YEAR TWO
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9.0.0
STATISTICAL METHODS
32 HRS
9.1.0
Spccific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to;
a) present statistical data using appropriate methods
b) analyse and interpret statistical tables, graphs, diagrams and maps
c) explain the merit and demerits of statistical tables, graphs, diagrams and
maps.
9.2.0 Content
9.2.1 Statistical presentation, analysis and interpretation of:
Graphs
- Triangular graphs
- Scatter grams
- Histograms
- Dispersion graphs
- Age-sex pyramids
Statistical Diagrams
- Wind rose
- Divided rectangles .
- Spheres
- Cubes
Statistical Maps
- Dot maps
- Choropleth maps
- Flow line maps
- lsoline maps
9.2.2 Analysis and interpretation of statistical data:
Measures of central tendency
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
Measures of variability .
- The standard deviation
- Coefficient
- Quartile
10.0.0 CLIMATOLOGY
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56 IERS
10.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to;
define:
weather
climate
climatology
explain the scope of climatology
describe the structure and characteristics of the atmosphere
discuss elements of weather
explain factors influencing weather and climate
discuss weather forecasting
classify climates
explain characteristics and distribution of major world climatic types
discuss the effects of weather and climate
explain local and micro climates
discuss the causes and impact of climate change on the physical and
human environment
carry out a field study on a weather station.
10.2.0 Content
10.2.1 Introduction to ~ l i i n a t o i o ~ ~
10.2.2 Definition o f :
Weather
Climate
Climatology
10.2.3 Scope of climatology
10.2.4 Structure of the atmosphere
10.2.5 Elements of weather
Sunshine
- Definitions of sunshine and solar radiation
- Measurements of sunshine and solar radiation
- Radiation laws
- Mechanisms of heat transfer
- Factors influencing solar insblation
Temperature
- Definition of temperature
- Reading, recording and computation of temperatwe data
- Lapse rates
- Constri~ctionand study of isotherm maps
- Factors influencing temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
- Definition of atmospheric pressure
- Reading, recording and computation of atmospheric pressure
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Construction of isobars
Patterns of local and global pressure
Factors influencing atmospheric pressure
Winds
- Definition o f
Wind
Air mass
- Reading, recording and computation of wind data
- Forces affecting air movement
- Relationship between pressure and wind belts
- Types of winds and air masses
- Factors influencing winds and air masses
Humidity
- Definition of humidity
- Types of humidity
- Reading, recording and computation of humidity data
- Local and global-distribution of humidity
- Factors affecting distribution of humidity
Cloud Cover
- Definition of cloud
- Observation, recording and computation of cloud cover
- Formation of clouds
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- Types and characteristics
- Factors affecting cloud cover
Precipitation
- Definition of precipitation
- Forms of precipitation
Rainfall
* Measurement, -recording and computation of rainfall
data
* ~ ~ pofe rainfall
s
* The concept of cloud seeding
* Rainfall reliability and its significance
* Study of Isohyet maps
* Factors influencing rainfall
Other forms of precipitation
* Snow fall
* Fog
* Mist
* Sleet
* Hailstone
* Smog
* Dew
* Hoarfrost
10.2.6 Weather Forecasting
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Definition of weather forecasting
0
Traditional and modern methods of weather forecasting
Significance of weather forecasting
A field study on a weather station
10.2.7 Climate
0
Factors influencing climate
0
Classification of climate
- Criteria used
Generic
Empirical (Koppen's, Thornwaite's and Miller's
classifications)
0
Major world climatic types, their characteristics and distribution
Effects of weather and climate
0
Local and Micro climates:
- Definition of local and micro climates
- Causes
- Effects
Climate Change
- Definition of climate change
- Causes of climate change
- Impact of climate change
1 1.0.0 BIOGEOGRAPHY
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56 HRS
11.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to;
a) define Biogeography
b) explain the scope of Biogeography
C) define:
Soil
Plant and animal communities
d) explain the factors influencing soil formation
e) discuss the composition and processes of soil formation
f) describe the properties and characteristics of soil
g) explain the processes influencing the formation of soil profile
11) discuss soil catena
i) classify soils
j) explain soil degeneration
k) discuss the significance of soils
I) appreciate the need for managing and conserving soil
m) discuss the principles governing distribution of plants and animals
11) explain the factors affecting spatial distribution of plants and animals
,
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
u)
describe patterns of distribution of major biomes
''discuss plant and animal communities
account for the relationship between environment and disease
discuss plant and animal communities in Kenya
explain the uses and potential of the ecological zones in Kenya
appreciate the need to manage and conserve plants and animals
organize and carry out practical and field work in Biogeography.
11.2.0 Content
11.2.1 Introduction to Biogeography
Definition of Biogeography
Scope of Biogeography
11.2.2 Soil
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Definition of soil
Factors influencing soil formation
Co~npositioiiof soil
Process of soil formation
Properties and characteristics of soil
Processes affecting the formation of soil profile
- Podzolizatioii
- Calcification
- Laterization
- Desilication
- Salinization
- Gleization
Soil catena
- Definition
- Factors influencing the development of a soil catena
Classification of soil based on:
- Age
- Colour
- Climate
- Texture and structure
- Order
Soil degeneration
- Types :
physical
chemical
biological
Soil erosion:
- Causes
- Types
- Agents
- Effects
Significance of soils
Management and conservation of soils
11.2.3 Plant and animal Communities
Definitions
Principles governing distribution of plants and animals
- Energy flow
- Liebig's law of limiting factors
- Global circulations
Factors influencing spatial distribution of plants and animals
- Physiographic
- Climatic
- Edaphic
- Biotic
- Human
Patterns of distribution of major biomes
- Zoo-geographical regions
- Phyto-geographical regions
Plant and animal communities
- The ecosystem
- Plant succession
- Thornbush and thicket communities
i
- Distribution of tsetse Plant and animal population
- Factors regulating plant and animal populations
Relationship between environment and disease
11.2.4 Plant and animal communities in Kenya
Plant communities
- Forest and mountain communities
- Grassland communities
- Semi-desert and desert communities
Animal communities
- Types (vertebrates, invertebrates)
- Highland communities
- Grassland communities
- Coastal communities .
- fly and malarious mosquitoes
11.2.5 Uses and potential of the ecological zones in Kenya
1 1.2.6 Management and conservation of plants and animals
11.2.7 Practical and fieldwork in Biogeography
12.0.0 PHYSICAL REGIONS OF KENYA
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16 IIRS
12.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to;
a) identify and locate the physical regions on a map of Kenya
b) describe the physical regions of Kenya
c) show the inter-relationship between the physical regions and human
activities in Kenya.
12.2.0 Content
12.2.1 Introduction to physical Regions of Kenya:
The Coastal plains
The Nyika plateau
The Highlands
The Rift Valley
The Lake Region
The Northern Plains
Each of the physical regions should be handled under the following
headings:
Relief
Drainage
Climate
Soils
Vegetation
Human activities
13.0.0 RESOIJRCES AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
- 56 HRS
13.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to;
a) define:
\
resource
economic activities
b) identify and explain different primary resources
c) explain the distribution of primary resources .
d) explain the contribution of resources to economies
e) appreciate the need for management and conservation of resources
f) explain industrialization
g) identify manufacturing and service industries
h) explain the relationship between manufacturing and service industries
i) organize and carry out practical and field work related to economic
activities.
13.2.0 Content
13.2.1 Introduction to Resources and Economic Activities
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Definition:
- Resource
- Economic activity
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Identification of primary resources and economic activities
13.2.2. Agriculture
Definition
Factors influencing agriculture
Types of agriculture
- Subsistence agriculture
Shifting cultivation
Bush fallowing
Pastoralism
- Commercial Agriculture
Small scale commercial agriculture
Mixed farming
Plantation agriculture
State farms
Collective farming (Communes, Kibutz, Ujamaa)
Commercial ranching
Co-operative farming
Trucklmarket gardening
Theories and models in Agriculture
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Practical and field work in agriculture
13.2.3 Forestry
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Definition:
- forest
- forestry
0
Factors influencing the distribution of forests and forestry
Types of forests
0
Significance of forests
- Economic
- Ecological
Forest management and conservation
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Practical and field work in forestry
13.2.4 Fishing
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Definition:
- Fishing
- Fisheries
Marine and inland fisheries
Factors influencing major fishing grounds
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Types and methods of fishing
0
Problems of fishing and possible solutions
Significance of fishing industry
a
Management and conservation of fisheries
Practical and field work on fishing
13.2.5 Mining
Definition of mining
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Factors influencing the occurrence of minerals and their exploitation
Classification and distribution of minerals
Methods of mining
Economic significance of mining
Sustainable management of minerals
Practical and field work in mining
13.2.6 Ilarnessing Energy Resources
Definition of energy
Differentiation between energy source and energy resource
Types of energy
Renewable
- Non-renewable
Factors influencing exploitation of energy
Distribution of energy resources in East Africa
Significance of energy
Energy crisis
t
Management and conservation of energy
Practical and field work on energy
13.2.7 Manufacturing and Sewice ~ndustries
13.2.7.1 Manufacturing Industries
Definition:
- Industry
- Industrialization
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Differentiate between manufacturing and service industries
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Factors influencing location of industries
Theories of industrial location
Cottage industries
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Significance of industrialization
13.2.7.2 Sewice Industries
Mode of service industry
0
Types of service industries
- Transport
Definition of transport
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Modes of transport
* Land
* Water
* Air
Means of transport
* Road
*
*
*
*
Railways
Pipeline
Airways
Waterways
Communication
- Definition of communication
- Modes of communication
- Means of communication
- Problems of transport and communication
- Significance of transport and con~munication
Trade
- Definition
- Factors influencing trade
- Types and levels of trade
- Trading blocs
EAC
COMESA
SADC
ECOWAS
EU
- Problems of trade
- Significance of trade.
13.2.7.3 Tourism and Wildlife
Definition:
- tourism
- wildlife
Factors influencing distribution of wildlife
Tourist attractions
Problems facing and associated with wildlife and tourism and their
possible solutions
Significance of wildlife and tourism
Management and conservation of wildlife
Practical and field work on tourism and wildlife
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14.0.0 POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT
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24 IIRS
14.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner sliould be able to;
a) Define population and settlement
b) explain population as a resource
c) discuss factors influencing population growth and distribution
d) discuss the demographic transition model
e) explain population policy
f) appreciate the need for planned population growth
g) describe types of settlement
h) explain patterns of settlement
i) discuss factors influencing sizes, sites and functions of settlements
j) explain theories of urban structure
k) discuss problems and possible solutions of:
rural settlement
urban settlement
I) appreciate the need for planned settlement.
14.2.0 Contcnt
14.2.1 Population
Definition of population
Population as a resource
- Sources and uses of population data
- Population and development
Factors influencing population growth and distribution
- Population dynamics
Demographic transition model
Population policy
14.2.2 Settlement
Definition
Types of settlement
I
Patterns of settlement
Factors influencing sites, sizes and functions of settlements
Theories of urban structure
Problems and possible solutions of:
Practical and field work on settlement
15.0.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
- 24 IIRS
15.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to;
a) define:
management
conservation
b) explain the need for environmental management and conservation
c) identify environmental hazards and the associated problenls
d ) assess the impact of environmental hazards and suggest measures for
combating them
e) discuss measures taken in managing and conserving the environment
f) demonstrate a sense of responsibility in environmental management and
conservation.
15.2.0 Content
15.2.1 Introduction to Environmental management and conservation
Definition:
- Management
- Conservation
The need for environmental management and conservation
Environmental hazards and theassociated problems
Ways of controlling, combating and monitoring hazards
Measures taken in environmental management and conservation
Practical and field work on environmental management and
conservation