ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 23, 2015
Submit YourEffect
Paperof
asshear
a PDFvs.
File
without Page
by May 31, 2015: Use
extensional
flowNumbers
during swallowing
Times Roman Font Throughout (14 point for the Title)
Mats Stading1, 3, Waqas Qazi1, Magda Nyström1, Marco Berta1, Margareta Bülow2 and
2
2, and
Olle Ekberg
Katja Nevalainen1, Jon Wallevik
Third Author's Name2
1 SP Food
1 Tampere
and Bioscience,
Gothenburg,
Sweden
University
of Technology,
Tampere,
Finland.
Skåne University
Hospital,Reykjavik,
Malmö, Sweden
22Innovation
Center Iceland,
Iceland
3 Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Authors
to follow
the
When weare
eat requested
the swallowing
is mainly
instructions described in this guide to ensure
an involuntary process. However, for an
a uniform printing style in the proceedings.
increasing number of the population the
This document is written following the
actual swallowing causes problems. The
guidelines so you can use it as a template
effect of elasticity on swallowing was thus
when
writing
your
contribution.
evaluated. Edible model fluid foods were
Submissions are due on or before May 31,
developed
and the rheological properties
2015. The manuscript of both oral
were
evaluated.
indicated
positive
presentations The
andstudy
posters
must
be
effects
of
fluid
elasticity
on
the
of
submitted both as a DOC file and ease
a PDF
swallowing
for
patients
suffering
from
file to [email protected]. Make sure
dysphagia.
that you use “press quality”, embed all the
sections
withstudies
appropriate
headingsanineffect
the
Previous
have indicated
body
of
the
manuscript.
References
3 must be
of fluid elasticity on swallowing . In the
the last section.
present study the effect of elasticity in fluid
foods was evaluated by well-define edible
FONT AND STYLE
model fluids with the aim of determining if
Use 12 point Times Roman font in the
fluid elasticity effects the ease of
body of the manuscript, 14 point for the title
swallowing.
of the paper, and 10 point for superscripts
and subscripts. Do not use bold type face.
MATERIAL
AND METHODS
Be
sure to choose
a readable font size for
Edible
model
foods were developed
your figures (8-10fluid
point).
having specific rheological characteristics4:
Newtonian fluids
MARGINS
(constant
shear(21
viscosity),
Use
A4 paper
by 29.7 cm). Leave a
blankBoger
spacefluids
of 40 mm of at the top of the
viscosity)
first (elastic,
page, 26constant
mm at shear
the top
of subsequent
Shear
pages.
Thethinning
bottom fluids
margin is set to 36 mm
(elastic,
rate and
dependent).
on all
pages.shear
The left
right margins are
Themm model
fluids
were based on
26
and 24 mm
respectively.
5
Text should
written
in two
maltodextrin
andbexanthan
with
the columns
addition
®
each
76 mm
wide and separated
by a width
of iodine
(Omnipaque
, GE Healthcare)
to
of
8 mm.
Textopaque
should to
be x-rays
single spaced
and
make
them
to enable
right
justified. Do not
numberduring
the pages.
videoflouroscopic
analysis
clinical
The first page begins with the title,
trials.
author
and addresses
(40 mm from
Thenames
rheological
properties
were
the
top
of
the
page).
Add
one
blank
evaluated using shear rheometry (ARES line
G2,
between
the title and the line
the author
TA
Instruments)
and withHyperbolic
names.
Contraction Flow6, 7. Sensory evaluation by
On the second
line below
author
12 patients
suffering
from the
dysphagia
names,
present
the
affiliation
and
addresses
together with quantitative videoflouroscopy
of
authors. at
Addthethree
blank lines
was theperformed
Department
of
between
addresses
and
affiliation
and the
Imaging and Function, Skåne University
main
text.Sweden.
If the The
authors
havewere
different
Hospital,
patients
asked
addresses
use
number
superscripts
to
refer
to
to grade the samples through a five
digit
fonts, and set the paper size to A4 when you
INTRODUCTION
convert the document to PDF. If the
Swallowing
is followed
a highly exactly,
unconscious
guidelines
are not
your
process.
We
prepare
a
bolus
by
chewing
and
paper will be returned to you for correction.
mixing
and asinsoon
as we–initiate
There iswith
alsosaliva
a template
LATEX
please
swallowing,
it isifan
process1.
contact the editor
youinvoluntary
would like it.
However, for an increasing proportion of the
population
the actual swallowing causes
INTRODUCTION
problems.
Swallowing
disorders,
or
The Transactions
Volume
21 will be
dysphagia,
40% website
of the ones
posted on affects
the NRS
afterolder
the
than
70 due
dementia,
or
conference,
withto each
paper trauma
or poster
medication
sideindividual
effects,PDF
andfile. asYoura
summary in an
consequence
ofa the
patients
in
submission of 30-60%
a paper or
poster
summary
homes
estimatedintoboth
be
implies for
thatthe
youelderly
agree toare
publication
malnourished
The swallowing disorders
print and PDF2.format.
be written
English
mayManuscripts
also cause should
the food
to enterin into
the
and be which
maximum
8 pagesranging
long. from
All
airways
causes anything
manuscriptsto should
start Itwith
a short
coughing
pneumonia.
is therefore
abstract of
maximumfoods
50 and
words.
The
important
to formulate
nutritional
Abstract should
be suitable
followedrheological
by an
supplements
which have
Introduction
section.
Authors may use other
effects
for safe
swallowing.
63
line-scale, labelled “5=very easy to
swallow” and “1=very difficult to swallow”.
RESULTS
Fig. 1 presents the steady shear
properties of the model fluids without
contrast media (Fig. 1a) and diluted with
iodinated contrast medium (Fig. 1b). The
model fluids were designed by setting the
concentration of the high molecular weight,
elastic polymer (xanthan) dissolved in high
viscosity maltodextrin, with or without
contrast
medium.
A
corresponding
Newtonian model without xanthan was used
as reference. Fig. 1a shows that the shear
viscosity of the Newtonian fluid is constant,
and the Boger fluids nearly constant, while
the Shear-thinning fluid is distinctly shearthinning.
Boger fluids based on polyacrylamide
instead of xanthan have an even more
constant shear viscosity, but with the
limitation of having the Boger fluid edible,
this is as constant as it gets. Fig. 1b further
shows that iodine (the contrast media) did
not affect the main rheological features of
the model fluids except lowering the shearviscosity.
The extensional viscosity of the model
fluids was characterized by the Hyperbolic
Contraction Flow method6, 7 (Fig. 2). An
increasing elasticity was observed with
increasing amount of xanthan, and both the
Boger and Shear thinning fluids were
extension thickening. The Trouton ratio was
in the range 15-20.
Figure 2. Extensional viscosity of the Boger
and Shear thinning fluids.
The results of the sensory evaluation by
the dysphagic patients are shown in Fig 3.
They showed that elastic fluids were
perceived comparatively easier to swallow.
The Shear thinning fluid was the easiest to
swallow with a total score by the 12 patients
of 37 followed by the Boger fluid with score
of 36. Conclusively, the Newtonian fluid
was slightly more difficult to swallow. Due
to the wide range of dysphagia symptoms
among the 12 patients, the differences
between the model fluids were not
statistically significant. The clinical trials
Figure 1. Shear viscosity of the three model
fluids a) before dilution, b) after dilution
with the contrast medium Omnipaque®.
64
ANNUAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORDIC RHEOLOGY SOCIETY, VOL. 23, 2015
further indicated that elastic properties may
5
have a positive effect on the swallowing
Koliandris, A.-L, Rondeau, E, Hewson, L,
physiology especially in the initial stages of
Hort, J, Taylor, A.J, Cooper-White, J. and
Submit
Your
Page B.
Numbers
by May
31, Boger
2015:Fluids
Use
4
the
swallow
. Paper as a PDF File without Wolf,
(2010) “Food
Grade
Times Roman Font Throughout
point
for theJ.Title)
for (14
Sensory
Studies”,
Appl. Rheol., 21.
6
Stading, M. and Bohlin, L. (2000)
2
Katja Nevalainen1, Jon Wallevik2”Contraction
, and Third Author's
flow Name
measurements
of
extensional properties”, Trans. Nordic
1 Tampere University of Technology,
Rheol. Soc.,
8/9, 181-185.
Tampere,
Finland.
7
Tamaddon Jahromi, H.R.,
2 Innovation Center Iceland,Nyström,
Reykjavik,M.,
Iceland
Stading, M. and Webster, M.F. (2012)
“Numerical simulations of Boger fluids
through different contraction configurations
ABSTRACT
sections
with appropriate
headings system
in the
for the development
of a measuring
Authors are requested to follow the
body
of
the
manuscript.
References
must
be
for extensional viscosity”, Rheol. Acta., 51,
instructions described in this guide to ensure
the
last
section.
713 -727.
3. Total
score
of the
perceived
ease
a Figure
uniform
printing
style
in the
proceedings.
This
documentas evaluated
is writtenbyfollowing
the
FONT AND STYLE
of swallowing
the dysphagic
guidelines
so
you
can
use
it
as
a
template
Use 12 point Times Roman font in the
patients (1=very difficult to swallow, and
when
writing
your
contribution.
body
of the manuscript, 14 point for the title
5=very easy).
Submissions are due on or before May 31,
of the paper, and 10 point for superscripts
2015. The manuscript of both oral
and subscripts. Do not use bold type face.
CONCLUSIONS
presentations
and
posters
must
be
Be sure to choose a readable font size for
The study indicated positive effects of
submitted
both
as
a
DOC
file
and
a
PDF
your figures (8-10 point).
high extensional properties on the ease of
file
to
[email protected].
Make
sure
swallowing for patients suffering from
MARGINS
that you use “press quality”, embed all the
dysphagia.
Use A4 paper (21 by 29.7 cm). Leave a
fonts, and set the paper size to A4 when you
blank space of 40 mm of at the top of the
convert the document to PDF. If the
first page, 26 mm at the top of subsequent
guidelines are not followed exactly, your
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
pages. The bottom margin is set to 36 mm
paper
will
be
returned
to
you
for
correction.
The contribution by The Swedish
on all pages. The left and right margins are
There
is
also
a
template
in
LATEX
–
please
Research Council Formas (2014-681) is
26 mm and 24 mm respectively.
contact
the
editor
if
you
would
like
it.
gratefully acknowledged.
Text should be written in two columns
each
76 mm wide and separated by a width
INTRODUCTION
REFERENCES
of 8 mm. Text should be single spaced and
The Transactions Volume 21 will be
right justified. Do not number the pages.
1posted on the NRS website after the
Chen, J. (2009) “Food Oral Processing – A
The first page begins with the title,
conference, with each paper or poster
Review”, Food Hydrocoll., 23, 1-25
author names and addresses (40 mm from
2summary in an individual PDF file. Your
Groher, M.E., Bukatman, M.S. (1986)
the top of the page). Add one blank line
submission of a paper or a poster summary
“The prevalence of a swallowing disorder in
between the title and the line with the author
implies that you agree to publication in both
two teaching hospitals”, Dysphagia, 1, 3-6.
names.
print
and
PDF
format.
3
Stading, M., Johansson, D. and Wendin, K.
On the second line below the author
Manuscripts should be written in English
(2008),
food All
for
names, present the affiliation and addresses
and be“Rheological
maximum properties
8 pages oflong.
patients
with swallowing
of the authors. Add three blank lines
manuscripts
should startdisorders”,
with a Trans.
short
Nordic
Rheol.
Soc.,
16,
137-139
between addresses and affiliation and the
abstract
of
maximum
50
words.
The
4
Nyström,should
M. Qazi,beW.followed
Berta, M. by
Bülow,
main text. If the authors have different
Abstract
an
M.
Ekberg, O.
and Stading,
of
addresses use number superscripts to refer to
Introduction
section.
Authors M.
may“Effects
use other
rheological factors on swallowing”,
Dysphagia, in press.
65