005), “The United Nations and East Timor: From SelfDetermination to State-Building,” International Peacekeeping, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 125-145.
Peter Carey and Pat Walsh (2008), “The Security Council And East Timor,” in Vaughan Lowe et
al. (eds.), The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and
Practice since 1945 [electronic resource], ch. 15.
Mats Berdal and Astri Suhrke (2011), The Peace In Between: Post-War Violence and
Peacebuilding, ch. 11.
Nicolas Lemay-He Bert (2009), “UNPOL and Police Reform in Timor-Leste: Accomplishments
and Setbacks,” International Peacekeeping, 16: 3, 393 — 406
Damien Kingsbury and Michael Leach eds. (2007), East Timor: Beyond Independence, chs. 1
and 2.
Lecture 18-20: UN in Afghanistan
Dipali Mukhopadhyay (2012), “The Slide from Withdrawal to War: The UN Secretary General’s
Failed Effort in Afghanistan, 1992,” International Negotiation vol. 17, pp. 485–517.*
William Maley, ed. (1998), Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban, pp. 18298, “The UN and Afghanistan: ‘Doing its best’ or ‘Failure of a Mission’?” by W. Maley.*
Amin Saikal (2012), “The UN and Afghanistan: Contentions in Democratization and
Statebuilding,” International Peacekeeping, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 217-234.*
Amin Saikal and William Maley, eds. (1989), The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan, ch. 1,
“The Geneva Accord of April 1988,” by W. Maley.
James Sperling & Mark Webber (2012): “NATO's Intervention in the Afghan Civil War,” Civil
Wars, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 344-372.
Astri Suhrke (2012), “Waging War and Building Peace in Afghanistan,” International
Peacekeeping, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 478-491
Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh and Michael Schoiswohl (2008), “Playing with Fire? The International
Community’s Democratization Experiment in Afghanistan,” International Peacekeeping
15: 2, pp. 252-267.*
Najibullah Lafraie (2009). “NATO in Afghanistan: Perilous Mission Dire Ramifications,”
International Politics, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 550-72.
Gilles Dorronsoro (2008), “The Security Council And The Afghan Conflict,” in Vaughan Lowe et
al. (eds.), The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and
Practice since 1945 [electronic resource], ch. 20.
Chris Johnson & Jolyon Leslie (2008), Afghanistan : the mirage of peace, chs. 3, 4, 7, and 8.
Barnett Rubin and Humayun Hamidzada (2007), “From Bonn to London: Governance Challenges
and the Future of Statebuilding in Afghanistan,” International Peacekeeping, 14: 1, pp. 8 –
25.
Larry P. Goodson (January/February 2004), “Afghanistan in 2003: The Taliban Resurface and a
New Constitution is Born,” Asia Survey, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 14-22.
William Maley (2002), The Afghanistan Wars, chs. 6 & 8.
Lectures 21-23: UN in Iraq
Richard Connaughton (2001), Military Intervention and Peacekeeping, ch. 5.*
Amin Saikal (1999), “Iraq, UNSCOM and the US: A UN Debacle?” Australian Journal of
International Affairs, vol. 53, no. 3, November 1999, pp. 283-295.*
Thierry Tardy (2004), “The United Nations and Iraq: A Role Beyond Expectations,” International
Peacekeeping, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 591-607.*
Matthew S. Mingus (2012), “Progress and Challenges with Iraq’s Multilevel Governance,” Public
Administration Review, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 678-686.
David M. Malone (2008), The International Struggle Over Iraq [electronic resource], chs. 3-6.
Steven Simon (2008), “The Price of the Surge,” Foreign Affairs, 87:3, pp. 57Wolfram Lacher (2007), “Iraq: Exception to, or Epitome of Contemporary Post-conflict
Reconstruction,” International Peacekeeping, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 237 – 250.
Geoff Simons (2008), Iraq Endgame? Surge, Suffering and the Politics of Denial,
“Introduction” and chs. 1,2, 10 and 11.
John Hardley (2006), “Post election Iraq: a case for declining optimism” in Michael Heazle
and Iyanatul Islam, Beyond the Iraq War: the Promises, Pitfalls and Perils of External
Interventionism.
Simon Chesterman (Spring 2004), “Bush, the United Nations and Nation-building,” Survival,
vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 101-116.
Richard Thompson (2001), Keeping Reality at Bay: United Nations Security Council Sanctions
on Iraq.
Vera Gowland-Debbas, ed. (2001), United Nations sanctions and International Law, ch. 11.
Scott Ritter (2005), Iraq Confidential: the Untold Story of the Intelligence Conspiracy to
Undermine the UN and Overthrow Saddam Hussein.
Toby Dodge (2012), Iraq's Future: The Aftermath of Regime Change [electronic resource]
Lecture 24: Regional organisations and peacekeeping: an overview
Hikaru Yamashita (2012), “Peacekeeping cooperation between the United Nations and regional
organisations,” Review of International Studies, vol. 38, no. 1 pp. 165-86.*
Lawrence S. Kaplan (2010), NATO and the UN: A Peculiar Relationship, chs. 7 and 8.*
Peter Arthur (2010), “ECOWAS and Regional Peacekeeping Integration in West Africa: Lessons
for the future” Africa Today, vol. 57, no. 2 pp. 2-24.*
John M. Kabia (2009), Humanitarian Intervention and Conflict Resolution in West Africa: From
ECOMOG to ECOMIL [electronic resource], ch. 3 and Conclusion.
Andrew Cottey and Anthony Forster (April 2004), “Reshaping Defence Diplomacy: New Roles for
Military Cooperation and Assistance,” The Adelphi Papers, Vol. 365, Issue 1,
“Introduction,” Ch. 3 and “Conclusion.”
Jane Boulden, ed. (2003), Dealing with Conflict in Africa: The United Nations and Regional
Organizations, chs. 2, 3 and “Conclusion”.
Katharina Coleman (2007), International Organisations and Peace Enforcement: The Politics of
International Legitimacy, chs. 3, 6 and 7.
Donald Daniel, Patricia Taft and Sharon Wiharta, eds. (2008), Peace Operations: Trends, Progress
and Prospects, chs. 6, 7 and 9.
Liisa Laakso (2005), “Beyond the Notion of Security Community: What Role for the African
Regional Organizations in Peace and Security?” The Round Table, vol. 94, no. 381, pp. 489
– 502.
Lecture 25: Regional organisations and peacekeeping – the case of Darfur
Johan Brosché and Daniel Rothbart (2012), Violent Conflict and Peacebuilding: The Continuing
Crisis in Darfur [electronic resource], ch. 8.*
Joyce Apsel (2009), “The Complexity of Destruction in Darfur: Historical Processes and Regional
Dynamics,” Human Rights Review, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 239-259.
Robert Barnidge, Jr. (2009), “The United Nations and the African Union: Assessing a Partnership
for Peace in Darfur,” Journal of Conflict & Security Law, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 93-113.
Richard Barltrop (2010), Darfur and the International Community: The Challenges of Conflict
Resolution in Sudan [electronic resource], chs. 1 and 6.
Andrew S.Natsios (2012), Sudan, South Sudan, and Darfur: What Everyone Needs to Know
[electronic resource], ch. 8.
Gerard Prunier (2005), Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide, chs. 2, 3, and 5
Alex De Waal (2007), “Darfur and the Failure of the Responsibility to Protect,” International
Affairs, 83: 6, pp. 1039-1054.
Touko Piiparinen (2007), “The Lessons of Darfur for the Future of Humanitarian Intervention,”
Global Governance, 13:3, pp. 365-390.
Kamal O Salih (2008), “The Internationalization of Communal Conflict in Darfur and its Regional
and Domestic Ramifications: 2001-2007”, Arab Studies Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1-24.
Oystein Rolandsen ( 2007), “Sudan: The Janjawiid and Government,” in Morten Boas and Kevin
Eds. African Guerrillas: Raging Against the Machine.
M.W. Daly (2007), Darfur's sorrow: a history of destruction and genocide, chs. 1, 11, 12.
Julie Flint & Alex de Waal (2008), Darfur: a new history of a long war.
Lecture 26: Assessment of successes and failures and lessons learned
Paul Diehl (2010), Peace Operations, ch. 4.*
Roger Mac Ginty (2010), “No war, no peace: Why so many peace processes fail to deliver peace,”
International Politics, Vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 145–62.*
Sarah-Myriam Martin-Brûlé (2012): “Assessing Peace Operations' Mitigated Outcomes,”
International Peacekeeping, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 235-250.
Darya Pushkina (2006), “A Recipe for Success? Ingredients of a Successful Peacekeeping
Mission,” International Peacekeeping, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 133 – 149.
Fred Tanner (2010), “Addressing the Perils of Peace Operations: Toward a Global Peacekeeping
System,” Global Governance; vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 209-17.
John Terence O’neill and Nicholas Rees (2005), United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold
War Era, chs. 7 & 8.
Alex J. Bellamy and Paul Williams (2004), “Thinking anew about peace operations,” International
Peacekeeping, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1-15.
Karen Mingst and Margaret Karns (2011), The United Nations in the 21st Century, Fourth Edition
[electronic resource], Ch. 8.
Alex J. Bellamy and Paul Williams (2004), “What future for peace operations? Brahimi and
beyond,” International Peacekeeping, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 183-212.
<'($!,=# >?@!9# -.//A12# 5The Strategic Context: Peacekeeping in Crisis, 2006-08,” International
Peacekeeping, vol.15, no.4, pp.453–469
Dennis Jett (1999), Why Peacekeeping Fails, chs. 3 & 8.
Atsushi Yasutomi (2008), “‘Impartial’ Use of Force in United Nations Peacekeeping,”
International Peacekeeping, vol. 15, No.5, pp.615–630.
Richard Gowan (2008), “The Strategic Context: Peacekeeping in Crisis, 2006-08,” International
Peacekeeping, 15: 4, 453 — 469.
Susanna P. Campbell (2008), “(Dis)integration, Incoherence and Complexity in UN Post-conflict
Interventions,” International Peacekeeping, vol.15, no.4, pp.556–569.
Lise Moreje Howard (2008), UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars, ch. 10.
Virginia Page Fortna (2008), Does Peacekeeping Work? Shaping Belligerents’ Choices after Civil
War.
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